旅游地屏蔽理论研究

提出了旅游地屏蔽理论问题并简要回顾了已有的相关研究成果，归纳了屏蔽现象的类型及性质，并对屏蔽度概念及其测定方法进行了初步的探讨，也就屏蔽性旅游地的开发战略作了理论构想。     

游客视角下的旅游景区形象屏蔽作用机理研究

屏蔽是一种遮挡现象,由于形象屏蔽的存在,一些旅游景区的发展往往陷入困境。"景区形象"从理论上说是可以塑造的,但实际中存活于人们心目中的只是景区的"感知形象",人们依据感知形象做出相关决策。景区形象的屏蔽实质上就是景区感知形象的屏蔽。在人们感知景区的过程中,会经历原生性、决策性、实地性等不同阶段上的感知形象屏蔽。不同阶段的感知形象屏蔽的作用机理也有所不同,分别通过形象认知类化、感知效用优化以及符号传递内化等发生作用。相关景区应从人们感知景区的不同阶段采取针对性措施来避免感知形象屏蔽发生的负面作用。     

旅游屏蔽理论定量研究——基于景区系统种群竞争模型

在国内旅游地形象屏蔽理论的研究基础上,提出景区系统种群概念并辨析了其引用的科学性。以游客接待量为衡量标准,利用生态种群竞争模型,建立了景区系统种群的数学模型。在合理假设条件下解析竞争趋向并进行了实证研究,认为景区在不同发展阶段的相对吸引力以及自身学习调节能力是3种不同类型屏蔽产生的主要原因且决定了其发展趋向,据此提出相应的发展策略。     

旅游屏蔽区的城市空间拓展研究--以临潼为例

旅游地的屏蔽效应是当前学术界研究的热点。以临潼为实例,对这一典型旅游屏蔽区发展的障碍因素进行分析,在此基础上探讨了其空间拓展理念,并且从城市空间格局完善、景观安全格局营造、景观房产等角度界定其拓展方向。最后探讨了该案例的拓展意义、关键突破点与现实意义。     

西方经济地理学对国家边界及其效应的研究进展

边界作为特殊的区位,受到地理学者的广泛重视。本文通过回顾西方学者对国家边界及其边界效用的研究进展,阐述其当前主要议题,并提出对未来边界及边界效应研究的启示。西方经济地理学对国家边界的研究集中体现在边界效应上。主要经历了以下3个发展阶段:传统区位论对边界的研究主要关注边界作为两国分割线所起到的屏蔽作用;随着全球贸易的激增,20世纪80年代到90年代中期,学者们用大量的数学模型对边界效应及其屏蔽程度进行了深入探讨;近年来,随着全球化进程的深入和区域经济一体化的进展,引起了学者们对一体化和边界效应转化的深入争论。全球化进程中边界和边界效应研究的3大主要议题也随着研究发展阶段贯穿,集中在对边界效应强度的分析,边界地区的一体化效应以及边界效应的转化等方面。根据国外研究进展及我国沿边开放的背景,未来可在边界地区集聚效应、边界地区管治和边界地区合作模式几个方面进行深入研究。     

世界史视角下青藏高原对我国的地缘安全 屏障作用

青藏高原不仅是自然地理上的地球第三极、世界屋脊,也是地缘政治上的一道安全屏障。目前关于青藏高原的历史地缘政治研究鲜少,与其战略价值不相称。本研究重点论述历史时期围绕青藏高原周边及其内部的政治地理事实,从中原王朝和高原地方政权两个不同视角,多尺度对比分析地理环境与地缘安全的关系,得出“青藏高原是我国的地缘安全屏障”这一结论。具体而言,它在历史上对来自中亚和南亚的威胁起到屏蔽或阻隔的作用。大高原的存在和不可逾越性——喜马拉雅山脉若是“城墙”,则青藏高原就是“城郭”——使得它对外部威胁起到阻挡入侵、对内起到新月形保护的作用,即地缘政治屏蔽效应。东亚大陆具有“背高原而面大海”的地理形便。这种形势直至近代新技术革命导致海洋势力的入侵而发生变化。不过,在可预见的时间里,青藏高原的地貌和地理环境不会发生根本改变。总之,青藏高原不仅是我国的生态安全屏障,也是我国的地缘政治安全屏障。中华文明长达两千年的相对安全发展,很大程度上得益于青藏高原的屏障功能。     

