Seismic Hybrid Control and its Robustness in Girder Bridges

Two seismic hybrid control methods are studied in this article to mitigate the seismic hazard of girder bridges; one is applied for short-span simply supported, box section girders of concrete bridges using the hybrid mass damper (HMD), the other is applied for long-span girders of concrete bridges to hybridize viscoelastic dampers and actuators. The robustness of the control effect has been paid more attention here. The randomicity of the seismic excitation and the stability of the control algorithm are also taken into account.     

Construction of a pile-based offshore airport

The feasibility of construction of a pile-based offshore airport in open sea is considered. The concept of a pile-based airport relies on technology used to construct long concrete bridges, over sea arms and straits, during the last four decades. The features of four major bridges, in conjunction with prefabrication of prestressed structural elements, are described. The airport platform, which is set 16 m above sea level, obviates the need for protective embankments. The platform consists of modular units, supported by piers, which are based on foundations of steel piles. The modular units comprise tube girders, 35–60 m long, set on piers 15 m apart. Longer girder spans are expected to diminish the impact of the airport on the coast. Cost estimates are provided for a pile-based offshore airport serving medium haul aircraft, using 45×15 m² and 60×15 m² grids, and long haul aircraft, using 60×15 m² grids. Cost comparison with a fill island airport is provided using two different geometries. It is shown that the pile-based airport is a viable option, both technologically and economically. This new concept provides advantages over the fill island option regarding the requirement of materials, technology of construction, the modular approach and the diminished environmental impact.     

Wave loads on a coastal bridge deck and the role of entrapped air

Wave loading on a coastal bridge deck due to nonlinear waves during a storm, where air may be fully or partially trapped between the girders, is studied through an extensive set of laboratory experiments. Wave cases tested cover a range of shallow-water to intermediate-water depth waves. A range of model elevations is tested to include conditions where the bridge may be partially inundated, to where the model is fully elevated above the still-water level (SWL). The model is constructed to include different percentages of air-relief openings, to capture a range of cases where no air can escape between the girders, to where all the air can escape and the wave can freely interact with the bottom of the bridge deck. Effects of the compressibility of entrapped air as well as the effects of the model scale are investigated through numerical calculations solving the compressible and incompressible Euler's equations, at both the model and prototype scales, by use of the open source CFD software, OpenFOAM. Along with coastal bridges, this research is applicable to other coastal and offshore structures, such as piers, submerged breakwaters and offshore platforms, in which wave loading or entrapped air is of concern.     

复合模型系统的控制策略

复合模型中的物理模型和数学模型是依靠计算机控制系统实时耦合起来的。复合模型对控制系统的精度要求较高 ,但是流量的控制中存在着水流的滞后性以及水位控制中的超调现象 ,这些问题都将影响控制的精度。本文介绍采用改进的PID与Smith控制算法相结合的控制策略实现流量控制 ,以解决水流的滞后性 ;采用变参数PID控制策略实现水位控制。试验证明两者都取得了较好的控制效果     

Effect of shape memory alloy-magnetorheological fluid-based structural control system on the marine structure using nonlinear time-history analysis

Marine structures, as key elements in the global energy network, constantly are subjected to harsh environmental loading conditions. Therefore, reliable yet efficient structural control mechanisms are required to ensure their safe functionality and structural stability. In the present work, a novel hybrid structural control element for marine structures has been designed in which the superelasticity effect of shape memory alloy (SMA) and damping controllability of magnetorheological fluid (MRF), as smart materials, have been combined. The novel system does not require huge external energy for activation and in addition, the system has the ability to be tuned for variable loading conditions. To show the functionality of the proposed control system, the performance of a simplified marine structure equipped with the present novel control system is evaluated by simulating the response of a sample structure under three scaled ground motions, namely, Christchurch, Imperial Valley, Parkfield. The results are compared to structures with the SMA-based system and structures with the MRF-based control system. It is observed that the present hybrid SMA-MRF control system significantly improves the performance of marine structures under seismic loadings.     

