研究全球变化的植被-气候分类系统

本文应用Holdridge的生命地带分类系统进行我国的植被-气候分类。计算结果所划分的生命地带与我国的植被分区有较好的对应性。该系统与计算净第一性生产力(NPP)的chikugo模型结合尚可推算各地带的潜在净第一性生产力。文中对CO_2倍增条件下的我国植被演变趋势和生产力变化做了预测,并采用GIS做了图形分析和显示。     

植被净初级生产力模型估算及其对气候变化的响应研究进展

近年来随着遥感和地理信息系统技术的广泛应用,植被净初级生产力研究经历了从小范围的传统测量阶段到大范围的模型估算阶段的重要转变,并参与全球变化研究。其研究手段和研究内容大大拓宽,在植被净初级生产力模型估算以及对气候变化（如温度、降水、ＣＯ₂浓度等）的响应等方面的研究取得了可喜的进展。     

塔里木盆地盐化草甸植被净初级生产力对全球变化的响应

地带性植被净初级生产力(NPP)的形成除受自身的生物生态学特性制约外,主要决定于环境中热量和水分状况的分配及组合。随着全球变化与陆地生态系统研究的开展,以模型为主要手段预测植被生产力对气候变化响应的研究逐步深入,相继提出了一些利用气候指标或指数估算植被净初级生产力的模型,如Miami模型、Chikugo模型和北京模型等。但利用上述模型无法估算盐化草甸植被等非地带性植被的NPP,因为它们的形成不依赖于大气降水,而主要依靠地下水。由于土壤蒸发能综合反映土壤的水热状况,与NPP的形成关系密切。因此,作者利用以阿维扬诺夫公式计算所得的不同地下水埋深的潜水蒸发与实测的盐化草甸植被净初级生产力数据,拟合了     

The Records of Sphagnum Spore and Charcoal in the Peatland of Daxing'an Mountain since 1300 Years and Their Paleoenvironment Implication

火作为生态环境中敏感的因子越来越受到学者和公众的关注[1].火使植被的组成、结构、多样性及净第一性生产力(NPP)、土壤理化性质、大气成分及碳氮循环发生改变,由此形成火-植被-气候间复杂的关系,成为近年来全球变化研究的热点[2-4].     

中国陆地生态系统植被结构和净第一性生产力对未来气候变化响应

本文对现有的区域植被动态模型进行了改进,改进后的模型包含了生态系统中生物量动态、植被结构动态、氮素循环过程三者之间的耦合,以及植被和土壤的相互作用.新模型的状态变量包括植被的绿色和非绿色生物量及其氮素浓度,3层土壤的水分,土壤的全氮和速效氮含量.利用全国范围内在过去数10年中定点观测生物量、生产力、土壤全氮和速效氮的含量、卫星遥感植被指数、全国植被图、地形图、土壤图等多方面的基础数据,我们进行了模型的参数化工作,并对模型做了初步验证.结果说明本模型能够比较准确地模拟当前气候条件下植被的生物量、生产力和氮素吸收等动态过程.在此基础上,我们将改进后的模型用于中国陆地生态系统对全球变化响应的研究.为此我们采用了7个大气环流模型的输出的降水和温度的改变量和大气CO2浓度加倍条件,结合现有气候条件,生成未来气候变化情景(scenarios),并用这些情景来驱动改进后的模型直到模型到达稳定状态.模拟结果说明:在未来气候变化条件下,温带常绿针叶林、亚热带山地常绿针叶林、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林,典型禾草草原的分布将显著增加,而落叶针叶林、亚热带常绿针叶林、常绿灌木、禾草和半灌木草原、高寒禾草草甸的分布将有显著的下降,其他植被类型对全球变化的响应不太敏感.33°N以南,净第一性生产力将有显著增加,而33°N以北,净第一性生产力增加较少,局部地区生产力甚至下降.模拟的中国陆地生态系统的北部生产力比南部具有较大的变化和不确定范围.因此,从最大程度的减少和降低生态系统对气候变化响应的不确定程度出发,未来气候变化的研究的重点应该在北方.     

