福建晋江深沪湾海底古森林群落类型的初步研究

 深沪湾海底古森林座落在北纬24°37～40',东经118°38'～40',福建省晋江市深沪湾潮间带中下部。在1986年该古森林被发现时仅有树桩7棵,其中4棵样品被鉴定为松科(Pinaceae)植物,与现代油杉属(Keteleeria carr.)的木材结构相似。     

福建深沪湾海底古森林遗迹分布区全新世自然环境演变

本文根据福建深沪湾潮间带古森林遗迹分布区的两个钻孔岩芯的粒度、有孔虫、孢粉、古土壤和14C年代等方面的分析测试资料,恢复了该区全新世自然环境演变与海底林生长与掩埋的历史.以油杉为代表的古森林在该区出现于9420aB.P.左右,繁盛于8090～7140aB.P.在7200～6800aB.P.间的中全新世早期,该区气候热暖潮湿,海面不断升高.由于侵蚀基准面的抬高,深沪湾西部的河流发生了加积作用,从而掩埋了该古油杉林.当中全新世中期古海面上升到钻孔所在的位置时,该古森林遭到了灭顶之灾.晚全新世以来,该区一直处于潮间带环境,与今日只有微小的差别.     

福建深沪湾海底林的测量与新发现

在现今潮间带或海底所发现的古代陆上森林的遗迹,乃是自然界的一种奇观。它对恢复其生长时期的古植被、古气候与古生态和重建其消亡以后的海平面变化、海陆变迁和地壳升降运动历史具有重要的科学意义,同时也具有重大的科普教育和旅游观赏价值。这种埋没林或沉水林,曾在英、法、美、加、日等国海滨与邻近陆架发现和研究。本文所报道的海底林位于福建省晋江市深沪湾潮间带中下部,是徐起浩于1986年7月发现的。据徐起浩报道,海底古森林残迹（原生直立树桩）主要分布于狮脚家村和土地家村的沿岸潮间带,距岸100m外,通常水深2～3m,退潮后出露。     

珠江口伶仃洋ZK1钻孔的磁性地层学研究

伶仃洋地区年代格架的建立对区域古环境的重建及海陆交互作用的研究具有重要意义.利用磁性地层学和AMS 14C测年对珠江口伶仃洋ZK1钻孔(113°40′E、22°34′N,孔深100.3 m)0～32 m岩心进行了系统的年代学研究.5个样品的AMS 14C测试年龄为(486±120)～(2268±149)a BP.岩心的...     

“东南沿海环境变迁与区域可持续发展福建晋江现场学术研讨会”在福建晋江召开

"东南沿海环境变迁与区域可持续发展福建晋江现场学术研讨会"2008年5月7日-12日在福建省晋江市召开.会议由中国第四纪科学研究会热带亚热带环境专业委员会主办,中国科学院广州地球化学研究所、福建省晋江市人民政府、福建省深沪湾海底古森林遗迹自然保护区管理处、中国科学院边缘海地质重点实验室、华南师范大学地理系等单位联合承办.会议的主要议题为第四纪环境与全球气候变化,东南海岸带变化与其他区域对比,环境与人类健康、可持续发展的"晋江模式"及其对比等.     

大洋一号首次环球航次(DY105-17A)在东太平洋海隆的初步调查结果

2005年9月11日～24日,我们参加了中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会组织的环球航次(DY105-17A航次).在"大洋一号"科考船上,先后使用了电视抓斗、MAPRs、摄像拖体、多波束、磁力仪、集成化拖体、CTD和近海底磁力仪等调查设备,对东太平洋海隆的13°N和1°N～3°S两个区块,进行了热液活动调查.以往对东太平洋海隆13°N热液活动的调查研究程度比较高,国际上曾对该区域进行过许多次的航次调查工作,积累了为数众多的数据和资料,2003年11月我们也曾先后使用多波束、CTD、浅层剖面仪、拖网、抓斗和柱状取样器等设备,对东太平洋海隆13°N的热液活动进行了调查,绘制了多波束水深图,获得了宝贵的海底热液硫化物、沉积物、岩石、生物和近海底的水体样品,对该区的地形特征、底质和热液活动情况有了一定的了解.而东太平洋海隆的1°N～3°S,尚属于一个调查研究程度比较低的地段,也没有热液活动是否存在的证据.DY105-17A航次,使我们从海况、海流、水文、地形地貌、底质情况等多个方面对这个区域有了更多的了解和认识,同时在该区赤道附近发现了新的浊度异常,为未来进一步调查证实该区存在热液活动提供了必要的证据.     

