深反射大炮揭示的青藏高原侧向碰撞带地壳骨架结构

青藏高原东南缘处于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的侧翼,揭示该地区的岩石圈结构有助于完整理解青藏高原碰撞造山的动力学过程,对构建大陆碰撞成矿理论框架至为关键.本研究对横过青藏高原侧向碰撞带的一条深反射地震剖面的15个大炮资料,进行了针对性静校正、去噪等处理和单次叠加成像,结果剖面显示了侧向碰撞带岩石圈结构的骨架特征:(1)双程走时(TWT)8～10s的强反射(Tc)将地壳分为上、下两层;Tc可能是大型滑脱构造的拆离面,其存在使上地壳的变形与下地壳解耦;(2)Moho间断面反射(Tm)为3～4个同相轴的窄带反射波组,横向不连续,与深大断裂交汇处被错断,但断距不大;(3)在兰坪—思茅地块下方TWT21s和扬子克拉通西缘下方TWT22～24s存在相向倾斜的反射波组(TL);以Tc、Tm和TL构成的骨架结构,定性地描绘出剖面下方岩石圈地幔以汇聚为主、地壳块体以侧向滑移为主和上地壳为薄皮逆冲或滑脱的分层动力学模式.该岩石圈变形样式明显不同于以正向碰撞挤压、地壳缩短垂向增厚为主的"冈底斯模式".     

Compositional variation and the origin of deep crustal reflections

Identifying the sources of crustal reflections is essential for deriving more geological information from deep crustal reflection profiles. Theoretical and model studies help place constraints on the role of compositional variation in producing deep crustal reflections. Analysis of laboratory-derived velocities and densities of rock types typical for the continental crust indicates that reflection coefficients are generally small, but significantly, 17% of the possible reflection coefficients have magnitudes between 0.1 and 0.2. Comparison between reflection coefficients derived from well logs and reflections observed in associated seismic profiles indicates that constructive interference associated with geological layering is at least as important as the magnitude of the reflection coefficients for producing detectable reflections. Constructive interference can increase reflection amplitude by two to three times but is limited to a relatively narrow range of layer thickness. For a typical 10–40 Hz seismic wavelet and typical crustal velocities of about 6 km/s, constructive interference occurs for layer thickness ranging between about 35 and 80 m. Layers thinner than 35 m interfere destructively. If reflections result from compositional variation, seismic models of hypothetical and observed geologic relations provide analogs for interpreting complex reflection patterns observed in deep crustal reflection profiles. Such models show reflection patterns similar to those observed in the reflection profiles. The models indicate that the reflections could originate in the complexly deformed and intruded terranes that are common in the crystalline crust and it may not be necessary to appeal to unobserved phenomena such as special lamellae or fluid-filled fractures to explain the reflections.     

北京南部地壳精细结构深地震反射探测研究

为了研究北京平原区的地壳结构特征、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系,在北京平原区的南部完成了1条长90 km的深地震反射剖面.探测结果表明,该区地壳以双程反射时间(TWT)6～7 s的强反射带Tc为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～19 km,下地壳厚约16～17 km,Moho界面深度约为34～35 km.该区结晶基底起伏变化较大,上、下地壳分界面和Moho界面都是一个具有一定厚度的过渡带.上地壳反射层位丰富,断裂构造发育,构造形态清晰.在夏垫断裂西北,剖面揭示了4～5组能量较强的反射震相,表现为典型的隆起区特征;在夏垫断裂东南,上部为一套向东南倾伏的密集强反射层,下部为一套形态各异、结构复杂的强反射层,这些反射具有典型的沉积盆地特征,盆地最深处约为11 km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂倾角较陡,向上切穿了上、下地壳分界面,延伸到上地壳沉积盆地的底部,向下切穿了壳幔过渡带,与上部断裂和沉积盆地构成了独特的组合关系.     