论大气微量气体增加的环境效应及地质记录研究

大气CO₂浓度增加对陆地化学侵蚀的影响小于酸雨的影响。水土流失可能促进大气CO₂浓度的增高;植被破坏又影响大气CO₂的固定。虽然大气CO₂的较高浓度可能促成初级生产力的提高,但海洋光合作用速率增加于环境系统不利。尽管大气微量气体可能产生温室效应,但CO₂与地表升温的对应关系不清楚、增温幅度与自然脉动的关系尚需客观评定。地质记录具全息性特征。加强地质记录和现代地质过程研究是揭示大气微量气体环境效应之谜的关键;从燃料和植被两个系列着手是维护全球环境的重要途径。     

安徽马头斑岩型钼铜矿床蚀变带常量元素迁移规律及其定量计算

文章对安徽马头斑岩型钼铜矿床花岗闪长斑岩体和粉砂岩在矿化蚀变过程中常量元素的迁移规律进行了探讨。马头矿床元素质量迁移计算结果表明,在钼铜矿化蚀变过程中常量元素均发生不同程度的带入带出,迁移规律明显。在花岗闪长斑岩中,从钾化带、绢英岩化带到青磐岩化带,均为带入的常量元素有K₂O、CaO、SiO₂、H₂O⁺,而Na₂O明显带出,说明矿化与去钠化、钾长石化等蚀变密切相关。在粉砂岩中,蚀变岩明显带出的有Na₂O、CaO、MgO、Fe₂O₃、H₂O⁺等,而且黄铁辉钼矿化粉砂岩在常量元素的迁移程度远比青磐岩化粉砂岩大。马头矿床成矿系统质量变化定量计算结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩和粉砂岩系统的质量变化整体上表现为净带入与净带出,且净带出量大于净带入量,因此马头矿床成矿系统总体上是净带出的,即马头矿床钼铜矿化产出在元素总体负异常体系中。该项研究成果为揭示矿化蚀变过程中元素的作用机制提供了线索,并且可能成为深部成矿潜力定量评价的有效途径之一。     

植被FAPAR的遥感模型与反演研究

FAPAR是遥感估算陆地生态系统植被净第一性生产力(NPP)的重要参数。FAPAR模型是否能真实反映植被冠层吸收光合有效辐射状况,将直接影响遥感估算植被NPP和碳循环的准确性。从FAPAR机理出发,考虑土壤反射率、冠层结构、太阳入射角等多种因素,构建了全新的定量FAPAR反演模型,并分析了太阳天顶角、LAI、土壤背景等因素与FAPAR的关系。与蒙特卡罗模拟结果的对比和用地面实测数据的验证表明该模型拥有较高的精度。选择甘肃张掖盈科灌区为研究区,利用PROBA-CHRIS高光谱多角度数据反演得到了LAI和FAPAR,并用同步观测数据验证了反演结果。     

遥感技术在植物物候研究中的应用综述

通过遥感技术研究植物物候现象的机理分析,认为植被指数可反映植被各物候期的特征。国内外在探测植物生长季始末日期、花期变化、净第一性生产力变化、全球碳收支等方面的研究促进了植物物候的发展;同样物候研究也可提高遥感影像植物分类和作物估产的精度,同时可促进高光谱遥感的发展。通过我国物候研究从传统的农林业应用转向注重遥感探测、生态学应用的现状分析,展望了我国物候发展方向：关注植物生长季始末时间的时空分布规律;遥感监测植物季相变化;遥感监测植物花期;注重探讨植物生理和生态特征;植物高光谱遥感物候研究;重视物候科普普及工作。     