压覆矿产资源储量估算中保护煤柱边界分析

为了促使矿产资源的保障能力可以在实践中得到有效提升,同时还要保证建设项目可以实现正常稳定的运行,就必须要结合实际情况,对压覆矿产资源储量估算当中的保护煤柱边界进行科学合理的分析和落实,这样才能够尽可能避免出现压覆重要矿产资源减少的问题发生。     

探讨三维激光扫描技术在市政道路工程中的应用

市政道路工程是我国市政建设的重要组成部分,为了切实保证其稳定性与安全性,有必要采用相应的三维激光扫描技术进行实时监测。本文简略阐述了三维激光扫描技术的系统原理以及数据结构特点,同时从相关实际案例入手,对市政道路工程中的具体应用展开了详细分析。     

仁化碧桂园勘察技术探讨

随着我国经济的日益发展和科学技术水平的不断进步,对工程建设数量和质量的要求越来越高,岩土勘察是建筑施工可以进行的必要前提准备。为了保证建筑的安全系数,必须确保该技术的正常运用和良好实践,这是所有建筑设计的前提。本文结合仁化碧桂园的岩土勘察情况,探究岩土勘察技术来提升岩土工程勘察作业的运行质量。     

内蒙古自治区人民政府办公厅出台《内蒙古自治区地质勘查临时用地补偿管理办法》

<正>为加强全区地质勘查临时用地补偿管理,维护因地质勘查工作使土地及其地上附着物受损害者的合法权益,保证地质勘查工作正常进行,内蒙古自治区人民政府办公厅于6月30日印发了《内蒙古自治区地质勘查临时用地补偿管理办法》。为加强全区地质勘查临时用地补偿管理,维护因地质勘查工作使土地及其地上附着物受损害者的合法权益,保证地质勘查工作正常进行,自治区人民政府办公厅于6月30日印发了《内蒙古自治区地质勘查临时用地补偿管     

Magnetotellurics along the Fennoscandian Long Range profile

Summary. Estimates of magnetotelluric transfer functions along the Fennoscandian Long Range (FENNOLORA) profile are presented and discussed in relation to the major lithotectonic subdivisions of the Swedish part of the Baltic shield. None of the transfer functions are found to be consistent with a one-dimensional earth structure, thereby making a quantitative interpretation difficult. However, the geological units are found to display characteristic differences in the obtained transfer functions, and in some areas a quantitative interpretation can be justified. The most interesting structure indicated is a low resistive (4 μm) crustal structure of lateral extension more than 150 km centred around the Skellefte ore district. A minimum thickness for this structure of 15 km is inferred.     

Interpretation of aeromagnetic data across the central crystalline shield area of Nigeria

Summary. A residual map of the total magnetic field (above 25 000 nT base) is presented for a portion of the central crystalline shield area of Nigeria and overlapping small portions of the Chad basin and the Benue rift (8°30'−12° 00'lat, and 7°−10°30' long). The map (based on a dataset digitized from recently released aeromagnetic sheets of Nigeria) leads to four results. (1) A magnetic boundary, evident on the map, separates the Younger Granite complexes into two groups. The groups are petrologically different, and the boundary may be a fault line with uplift to the south. (2) South of the boundary the map is dominated by a system of sub-parallel anomalies striking NE–SW, possibly representing major tectonic trends, and a set of fractures through which the Younger Granite complexes were intruded. The trend of the system parallels the Benue rift and lineaments in the oceanic crust off West Africa. (3) Negative magnetic anomalies lie over most of the known ring complexes, and over some suspected buried ring complexes and other intrusions. (4) 2½-and 3-D modelling shows that the larger complexes extend to 12 km depth, and the smaller ones to 6 km. They have nearly vertical sides, and magnetization contrasts range from 0.3 to 0.5 A m⁻¹.     