大容量气枪震源陆地反射地震探测——以长江中下游铜陵地区为例

为了实验大容量气枪震源陆地水体流动激发反射地震探测效果,在长江中下游安徽省铜陵段,采用气枪船长江航道流动激发、沿江岸布设反射地震仪器接收的非纵弯线工作方式,得到了反映测线经过地区地壳深部结构和构造特征的反射地震数据。原始资料信噪比较低,但部分资料不同部位仍可辨认出来自地壳及莫霍面反射波组。就传播距离而言,地震波传播的水平距离最大可达21km,垂直深度可达30km以上。在数据处理中,根据原始资料特点,针对性采用了非纵弯线面元定义、三维层析静校正、叠前多域去噪及组合反褶积技术,最终得到的叠加时间剖面上具有丰富的壳内反射波组。结果显示,测线经过地区的地壳结构为双层结构,总厚度为30.0～36.0km。上地壳呈现隆坳相间的反射特征,下地壳存在多组叠层状弧型反射波组,莫霍面反射特征清晰,由2～3个反射同相轴组成,呈现SW端向NE段抬升的形态。剖面经过地区存在一个切穿下地壳和莫霍面的深部断裂,应该是长江深断裂的反映。研究结果充分说明,大容量气枪震源可应用于陆地流动水体地壳精细结构的深地震反射探测。     

Complex Archean lower crustal structure revealed by COCORP crustal reflection profiling in the Wind River Range,Wyoming

A COCORP deep crustal reflection profile across the Wind River uplift crosses exposed Archean rocks and resolves an unusual complex deep crustal structure at a depth of 24–31 km in an area where depth relations in Precambrian rocks can be inferred. The different levels of exposure across the beveled plunge of the Wind River uplift reveal supracrustal rocks at shallower levels with migmatites and pyroxene granulites at deeper levels. For the first time, deep crustal structure from reflection profiling may be interpreted in terms of exposed basement geology. A folded, multilayered deep structure shown by relfection data resembles multiply folded pyroxene granulite interlayered with granitic gneiss exposed in the central Wind River uplift; isoclinal folding is suggested in the folded layered seismic structure. Earlier seismic reflection studies suggested a simpler lower crust. These data indicate that lower crustal structure may have a complexity similar to deeply eroded Precambrian granulite-facies rocks. If this seismic feature represents folded metamorphic rocks, it seems unlikely that this Archean crust could have been thickened by underplating after 2.7 b.y. B.P. and the crust would have to be at least 30 km thich when this structure was formed.     

Deep crustal reflection survey in central Israel

The results of the first deep crustal reflection survey in Israel are described. The line crosses central Israel in a SE-NW direction from near the Dead Sea rift to the Mediterranean sea. The data reveals a correlation between the reflectivity and type of crust as previously determined on the basis of magnetic and crustal refraction data. To the southeast, in an area which is thought to be underlain by continental crust, the upper crust is mostly transparent while the lower crust shows distinct reflections. Near the Mediterranean sea, where the crystalline crust was previously shown to be thinner with higher magnetization and of possible oceanic origin, the upper crust is reflective while in general the lower crust is significantly less reflective. The lateral boundary between these two patterns of crustal reflectivity coincides with the magnetic boundary which was previously used to differentiate between the two types of crusts. Detailed analysis of crustal reflections does not seem to be justified with the present data except in special cases. One such case is the determination that the uppermost basement in the coastal plain is highly reflective, possibly due to metamorphic layering. Comparison of the deep reflection data with MT and seismic refraction data indicates possible correlation in the southeastern part of the line of high conductivity with lower crust reflections and of refraction Moho with the termination of lower crustal reflections. This correlation does not extend into the northwestern part of the section in which the crust is, most probably, no longer continental.     

北京地区地壳精细结构的深地震反射剖面探测研究

长度100 km、NW向穿过三河—平谷8.0级地震区和北京地区主要断裂构造的深地震反射剖面,揭示了该区地壳精细结构图像和断裂的深浅构造特征.结果表明,该区地壳以TWT6～7 s左右的强反射带为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～21 km,下地壳厚约13～15 km.剖面TWT3～4 s以上,反射层位丰富,构造形态清晰,且在剖面上具有明显不同的构造特征;在三河—平谷地震区以西,剖面揭示了2～3组反射能量较强的反射震相和一系列错断基底面的断裂,在三河—平谷地震区以东,为一套自东向西倾伏的密集强反射层,这套反射具有典型的沉积盆地特征,盆地最深处约为8～9 km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂倾角陡直,该断裂切割、扰动了下地壳物质和壳幔过渡带,向上延伸至上地壳,将地壳深部构造与浅部断裂联系在一起,构成了该区最主要的深浅构造特征.     

