东海深部地层时深转换关系的分段优化拟合

在将钻井垂直地震剖面(VSP)数据的时深拟合公式应用于深部地层的时深转换时,拟合深度与计算的层速度常常不够准确。本文首先利用多项式和幂函数给出了东海陆架盆地中部某凹陷41口钻井VSP数据的时深拟合公式,并用双程旅行时(TWT)最深达8 s的三维地震速度体数据与多道地震剖面对拟合公式在深部地层的适用性进行分析。在TWT为8 s时,速度体数据表明41口钻井位置的平均深度为18 140 m,平均层速度为6 208 m/s,二次多项式的平均拟合深度较之偏高9.2%,计算的层速度偏高36.2%,幂函数则分别偏低28.9%与35.6%,拟合效果都不理想。对此,本文采用通过识别VSP数据的增速拐点并对增速拐点前的VSP数据进行二次多项式拟合,对增速拐点后的VSP数据进行幂函数拟合的分段拟合模型,将TWT为8 s时的平均拟合深度和层速度的误差降到3.3%与4.7%。地震剖面显示研究区莫霍面深度约为TWT=11 s,分段拟合模型在TWT=11 s的平均拟合深度为27 516 m,层速度为7 334 m/s,更接近前人研究成果,表明该模型能显著提高深部地层时深转换的精度。     

深度域地震资料解释探讨

叠前深度偏移在速度复杂或构造复杂地区的成像具有优势,目前已经成为地震数据处理领域的标准流程.对叠前偏移处理数据进行后续的解释主要有两种思路：时深转换到时间域进行解释、直接在深度域进行解释.在深度域进行解释有很多优点,但也存在一些难点：褶积模型的适用性、井震标定的适用性以及深度校正问题.在前人研究和工作实践的基础上,提出了一种在深度域进行解释的方法,尽量适应目前解释系统、工作习惯、工作思路的方法.     

基于精细迭代建模的速度异常识别方法与应用

研究区是否存在横向速度异常及异常范围和大小将影响该区时深转换策略,因此精确描述横向速度异常将直接影响时深转换的可靠性。常规方法利用原始偏移速度及井插值速度体的求差运算识别速度异常,其精度较低。本文建立了基于约束速度反演及AVO更新准则的剩余速度分析方法以提高地震速度场精度,利用沿层去压实的速度异常识别方法来准确刻画横向速度异常。实际应用表明,该方法能更好地识别研究区明化镇组底面横向速度异常的展布范围及异常幅度,对常规时深转换方法做出风险提示,提出变速时深转换策略,取得了较好的实际应用效果。     

基于构造-流体耦合约束的变速成图方法及其在东海A气田挖潜阶段的成功应用

时深转换是构造解释关键步骤之一,时深转换方法主要包括常速成图与变速成图两大类。常速成图操作简单,应用普遍,但不适合速度场横向变化剧烈的工区。建立一种适应速度场横向变化且符合工区地质及油气藏特征的时深转换方法,是本研究探讨的重点。迭代变速成图技术基于叠加速度反演,综合了流体检测成果,通过不断优化速度场开展变速成图,能较准确地预测地下复杂构造的深度,该方法刻画的构造油气藏含气范围与流体检测分布一致,实现了同一油气藏的分布在不同地震信息维度下的耦合。利用迭代变速成图技术,较好解决了A气田钻前构造气藏面积与“亮点”展布范围之间的矛盾,统一了地质油藏认识,扩大了地质储量,有效推动了A气田的挖潜与调整,实现了增储上产。     

潮汕坳陷中生代沉积层纵横波速度结构

潮汕坳陷残留有巨厚的中生代沉积层,是南海油气勘探的重要区域。已经开展了大量的多道地震反射工作,同时也有折射地震和海底地震仪研究,但尚未开展纵横波联合研究。纵横波联合探测,可以获得更多的地下结构信息,对油气勘探有重要的意义。在OBS2006-3剖面潮汕坳陷中生代沉积层纵波速度结构的基础上,对转换横波震相进行了射线追踪和走时模拟。结果表明,潮汕坳陷中生代沉积层厚度较大,最大厚度达到8km,纵波速度从顶部的4.4km.s–1增加到底部的5.3km.s–1,相应的横波速度由2.6km.s–1增大到3.0km.s–1,泊松比为0.24—0.26,波速比为1.74—1.80,其成分可能包含有砂岩、泥岩和火山岩。同时根据该区的地球物理特征,结合前人的研究,分析了油气勘探潜力。     