Regional assessment of long-term hypolimnetic oxygen changes in Ontario (Canada) shield lakes using subfossil chironomids

Subfossil chironomid assemblages were used to infer long-term water quality changes in south-central Ontario shield lakes, which are currently being impacted by anthropogenic eutrophication, acid rain, and recent climate change. Using a transfer function developed to infer average end-of-summer volume-weighted hypolimnetic oxygen (avg VWHO), a top-bottom paleolimnological approach was used to reconstruct pre-industrial (pre-1850) deepwater oxygen conditions. Comparison with present-day (top surface sediments) chironomid-based inferences of avgVWHO results suggest that hypolimnetic oxygen levels are presently similar to natural, pre-industrial (bottom sediments) levels in most lakes. Approximately half of the study lakes recorded an increase in hypolimnetic oxygen since the 19th century. Inferred changes in avgVWHO correlate well with our results from another chironomid-based oxygen model which reconstructs the Anoxic Factor (AF). When study lakes are separated according to their hydrological status (i.e., natural versus managed), lakes with a dam at their outlet and seasonally managed lake levels had significantly different changes in avgVWHO compared to lakes with natural hydrology. Lakes with a dam at their outlet generally recorded increases in avgVWHO, while natural hydrology lakes mostly recorded declines. There was no relationship between inferred changes in avgVWHO and the density of cottage and resort development along the shorelines of lakes. Changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) possibly related to recent climate changes may also be affecting deepwater oxygen, however patterns of change are very subtle.     

Pre‐Glacial Landform Inheritance in a Glaciated Shield Landscape

We seek to quantify glacial erosion in a low relief shield landscape in northern Sweden. We use GIS analyses of digital elevation models and field mapping of glacial erosion indicators to explore the geomorphology of three granite areas with the same sets of landforms and of similar relative relief, but with different degrees of glacial streamlining. Area 1, the Parkajoki district, shows no streamlining and so is a type area for negligible glacial erosion. Parkajoki retains many delicate pre‐glacial features, including tors and saprolites with exposure histories of over 1 Myr. Area 2 shows the onset of significant glacial erosion, with the development of glacially streamlined bedrock hills. Area 3 shows extensive glacial streamlining and the development of hill forms such as large crag and tails and roches moutonnées. Preservation of old landforms is almost complete in Area 1, due to repeated covers of cold‐based, non‐erosive ice. In Area 2, streamlined hills appear but sheet joint patterns indicate that the lateral erosion of granite domes needed to form flanking cliffs and to give a streamlined appearance is only of the order of a few tens of metres. The inheritance of large‐scale, pre‐glacial landforms, notably structurally controlled bedrock hills and low relief palaeosurfaces, remains evident even in Area 3, the zone of maximum glacial erosion. Glacial erosion here has been concentrated in valleys, leading to the dissection and loss of area of palaeosurfaces. Semi‐quantitative estimates of glacial erosion on inselbergs and palaeosurfaces and in valleys provide mean totals for glacial erosion of 8 ± 8 m in Area 1 and 27 ± 11 m in Area 3. These estimates support previous views that glacial erosion depths and rates on shields can be low and that pre‐glacial landforms can survive long periods of glaciation, including episodes of wet‐based flow.     

Upper mantle shear structure of North America

Summary. The waveforms and travel times of S and SS phases in the range 10°–60° have been used to derive upper mantle shear velocity structures for two distinct tectonic provinces in North America. Data from earthquakes on the East Pacific Rise recorded at stations in western North America were used to derive a tectonic upper mantle model. Events on the north-west coast of North America and earthquakes off the coast of Greenland provided the data to investigate the upper mantle under the Canadian shield. All branches from the triplications due to velocity jumps near 400 and 660 km were observed in both areas. Using synthetic seismograms to model these observations placed tight constraints on heterogeneity in the upper mantle and on the details of its structure. SS–S travel-time differences of 30 s along with consistent differences in waveforms between the two data sets require substantial heterogeneity to at least 350 km depth. Velocities in the upper 170 km of the shield are about 10 per cent higher than in the tectonic area. At 250 km depth the shield velocities are still greater by about 4.5 per cent and they gradually merge near 400 km. Below 400 km no evidence for heterogeneity was found. The two models both have first-order discontinuities of 4.5 per cent at 405 km and 7.5 per cent at 695 km. Both models also have lids with lower velocities beneath. In the western model the lid is very thin and of relatively low velocity. In the shield the lid is 170 km thick with very high elocity (4.78 km s^-1); below it the velocity decreases to about 4.65 km s^-1. Aside from these features the models are relatively smooth, the major difference between them being a larger gradient in the tectonic region from 200 to 400 km.     