2000-2013年浑善达克沙地植被净初级生产力变化研究

利用卫星遥感资料和地面气象观测资料,基于CASA模型及其他数理方法估算了浑善达克沙地2000-2013年生长季（4-10月）植被净初级生产力（NPP）,并对其时空变化特征进行了分析,讨论了气候因子和人类活动对植被净初级生产力的影响。结果表明： 14年间,研究区生长季的植被净初级生产力呈波动中增加趋势,多年平均NPP为239.8 gC·m^-2·a^-1。整个研究区表现为高NPP值（大于150 gC·m^-2·a^-1）的植被面积在增加,低NPP值（小于150 gC·m^-2·a^-1）的植被面积在减少。在空间分布上,研究区的北部、中部和南部边缘区域的植被NPP增加趋势较明显,而东部和西部部分区域未发生明显的趋势性变化。总体而言,研究区植被净初级生产力变化趋势与降水量的关系更密切,其相关系数达到0.86,是驱动植被NPP年际波动的最直接因素。而与温度呈负相关,相关系数为-0.42。综合考虑气候因素和人类活动对沙地NPP的影响发现,温度降低、种饲料面积、年末牲畜存栏头数和羊的数量的减少是NPP值提高的关键因素。     

Estimation of net primary productivity using a process-based model in Gansu Province, Northwest China

The ecological structure in the arid and semi-arid region of Northwest China with forest, grassland, agriculture, Gobi, and desert, is complex, vulnerable, and unstable. It is a challenging and sustaining job to keep the ecological structure and improve its ecological function. Net primary productivity (NPP) modeling can help to improve the understanding of the ecosystem, and therefore, improve ecological efficiency. The boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS) model provides the possibility of NPP modeling in terrestrial ecosystem, but it has some limitations for application in arid and semi-arid regions. In this paper, we improve the BEPS model, in terms of its water cycle by adding the processes of infiltration and surface runoff, to be applicable in arid and semi-arid regions. We model the NPP of forest, grass, and crop in Gansu Province as an experimental area in Northwest China in 2003 using the improved BEPS model, parameterized with moderate resolution remote sensing imageries and meteorological data. The modeled NPP using improved BEPS agrees better with the ground measurements in Qilian Mountain than that with original BEPS, with a higher R ² of 0.746 and lower root mean square error (RMSE) of 46.53 gC m^?2 compared to R ² of 0.662 and RMSE of 60.19 gC m^?2 from original BEPS. The modeled NPP of three vegetation types using improved BEPS shows evident differences compared to that using original BEPS, with the highest difference ratio of 9.21 % in forest and the lowest value of 4.29 % in crop. The difference ratios between different vegetation types lie on the dependence on natural water sources. The modeled NPP in five geographic zones using improved BEPS is higher than those with original BEPS, with higher difference ratio in dry zones and lower value in wet zones.     

青海省植被净初级生产力的模拟研究

遥感技术根据植被光谱特征可以有效地估算植被的净初级生产力(NPP).利用遥感数据估算植被NPP,是近10年来NPP的模型研究和估算方法最为突出的特点.文章借鉴了CASA,GLO-PEM,VPM等光能利用率NPP模型的优点,同时充分考虑了研究区域其植被光能利用率和环境因素的典型特点,建立了针对研究区域基于光能利用率原理的...     

基于AVIM的中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力模拟

利用AVIM（植被与大气相互作用模式）模拟了现代中国陆地生态系统NPP的分布并计算了全国NPP的碳总量。研究结果表明我国现代陆地生态系统的年NPP变化范围在0~1 389 gC/m2之间,年平均值为355 gC/m2,年吸收3.33 Pg的大气碳。中国陆地植被NPP呈现自东向西逐渐减小的趋势,NPP的最大值出现在云南西双版纳地区,最小值分布于青藏高原以及新疆地区。中国现代陆地植被NPP主要分布于小于100 gC/(m2·a)、300~500 gC/(m2·a)以及500~700 gC/(m2·a)3个区间,其占总计算值的比例都超过了20%以上;大于1 000 gC/(m2·a)的NPP最少,只占总数的2.15%。对中国陆地植被NPP与气候的相关性分析表明,降水是影响我国陆地生态系统NPP的主要原因。     