三河-平谷8.0级地震区地壳结构和活动断裂研究——利用单次覆盖深反射和浅层地震剖面

跨1679年三河-平谷8.0级地震区完成的单次覆盖深地震反射剖面和浅层地震反射剖面,揭示了三河-平谷地震区的地壳结构和断裂的深、浅构造特征.结果表明,该区地壳以TWT6～7 s左右的强反射带为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～21 km,下地壳厚约13～15 km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂和浅部活动断裂具有上下一致的对...     

横过青藏高原羌塘地体中央隆起区的深反射地震试验剖面

跨越中央隆起区的深反射地震探测试验剖面,初步揭露出青藏高原羌塘地体中央隆起区的地壳结构.探测剖面表明,羌塘地体可能具有古老的结晶基底;中央隆起区上地壳变形主要以逆冲、褶皱为主,下地壳出现北倾与南倾“对冲”的反射,揭示出印度和欧亚两大板块前缘汇聚的深部过程.     

用深地震反射方法研究邢台地震区地壳细结构

为了取得邢台地震区的地壳细结构,1990年冬,国家地震局地球物理研究所等实施了一条穿过华北平原中部束鹿断陷盆地的深地震反射剖面.经过叠加和偏移后的剖面显示出清晰的地壳细结构图像.剖面图上1-4s之间的强反射对应于由一组正断层产生的沉积层变形,其中新河断裂为束鹿盆地和新河凸起之间的边界主断裂,它伸展到8km以下深处.在5s左右显示出一组较强的反射界面,它可能对应于脆性上地壳的下界面.10-11s之间的壳-幔过渡带包含一组振幅大、连续性好的强反射,在震源下方的Moho界面上似乎被间断.岩浆从上地幔顶部侵入到地壳中,使得地壳可能出现部分熔融,这一过程是产生扩张盆地和发生邢台地震的主要原因.     

青藏高原松潘—西秦岭—临夏盆地深地震反射剖面——采集、处理与初步解释

由于印度洋板块向亚欧板块俯冲使青藏高原不断隆起,其形成不仅导致了亚洲大陆内部强烈的晚新生代构造变形,还对其边缘地区的地貌格局产生重大影响.青藏高原东北缘是青藏高原向北东方向扩展的前缘部位,是印度与欧亚两大板块碰撞作用由近南北方向向北东、东方向转换的重要场所.本文利用2004年和2008年完成的深地震反射剖面资料,采用关键处理技术和参数开展唐克-合作剖面与合作-临夏剖面联线处理,获得总长约400 km的深地震反射剖面,完整揭示了西秦岭造山带及其两侧盆地的地壳结构和构造变形样式.结果显示西秦岭造山带下地壳向若尔盖逆冲推覆的深部构造特征;西秦岭下地壳北倾的强反射及其北侧南倾的强反射特征揭示出扬子与华北两个大陆板块在西秦岭造山带下的汇聚行为.Moho的埋深和起伏形态表明青藏高原东北缘地壳经历了高原隆升后强烈的伸展减薄作用.     

伽师强震群区震源细结构的深地震反射探测研究

穿过伽师强震群的深地震反射剖面提供了研究区从地表直至莫霍界面的地壳细结构图像.探测结果表明：研究区上、下地壳分界面埋深约20～30 km,莫霍界面埋深约52～58 km.上地壳内部存在着两种截然不同的反射图像.上地壳上部为沉积盖层,厚度约8～9 km,盖层内部反射成层分布,显示了稳定而连续的沉积特点;上地壳下部则为“反射透明”背景下存在的叠层状反射带.下地壳内部呈现明显的反射性质,具体体现在上、下地壳分界面和莫霍间断面都表现为具有一定持续时间的多循环反射叠层结构特征.时间剖面上所有反射事件由北东向南西下倾的整体图像直观地反映了塔里木盆地地壳变形而向西昆仑下插入的事实.剖面47km桩号附近,上地壳下部至壳幔过渡带以上地壳范围内存在一条高倾角的深断裂,具有走滑性质,本研究认为该深断裂与1997年伽师强震群的发生密切相关,推断它为伽师强震群的发震构造.而时间剖面上壳幔过渡带反射的连续性则说明该断裂没有向下穿过莫霍面.存在于上地壳上部的两条高倾角的浅部断层可能对应于地质推测的麦盖提—下苏洪断裂带,它们与位于其下方的地壳深断裂构成了伽师强震群可能的深、浅构造关系.     