地震荷载沉箱码头大变形分析的离散元法初探

探讨了应用离散元分析方法求解地震荷载下沉箱和背后填土大变形问题的可能性,开发了能描述沉箱的平面形状及沉箱与土体摩擦特性的矩形单元。并通过简单实例分析了地震时沉箱码头的变形,再现了沉箱码头地震灾害的发生过程,为沉箱在地震情况下的大变形分析提供了一种新途径。比较了两种沉箱模型对分析结果的影响,提出了相应的方法。     

Pasisar: Performances of a High and Very High Resolution Hybrid Deep-Towed Seismic Device

The Pasisar seismic acquisition system combines a source at the sea surface and a deep-towed single channel streamer. This unconventional device geometry reduces the width of the first Fresnel zone which increases the lateral resolution. However, the device acquisition geometry generates artifacts on seismic profiles and induces large incidence angles of the seismic signal. A specific processing sequence must be applied to the data to obtain a readable seismic section. Penetration of the seismic signal depends on the energy of the signal reaching the seafloor and on its incidence angle. Because of smaller source energy, 800 Joules Sparker data cannot be acquired in water depth larger than 1500 m for example, whereas there is no depth limit for the use of this system with air gun sources. Differential acoustic absorption of seismic frequencies (below 1000 Hz) in the water column is negligible when compared with wave fronts expansion. Thus, the horizontal resolution of any seismic system strongly depends on the frequency spectrum of the seismic source and on the travel distances. Pasisar and conventional seismic profiles being usually simultaneously recorded, we illustrate the interest of using a hybrid seismic device by comparing horizontal resolutions as well as signal-to-noise ratio obtained with both the Pasisar and conventional systems. In addition, by carefully picking time arrivals of a reflection on simultaneously recorded surface and deep-towed seismic records, it is possible to estimate the average interval seismic velocity. We present the simplified example of a horizontal reflector.     

连续刚构桥的预应力钢束设计研究

在对预应力设计基本要求及布束原则、预应力设计的理论依据及预应力筋布置形式分析的基础上,对大跨径预应力混凝土连续刚构桥的预应力钢束配置进行了研究,通过已建连续刚构桥得出预应力钢束的用量,并通过有限元程序对所得数据进行验证分析,得出了一些规律和结论,可以作为同类桥梁的设计参考.     

Complementing coal seam gas facies modelling workflows with decompaction based processes

Differential compaction plays a key role in influencing the palaeogeographic organisation of many depositional systems. In the Jurassic Walloon Subgroup, Surat Basin, Eastern Australia, the process of compensational stacking contributes significantly to the complex coal layer architecture and is documented in mine exposure, borehole and seismic datasets. Despite this understanding, current best-practices do not formally consider the mechanics of compensational stacking when populating palaeogeography facies in coal seam gas (CSG) reservoir models. To address this limitation, a hybrid modelling workflow was developed in which numerical rules representing the process of differential compaction are used explicitly to condition an iterative workflow containing traditional geostatistical facies modelling algorithms. The workflow is facilitated by a newly developed open source plugin which allows grid decompaction in Schlumberger PETREL™ 2015. Application of the workflow was tested in a CSG production area containing closely spaced wellbores and a 3D seismic survey. In this area, facies models were constructed using both traditional geostatistical approaches and the newly developed hybrid methodology. Comparison of these models suggests that facies models constructed via unconstrained geostatistical approaches often result in unrepresentative realisations, inconsistent with coal seam architectures as observed in seismic and outcrop. The hybrid geostatistical-forward modelling approach developed during this study was better able to reproduce complex alluvial stacking patterns, particularly with respect to coal seam amalgamation, bifurcation and washout.     

考虑晃荡效应的独立B型LNG液舱结构多目标优化

独立B型LNG液舱内部设置舱壁板材及多种桁材,有效缓解了液舱晃荡效应。针对晃荡载荷下的独立B型LNG液舱结构多目标优化,利用规范中的公式计算晃荡载荷,并引入液舱晃荡系数,以期综合反映液舱内部构件对晃荡特性的影响,在此基础上进一步建立以液舱结构重量和液舱晃荡系数为目标的多目标优化模型,采用多目标遗传算法(NCGA),计算得到改进的独立B型LNG液舱结构设计方案。     

A coupled soil-fluid-structure simulation of the near-field earthquake effects on gravity type quay-walls