中国全球变化样带的设置与研究

为研究中国全球变化与陆地生态系统(ＧＣＴＥ)关系及过去全球变化(ＰＡＧＥＳ)需要，我国全球变化样带(ＣＥＮＴ)将分别按经向(Ｅ１１０—１２０°)和纬向(Ｎ４０°)设置。第一样带(ＣＥＮＴＩ)系中国东部森林生态系统样带，是沿着热量梯度，在东亚季风控制下的各个森林地带的生态系列。第二样带(ＣＥＮＴＺ)系中国北温带森林－草原－荒漠生态系统样带，是沿着湿度梯度，由大陆性气候向海洋性气候过渡的生态系列。在样带上进行生物地球化学过程、能量交换、植被结构与动态、气候－植被关系、土地利用格局、模型测试和遥感校验等研究。     

Comparison of net primary productivity in karst and non-karst areas: a case study in Guizhou Province,China

Green plants play an important role in energy flows and material cycles. The net primary productivity (NPP) reflects the capability of vegetation to convert solar energy into photosynthate (fixed carbon). Understanding the factors that contribute to variations in NPP is of key importance for improving the rock-desertification environment in karst areas. In this paper, the NPP model (Light Use Efficiency model) is modified on the basis of remote sensing data [moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)], climate data and observed information. Then the model is employed to estimate the spatial–temporal variations of NPP in the Guizhou Province, China. Finally, the NPP differences between karst area and non-karst area, and the relationships between NPP and climate factors are analyzed. The results show that the NPP estimated using MODIS data are reasonable. The mean NPP of territorial vegetation is 421.46 gC m⁻² year⁻¹; the NPP in the non-karst area is 13.3% higher than that in the karst area; the correlation degree between NPP and precipitation is better in southeastern and western districts.     

南海北部深海花粉记录的环境演变

本文报道了南海北部深海沉积物中花粉的研究结果。所研究的17940孔长13．30m,包括最近4万年的沉积物。共鉴定统计103个样品,样品间距10cm,分辨率约为360a,自下而上分为3个花粉带和8个亚带。P1带(13．06～8．70m,约37000～15000aB．P．)以山地针叶树(Picea,Abies,Tsuga)花粉高含量组合与蒿属花粉占优势组合交替出现为特征,指示冷湿及温干频繁交替的气候。根据氧同位素资料该带相当于3期及本次盛冰期。P2带前期(P2-a亚带,8．70～7．23m,约15000～11300aB．P．)热带-亚热带常绿阔叶乔木花粉增加指示气候变暖,其中14000aB．P．前后红树林的高峰可能是海平面一度上升的结果;P2带后期P2-b亚带(7．23～660m,约11300～10000aB．p．)高山雨林及山地针叶树花粉增加指示气候变冷。根据氧同位素资料P2－a亚带与Bφlling－Allerφd升温期相当,而P2－b亚带属新仙女木期。P3带(660～0m,10000aB．P．至现在)为全新世,花粉组合以松属花粉占绝对优势,与现代南海北部表层沉积物中花粉组合相似,说明近万年以来南海北部气候与现代气候相近。近1400年来芒其孢子突然增加说明人类活动加剧。     

中国西南地区晚二叠世泥炭地净初级生产力及其控制因素

米兰科维奇旋回理论是古环境研究中重要的时间“度量”工具.文中以贵州普安糯东17号煤层和云南富源天佑10号煤层为例,对晚二叠世煤层的地球物理测井信号进行频谱分析,以获得其中的米兰科维奇轨道周期参数.研究发现,测井信号所反映出的煤层灰分含量变化受泥炭地发育时期的米兰科维奇轨道周期(123 ka(偏心率):35.6 ka(斜...     