深地震反射剖面揭示的天津地区张渤带地壳精细结构

穿过天津地区张渤带的长86 km、NE向深地震反射剖面揭示了该区清晰的地壳精细结构图像和断裂的深浅构造特征,为研究张渤地震构造带的深部孕震环境和构造模式提供了地震学证据,对探讨晚中生代以来华北裂陷盆地的深部动力学过程及演化具有重要意义.结果表明,天津地区张渤带地壳以结晶基底反射T_G为界,分为上下两部分;上地壳反射波组丰富,分层特征明显,界面起伏形态清楚,清晰地刻画出冀中坳陷新生代沉积分层、箕状沉积凹陷的底界、潮白河断裂、蓟运河断裂及丰台—野鸡坨断裂的几何结构;地壳内部结晶基底（T_G）至Moho之间,显示出近于"反射透明"的地震波场特征,无明显震相,这与华北其他地区的深地震反射剖面结果明显不同;地壳厚度为30.0~34.5 km,总体变化趋势为中段地壳厚而南北端相对较薄,Moho在横向上显示出明显的不均匀和横向间断特征,在Moho被错断处存在两个明显的反射事件R_A和R_C,R_A可能是软流圈热物质上涌的侧向残留物,叠层状反射震相R_C则表现出壳幔过渡带特征;剖面揭示了2条错断Moho的超壳深大断裂（F_D1和F_D2）和9条上地壳断裂,深大断裂应是软流圈热物质上涌,造成上地幔隆起而形成的,上地壳断裂与地壳垂直运动及侧向引张力有关;超壳深断裂（F_D1和F_D2）为本区深部热物质的上涌与能量交换提供了通道,而与之对应的地壳浅部断裂（F₃和F₉）,则为能量调整提供了可能的条件,断裂邻近区域可能是未来发生强震的地区,值得注意.     

洱源-江川宽角地震剖面的地壳反射特征

通过对洱源-江川宽角反射地震资料的叠前偏移处理成像,得到了一个类似于近垂直入射多道地震数据的记录剖面.反射剖面图像与地壳速度结构共同揭示出地壳厚度由剖面西北端(约45 km)向东南端(约40 km)减薄.在洱源-楚雄西北附近深度约10 km处存在一组向东南倾斜的强反射震相,其东南约50 km处存在向西北倾斜的强射震相.易门断裂两侧地壳反射属性具有明显的差异,易门断裂之西北方向深度25～40 km处,中下地壳内存在两组强振幅,向东南方向上倾的地震反射同相轴,并被楚雄-建水断裂后期所错断,易门断裂之东南方向上,地壳内反射较为均一,未见特别明显的强间断面反射信息,这个反射结构被解释为印度板块东向俯冲与藏东缘地壳物质东向逃逸综合作用导致下地壳增厚和厚地壳变形的结果.     

北京西北地区壳幔结构的非均匀性特征与地震活动

利用在北京西北部地区穿过张家口——渤海地震带北西段地震测深剖面进行了综合解释和研究, 揭示了延庆——怀来、 张北——尚义地震活动区异常的深浅地壳结构特征. 结果表明: 研究区基底结构具有明显的起伏变化, 不同的地质构造单元基底埋深存在着较大差异. 基底埋深在局部地段呈现出的急剧变化可视其为基底断裂存在的一种标志, 基底断裂与地壳深断裂的存在为岩浆的上溢提供了条件, 从而导致了地壳结构强烈的非均匀性. 延怀地区壳内复杂反射波组序列和局部强弱不连续反射带现象的出现, 表明该地区地壳结构发生了强烈的挤压变形, 从而构成了该地区复杂的地壳结构, 为该地区地震的发生提供了动力来源; 张北——尚义地区壳内不同深度范围低速异常体和局部的C1界面的存在, 可以认为是岩浆多期活动的产物, 在区域构造活动的作用下脆性的上地壳内, 当局部应力积聚到一定的程度从而引发了地震的发生.      