This study focuses on non-linear seismic response of concrete gravity quay-wall structures subjected to near-fault ground motions, a subject which seems not to have received much attention in the literature. A two-dimensional coupled fluid-structure-soil finite element modelling is employed to obtain the quay-wall response. The seawater medium is represented by acoustic type, potential based fluid elements. The elasto-plastic behavior of the soil medium is idealized using Drucker-Prager yield criterion based on associated flow rule assumption. Four nodded plane strain elements are used to model the concrete wall, foundation, subsoil, backfill and seabed zones. Fluid Structure Interface (FSI) elements are considered between the seawater interfaces with the quay-wall and the seabed. Frictional contact elements are employed between the wall and soil interfaces. The numerical model is validated using field measurements available for permanent drifts in a quay-wall damaged during Kobe earthquake. Reasonable agreements are obtained between the model predictions and the field measurements. Non-linear seismic analyses of the selected quay-wall subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. An incremental dynamic analysis approach (IDA) is used. In general, at least for models examined in the current study, the gravity quay-walls are found to be more vulnerable to near-field, in comparison with the corresponding far-field, earthquakes.     

Research on the Fatigue Flexural Performance of RC Beams Attacked by Salt Spray

The fatigue flexural performance of RC beams attacked by salt spray was studied. A testing method involving electro osmosis, electrical accelerated corrosion and salt spray was proposed. This corrosion process method effectively simulates real-world salt spray and fatigue loading exerted by RC components on sea bridges. Four RC beams that have different stress amplitudes were tested. It is found that deterioration by corrosion and fatigue loading reduces the fatigue life of the RC and decreases the ability of deformation. The fatigue life and deflection ability could be reduced by increasing the stress amplitude and the corrosion duration time. The test result demonstrates that this experimental method can couple corrosion deterioration and fatigue loading reasonably. This procedure may be applied to evaluate the fatigue life and concrete durability of RC components located in a natural salt spray environment.     

Deformation of breakwater armoured artificial units under cyclic loading

Rubble mound breakwaters usually consist of armour, filter and core layers. The units used in the armour layer are natural rock or concrete. Although natural rock is usually preferred, it is not always possible to apply it. There are some advantages to using concrete units: they have a high stability coefficient under wave attack, and they are easily produced at work sites. Tetrapod and cube blocks are widely used in breakwaters as armour units.Rubble mound breakwaters are subjected not only to wave activity but also other types of environmental loading, such as earthquakes. Although rubble-mound breakwaters are most likely the most common type of breakwaters, they have received little attention regarding their response to seismic activity. The objective of this study is to present the dynamic response of a breakwater armoured by tetrapods placed by two different placement methods and armoured by cubes during seismic loadings experimentally and numerically. A shaking tank was developed for the experimental study. The breakwater models sit on a rigid bed, and the model scale is 1/50. A one-dimensional shaking tank was used to understand simple responses of the rubble mound breakwaters under seismic loads. The tank allows only one degree of freedom. A raining crane system was developed to achieve the same packing density and porosity for the core material. The shape of the model breakwater before and after the tests was measured using a profiler and was recorded by computer. However, crest lowering and the level of damage on slopes were determined from profiler records. The dynamic responses of the model breakwaters were also investigated using an image processing technique. For numerical simulation, software using finite element method was used.The results obtained from the experiment and numerical model may help designers build breakwaters armoured by artificial units.     

特长跨海大桥安全监测方法的研究

在特长跨海大桥施工定位与安全监测工作中经常遇到难以克服的困难,为此人们不得不借助于RTKGPS技术.当然,跨海大桥的安全监测问题单纯利用RTK GPS技术是远远不够的,因为跨海大桥安全监测的精度要求远远高于施工定位,不采取一定的技术措施很难实现对跨海大桥运营安全的有效监测.为了较好地解决特长跨海大桥的安全监测问题,笔者与科研小组结合实践提出了通过合理布设三维控制基准系统实施跨海大桥运营安全有效监测的想法,三维控制基准系统的构建应综合考虑投影问题、网形结构问题、施测方法问题,结合我国目前在建的几座跨海大桥论述了跨海大桥安全监测三维控制基准系统构建的基本设计思路.     