五台山冰缘地貌的基本特征

五台山海拔3058米,为华北第一高峰,位于山西省东北部的五台县、繁峙县境内,地理坐标北纬38°53′—39°6′,东经113°28′—113°40′。五台山在我国地质地貌研究上占据着重要地位。它是太古界五台群变质岩系的建群地点,也是著名的北台期夷平面的命名地。由于山体高度较大,自第四纪晚冰期以来,虽未遭受山岳冰川的作用,但古冰缘和现代冰缘现象皆十分发育。     

STRATIGRAPHIC CHRONOLOGY AND SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS FOR BURIED ANCIENT FORESTS IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA

珠江三角洲四会市和高要市两地埋藏古森林在发育历史时期形成了一层或多层腐殖质层.其中,四会埋藏古森林腐殖质层发育起止年代大致为4218±91cal.aB.P.～3291±24cal.aB.P.;高要埋藏古森林腐殖质层发育有3期,它们的年代大致为4910±64～ 1966±42cal.aB.P.,但在4347±63～4017±35cal.aB.P.和3658±45～ 3539±19cal.aB.P.之间发育中断,形成两层灰白色粘土层,3期腐殖质层(从上至下)发育持续的时间分别为1500a,400a和500a,约1000±500a.在四会埋藏古森林腐殖质层中,有机碳含量在26.2％～48.9％之间变化,δ13C值波动介于-29.8‰～ -25.6‰之间,其中,粘土层与腐殖质层边界点的有机碳含量为26.2％,δ13C值为-25.6‰,对应的年代为3291±24cal.aB.P.;在高要埋藏古森林腐殖质层中,有机碳含量在20.3％ ～ 64.0％之间变化,δ13C值波动介于-30.9‰ ～ -29.0‰之间,而在腐殖质层之间的粘土层的中心位置,有机碳含量从上至下分别为1.0％和8.8％,对应的δ13C值分别为-28.2‰和-27.8‰,较相邻腐殖质层平均δ13C值偏正约2.0‰至2.5‰.腐殖质层有机碳含量与δ13C值显示,埋藏古森林腐殖质层形成于湿地环境,而粘土层中有机碳含量和δ13C值与腐殖质层中的显著差异及粘土层的沉积特征则说明粘土层很可能形成旱地环境.沉积环境干湿变化的周期与腐殖质层持续的时间一致,大致为1000±500a,这种变化可能与中全新世以来气候在千百年尺度上的波动相关,而四会和高要两地古森林湿地发育的起止时间不一致则主要与两地的地理位置及地形不同相关.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川大气气溶胶的微观形貌及元素组成分析

为研究冰川区大气气溶胶单颗粒物的物理化学特征,使用带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)对2007年在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东支积累区海拔4 130m(86°49′E,43°06′N)处采集的38个气溶胶样品中的38 861个单颗粒物进行了微观形貌和元素组成的分析.结果表明:天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川区大气气溶胶主要以粒径在0.6～2.5μm之间的不规则的非圆形矿物颗粒为主,其中以富含Si、Ca的粘土矿物颗粒为主,与人类活动密切相关的含S颗粒物及烟尘飞灰等含量较少.这与其它沙尘源区的气溶胶特征相似,其中含Ca颗粒多于其它沙尘源区,主要受西风带的影响.气团轨迹显示,来自于西面中亚地区的高空气流影响了1号冰川区的大气环境,表明天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川区的气溶胶主要代表了中亚沙尘源区对流层中上部大气的本底状况.     

浙江天台-宁海晚中新世孢粉组合及其古植被和古气候

分析了浙江天台-宁海地区嵊县组第3沉积层的孢粉样品11个,该层时代属晚中新世.其中,在宁海县黄泥塘村和大路下村各采集4个,天台县家湖村采集3个;样品岩性主要为浅灰色至灰褐色湖相沉积的泥岩至泥质粉砂岩,部分样品含较多硅藻土(采样地点分布范围29°8′～ 29°10′N,121°14′～121°16′E).经化学处理,除HNT-11,DLX-1和DLX-2以外,在其余8个样品中发现了丰富且保存完好的孢粉化石,共鉴定39个类群,归属23科,建立了以栎属(Quercus)—松属(Pinus)—禾本科(Poaceae)——菱属(Trapa)为主要特征的孢粉组合.结合同层位植物大化石记录,推论晚中新世天台-宁海及其周边地区的植被类型丰富,以具有一定垂直地带性的森林植被为主:自山麓向上,随海拔升高,由常绿阔叶林逐渐向常绿、落叶阔叶混交林以及落叶阔叶林过渡;研究区生长有松属(Pinus)及竹类植物,草本植物生长茂盛,并生长有一定量的蕨类植物;研究区内湖泊、池塘及沼泽等平静的淡水水体普遍存在,使得菱属等水生草本及盘星藻(Pediastrum)等淡水藻类广泛生长.该植被类型与现今浙江兼具一定垂直地带性的典型中亚热带常绿阔叶林较为相似.通过对当前孢粉组合应用共存分析法,定量重建了晚中新世研究区的8个古气候参数,即年平均气温(MAT) 17.0～ 18.5℃,年平均降水量(MAP) 979.0 ～1722.0mm,最热月平均气温(WMT) 26.5～28.4℃,最冷月平均气温(CMT) 3.3 ～ 7.7℃,平均最大月降水量(MMaP) 176.2～265.0mm,平均最小月降水量(MMiP)7.0～31.6mm,平均最热月降水量(MWP) 165.5～ 232.5mm以及气温年较差(DT) 18.2～ 21.5℃,表明晚中新世研究区的气候温暖湿润,同该区现代气候相近.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.