“长江深断裂带”的构造性质:深地震反射证据

长江深断裂带自20世纪50年代提出以来,因其在区域控岩、控矿、工程地质和灾害地质研究中的重要意义,一直受到广泛关注和研究,但由于缺乏深部资料,对长江深断裂带的构造性质、空间展布众说纷纭.本文通过分析穿过长江河床及两岸的六条深地震反射剖面,讨论了长江中下游成矿带及长江深断裂带的构造性质及演化,获得如下认识:(1)长江中下游成矿带是燕山期的陆内俯冲带,上地壳发生强烈挤压变形,以大型逆冲、叠瓦、褶皱和推覆构造为特征;下地壳及岩石圈地幔俯冲或叠置到相邻块体之下,在宁芜火山岩盆地和沿江凹陷下形成了"鳄鱼嘴"构造.(2)白垩纪以来,长江深断裂带(CJF)由一系列拆离断层组成,大致沿长江河床分布.该断裂带在燕山期陆内造山阶段为一组逆冲断裂,伸展垮塌阶段反转为正断层或拆离断层,同时控制了沿江凹陷的形成和演化.(3)陆内俯冲或叠置导致地壳加厚、拆沉,引发大规模岩浆活动."鳄鱼嘴"构造或是沟通深部岩浆向上迁移的主要通道,控制了沿江成矿岩浆岩的分布.正是这种特殊的深部过程和构造特征,导致了燕山期长江中下游地区的大规模成岩、成矿作用.     

Characteristic of crustal structure in the Shulu fault basin and its vicinity

（王椿镛，张先康，林中洋，李学清）ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｏｆｃｒｕｓｔａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅＳｈｕｌｕｆａｕｌｔｂａｓｉｎａｎｄｉｔｓｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙ￥Ｃｈｕｎ－ＹｏｎｇＷＡＮＧＩ；Ｘｉａｎ－ＫａｎｇＺＨＡＮＧ；Ｚｈｏｎｇ－ＹａｎｇＬ...     

The heterogeneous characteristics of crust-mantle structures and the seismic activities in the northwest Beijing region

Introduction Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic zone is a major active seismic zone that passes through the north-ern part of North China. Zhangjiakou-Beijing area, the northwest part of North China, is located at the intersection position of Yanshan, Taihangshan uplift, and Shanxi down-faulted zone, and the geological structures in this area are extremely complicated. Many researchers in the geoscience circle always pay close attention to this region because Yanqing-Huailai region is located in th…     

长白山天池火山区三维地壳结构层析成像

利用长白山天池火山区三维空间深地震测观测系统所采集的反射P波走时资料,采用层析成像技术,重建了该区地壳界面构造形态和速度分析图像。界面成像结果表明：研究区地壳界面总体上显示了由北西向东南加深的趋势;马鞍山—三道白河断裂和富尔河—红旗河断裂是本区两条主要的深部构造,尤其是马鞍山—三道白河断裂,北北东向穿越天池火山口,其两侧的地壳界面存在明显的错断,预示了该处地壳厚度陡变或深大断裂带的存在,速度成像结果显示在10km深度,明显的P波低速异常分布在天池周围;15km深度上它表现为一个近南北向的P波低速异常条带,其延展尺度南北向为80~90km,东西向30~40km;随着深度的增加,P波低速异常分布在天池西侧,其尺度有明显的缩小,分布范围更加集中,而且低速扰动幅度更大。这种P波速度异常的变化图像在一定程度上反映了天池火山口下方壳内岩浆系统的空间分状况。     

Seismic Velocities and Anisotropy of the Lower Continental Crust: A Review

—Seismic anisotropy is often neglected in seismic studies of the earth’s crust. Since anisotropy is a common property of many typically deep crustal rocks, its potential contribution to solving questions of the deep crust is evaluated. The anisotropic seismic velocities obtained from laboratory measurements can be verified by computations based on the elastic constants and on numerical data pertaining to the texture of rock-forming minerals. For typical lower crustal rocks the influence of layering is significantly less important than the influence of rock texture. Surprisingly, most natural lower crustal rocks show a hexagonal type of anisotropy. Maximum anisotropy is observed for rocks with a high content of aligned mica. It seems possible to distinguish between layered intrusives and metasediments on the basis of in situ measurements of anisotropy, which can thus be used to validate different scenarios of crustal evolution.