The Concept and Development of Smart Structures Technologies for Long-span Cable-supported Bridges

This article presents an overview of smart structures technologies in connection with long-span cable-supported bridges. Considering the broad scope of the smart structures technologies, two subareas, namely, structural health monitoring and structural control technologies, and their applications in long-span cable supported bridges, are identified as the focus of this review. It is believed that by, adopting the smart structures technologies, reliable operation and hazard management of long-span bridges can be achieved much more efficiently and can be made economically feasible, especially for bridges located at sites with high risks of severe natural hazardous events, such as those facing the bridges of the Taiwan Strait Crossing project. The feasibility of and practical issues in implementing the smart structures technologies in the design and construction of long-span cable-supported bridges are also discussed here. Considering the time span of the construction of the Taiwan Strait Crossing, some of the innovative technologies with a high potential for future long-span bridge applications, while still at the stage of exploratory research at the time of writing, are also examined as it is believed these technologies might have become prevalent by the completion time of the Taiwan Strait Crossing project.     

The Concept and Development of Smart Structures Technologies for Long-span Cable-supported Bridges

This article presents an overview of smart structures technologies in connection with long-span cable-supported bridges. Considering the broad scope of the smart structures technologies, two subareas, namely, structural health monitoring and structural control technologies, and their applications in long-span cable supported bridges, are identified as the focus of this review. It is believed that by, adopting the smart structures technologies, reliable operation and hazard management of long-span bridges can be achieved much more efficiently and can be made economically feasible, especially for bridges located at sites with high risks of severe natural hazardous events, such as those facing the bridges of the Taiwan Strait Crossing project. The feasibility of and practical issues in implementing the smart structures technologies in the design and construction of long-span cable-supported bridges are also discussed here. Considering the time span of the construction of the Taiwan Strait Crossing, some of the innovative technologies with a high potential for future long-span bridge applications, while still at the stage of exploratory research at the time of writing, are also examined as it is believed these technologies might have become prevalent by the completion time of the Taiwan Strait Crossing project.     

Characterization of alluvium soil using geophysical and sounding methods

The alluvial deposits are highly heterogeneous and thus special techniques for investigating the subsurface have been required to obtain high quality data. The objective of this study is to apply two geophysical methods to alluvial deposits: a seismic survey method and the electrical resistivity method. The one-dimensional sounding method known as the standard penetration test is also applied to investigate subsurface properties and to compare these results with those measured by the geophysical methods. In seismic survey method, the seismic impulse source system shotgun is used to strongly propagate the elastic wave through the soil. The nonpolarizable electrode is selected to obtain the most reliable result by reducing the contact resistance. The application test is performed at Nakdong River in the southern part of Korean Peninsula where the area consists of alluvial deposits. The four profiles are selected for conducting the geophysical methods and the ranges of profiles are 115 ～ 205 m with interval distance of 5 m. The six one-dimensional soundings are performed in the intersection of geophysical profiles. Even though the measured results based on the geophysical method and one-dimensional sounding show slight difference, every result is applied to estimate subsurface characterization as the complementary data.     

瞬变电磁法在工程地震安全性评价中的应用

介绍瞬变电磁法的基本原理,论述了几种在地震安全性评价工作中常用的物探方法。通过应用实例分析表明,瞬变电磁法用于地震安全性评价工作有其独特和重要的现实意义。     

LSTM神经网络在地震资料初至拾取中的应用

本文引入RNN的升级算法LSTM神经网络技术,建立了一套海量数据、高精度的自动拾取地震资料初至流程。相比于其他神经网络方法,LSTM神经网络能够提取数据的时序特征,加强学习初至前噪音时序特征,从而提高初至拾取的精度,为地震资料的初至拾取提供一套新的思路。首先设计样本制作过程并建立、训练模型,通过模拟资料验证方法的有效性,应用于胜利油田浅海与西部山地地震勘探资料的初至拾取,取得理想效果,证明LSTM神经网络初至拾取具有较高的精度与适用性。     

大体积混凝土表面质量通病的防治

大体积混凝土是指最小断面尺寸大于1m的混凝土结构,而且其尺寸已经大到必须采取相应的技术措施妥善处理温度差和合理解决温度应力问题并控制裂缝扩展,因此,大体积模注混凝土的表面质量通病的防治是施工质量控制的一项重要内容。对大体积混凝土表面质量通病的形成原因和防治措施进行了探讨。