DOC dynamics in a small temperate estuary: Simultaneous addition and removal processes and implications on observed nonconservative behavior

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics in the Pawcatuck River estuary, a small temperate estuary in Rhode Island, United States, were examined through the use of field transect and in situ production studies. In late summer, when river discharge was minimal, phytoplankton blooms occurred in the upper reaches of the estuary and released large amounts of autochthonous DOC that accumulated in the middle reaches of the estuary. DOC production rates in August months, calculated both by mixing diagrams and in situ DOC incubations, ranged from 6.67 to 34.7 μmol C l⁻¹ d⁻¹ and were positively correlated with DCMU-enhanced fluorescence, an estimate of phytoplankton photosynthetic activity (r²=0.796, p<0.001). The percent extracellular release (PER) of DOC from phytoplankton, calculated from measured in situ DOC production and net phytoplankton production (NPP) rates, ranged from 5.8% to 40.6% and was negatively correlated with NPP (r²=0.80, p<0.01). Accumulated DOC was principally nonhumic in nature, and the humic DOC component behaved quite differently with either conservative mixing or significant removal at the head of the estuary. Humic removal at times amounted to approximately 50% of the humic material and 25% of the total incoming riverine DOC. These large humic losses were not observed in bulk DOC-salinity mixing diagrams but required distinct analyses of the humic and nonhumic components. DOC addition and removal processes co-occur in this system and observation of bulk DOC mixing diagrams may mask the true dynamic nature of the estuarine DOC pool. The net result of the DOC addition and removal processes is a seasonally variable transformation of a humic-rich incoming riverine DOC to a nonhumic enriched bulk DOC component that varies seasonally and with river discharge.     

Relationship between pollen assemblages in surface soil and modern vegetation and climate in the western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang北大核心CSCD

Based on the pollen spectrum characteristics of 46 surface samples collected in the western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang and a plant community quadrat survey, we analyzed the relationship between pollen assemblages and modern climate and vegetation distribution in the region. The results showed the surface pollen assemblages were consistent with the distribution of modern vegetation. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the study area could be divided into three pollen assemblage zones（mountain steppe zone, desert vegetation zone and typical desert zone）. In general, pollen assemblage can roughly reflect the main characteristics of local vegetation, but there are significant differences in the percentage of some pollen types and the coverage of related plants. The pollen of Picea and Pinus in arbor plants, Ephedra in shrub plants, Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia in herb plants were high represented due to the influence of natural wind, water flow and their own pollen yield. While Rosaceae pollen in shrubs and Poaceae in herbs were less representative in a modern plant community with its own dominant species;The Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae（A/C）ratio can distinguish the desert zone from the mountain steppe zone, and could clearly reflect the aridity level. However, when using this indicator to reconstruct the climate environment, it is necessary to combine the characteristics of pollen assemblage and the influence of changes in vegetation composition and other factors to distinguish;Altitude, average annual precipitation, and average annual temperature all affect the distribution of surface pollen in the area. © 2022 The authors.     

Roles of climate changes and human interventions in land degradation: a case study by net primary productivity analysis in China’s Shiyanghe Basin

The Thornthwaite Memorial, Synthetic, and Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) models, with inputs from SPOT-VGT-S10 NDVI data, meteorological data (precipitation, temperature, solar radiation), and land use data were used to estimate the values of net primary productivity (NPP) from 1999 to 2007 in China’s Shiyanghe Basin. The human appropriation of NPP, which represents the difference between potential NPP predicted using the climatic models and actual NPP calculated using the CASA model, served as the indicator of human intervention in the evolution of productivity of the land. Analysis showed that 78.9% (~9,172 km²) of the degradation occurring in the Shiyanghe Basin was caused by human activities versus 15.0% (~1,752 km²) that was caused by climatic factors, whereas 16.9% (~6,404.5 km²) of the vegetation restoration resulted from human activities versus 49.7% (~18,881 km²) that resulted from climate changes. Human activity played a key role in vegetation restoration in the central areas of the basin and in determining land degradation in the southwestern and northeastern areas. In addition, climate significantly controlled the vegetation restoration in the southwestern and northeastern areas and controlled land degradation in the central area.