Analysis of the Cooling Mechanism of a Crushed Rock Embankment in Warm and Lower Temperature Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Based on data monitored in situ and theoretical analysis,the characteristics of the temperature field and mechanism of thermal conduction of a crushed rock embankment were studied along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.The results of experi-ments in the field revealed that the cooling effect of a crushed rock embankment is influenced mainly by the natural con-vection in winter and shield effect in summer,the ventilation of crushed rocks,and the ground temperature regime be-neath the embankment.Consequently,these three factors should be taken into account in numerical simulations,but it is as a result of natural convection only.     

The geomorphology of planetary calderas

Satellite-derived observations of the geomorphology of calderas on Earth, Mars and Venus can be used to learn more about shield volcanoes. Examples of terrestrial basaltic volcanoes from the Galapagos Islands, Hawaii, and the Comoro Islands show how these volcanoes contrast with examples found on Mars and Venus. Caldera structure, degree of infilling, and the location of vents on the flanks are used to interpret each volcano's recent history. The geometry of the caldera floor can be used to infer some of the characteristics of the magma storage system, and the orientation of the deep magma conduits. The formation of benches within the caldera and the effects of the caldera on the distribution of flank eruptions are considered, and it is evident that most calderas on the planets are/were dynamic features. Presently, deep calderas, with evidence of overflowing lavas and ponded lavas high in the caldera wall, show that these calderas were once shallow. Similarly, shallow calderas filled with ponded lavas are evidence that they were once deeper. It is probably a mistake, therefore, to place great significance on caldera depth with regard to the position, shape, or size of subsurface plumbing.     

国内外耕地利用与保护的理论基础及其进展

文章较系统地总结了国内外耕地保护相关的理论及研究进展 ,分析了耕地保护的科学基础和历史演变过程。指出土地生产力是制定耕地保护数量的科学依据 ,土地评价是耕地保护规划的科学基础 ,土地规划、法规体系的落实是耕地保护顺利实施的保障。在此基础上 ,进一步分析了我国耕地利用与保护中面临的几个理论和实践问题 ,并提出相应的对策和建议。     

嫦娥一号月球地形模型的一些应用研究

利用嫦娥一号绕月卫星激光高度计数据获取得到的新的360 阶次的地形模型CLTMs03,开展了初步应用研究,包括对嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据进行了校对,发现并了解立体相机分析中的约900 m的垂向系统误差;利用撞击坑计数法,基于标校后的照相数据对嫦娥一号地形中新发现的玉兔火山区域的年龄特征进行了分析;结合新的CLTM-s03 地形模型和CEGM-02 重力场模型,新证实了西拉德撞击坑是一个布格质量瘤异常区域。     

Magnetotelluric interpretation of crustal and mantle structure in the Grenville Province

Summary Accurate determinations of depths and conductivities of electrical structures in shield regions are often difficult because of the inhomogeneity of the uppermost crust. A magnetotelluric (MT) station (BAT) in the Grenville Province of the Precambrian Shield in eastern Canada has been in operation since 1975 for time-dependency studies of electrical resistivity changes related to earthquakes. The MT response of the station displays low skew with small to moderate anisotropy. One-dimensional inversion of the apparent resistivity and phase reveals two well-defined conductors in the crust, one at 10 km and the second at the base of the crust. The latter has a resistivity less than 50 Ω m. These results are substantiated by three additional MT stations located up to 40 km distant.
Data from other new MT stations and from stations previously published in the literature are compared with two-dimensional computer model results and with the three-dimensional analogue scale model results of Dosso et al. While additional data for periods less than 100 s would be desirable the results from a number of the MT stations are not inconsistent with a widespread occurrence of a conducting zone at the base of the crust in the Grenville. The inversion analysis also indicates the existence of a conductor at some depth greater than 100 km with a resistivity less than 30 Ω m. This may coincide with a seismic low-velocity zone observed in the mantle under the Canadian Shield.