基于OBS和MCS数据的水合物地层速度特征

天然气水合物是一种新型的清洁能源, 南海北部神狐海域的地质条件有利于水合物的形成和储藏。传统的多道地震(MCS)数据难以得到精确的速度信息, 并且只能从时间域上判断地质体纵向分布。海底地震仪(OBS)是一种常用的主动源地震仪器, 可以接收到更清晰的气枪信号。相比于MCS, OBS剖面上的折射震相可以揭示较深部的地层速度信息。文章结合MCS和OBS的优势, 识别水平叠加剖面上的反射层位, 并得到初始模型; 将OBS剖面和水平叠加剖面拼合, 从而判断OBS剖面上反射震相所对应层位; 拾取OBS台站上的反射和折射震相, 使用RayInvr软件正演模拟得到水合物存在区域的二维速度模型, 解决了MCS中较为困难的时深转换问题。最终模型显示了水合物、游离气区域的埋深、厚度和速度, 以及似海底反射(BSR)下方更深部界面的深度和速度特征。     

南海北部陆缘OBS2018-H2测线地壳结构初步结果

南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带实施的OBS2018-H2测线的地壳速度结构, 将为探讨南海张裂-破裂机制提供重要证据。文章介绍了OBS2018-H2测线前期数据处理流程, 包括多道反射地震数据处理、海底地震仪OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer)数据格式转换、炮点和OBS位置校正, 以及OBS震相的初步识别, 并对地壳结构进行了初步分析。结果表明: 炮点和OBS位置校正效果良好; 多道反射地震数据为建立初始速度模型提供了良好约束; OBS综合地震剖面识别了多组清晰的P波震相, 包括Pw、Pg、PmP和Pn震相。根据测线西侧OBS36、OBS37两台站的震相分布特征初步估算台站下方地壳厚度约为6~7km, 与根据多道地震剖面LW3的双程走时估算的厚度6~9km大致相符。     

平衡地质剖面技术发展现状与实际应用——以苏北盆地溱潼凹陷为例

平衡剖面技术广泛应用于构造解释合理性检验和构造演化史分析。平衡剖面发展历史与现状表明,二维平衡剖面技术理论与应用已趋于成熟,真三维平衡恢复算法的精确实现和实际应用是今后的主要发展方向。在详细总结二维平衡剖面技术原理和制作过程后,以苏北盆地溱潼凹陷为例,紧密结合区域地质与地球物理资料、选择合理的剖面走向、采用变速时深转换,多次修改地震构造解释方案并最终制作平衡剖面。结果表明,合理运用平衡剖面技术可检验地震构造解释的合理性并分析构造演化历史,指导油气资源勘探。     

南海中部海域地震速度分析

从南海中部海域多次地球物理调查获得的速度资料中,挑选3 000多个速度谱点,经过解释直接或间接地获得该区200多条剖面上各点的叠加速度、均方根速度、层速度等多种速度资料,并计算出该区的时深转换和砂岩百分含量。综合各剖面上的速度变化和Ps值(砂岩百分含量)特征,编制了晚始新世以来地层速度和Ps值平面图,分析各时代层速度和Ps值的纵向和横向变化规律。得出南海中部海域物源早期来自西北方向,中期西南方向,最后远离物源的变化过程,海水进侵方向为东南方向。进而说明该区经历了初期冲积平原、中期滨海—浅海和晚期浅海—半深海的充填演化过程。为研究该区的地层沉积特征和沉积模式提供依据。     

浅地层剖面与测深数据综合成图法在舟山大陆连岛工程中的应用

利用2006年舟山市大陆连岛工程(三期)岱山跨海大桥工程物探调查资料,分析、讨论了海底水深剖面图的生成、浅地层剖面资料解释、时深转换及其地质剖面图生成过程中存在的问题,提出了实际调查航迹的坐标投影、浅地层剖面反射层位人机交互解释拾取、时深转换层速度的输入等方法,并应用这些方法快速有效地生成了工程调查数据地质剖面图.     

HY1200声速剖面仪计算测深仪声速改正数方法

介绍了HY1200声速剖面仪平均声速的定义及应用,以及用平均声速进行测深仪声速改正数的方法和公式。     

论狭窄潮汐水道中sigma坐标下的余流

在受波动影响的近岸浅水区域,运用sigma坐标是计算平均水位附近的余流的有效途径。本项研究在理论上分析了在狭窄潮汐水道中sigma坐标下的余流的物理意义,并运用一系列的理想化数值模型对分析结果进行了验证。对于浅水波,sigma层和水体中的波动面相一致,因而斯托克斯速度及其分量可以用sigma坐标上的速度来表达。一个sigma层上的余流（即sigma余流）是位于这一sigma层平均深度上的欧拉余流和斯托克斯速度垂向分量的和,可以被看做是半拉格朗日余流。因为斯托克斯速度的垂向分量比其水平分量小一个量级,sigma余流可看做为欧拉余流的近似。在sigma层上的物质输运余流是sigma余流和斯托克斯速度水平分量的和,在大小和方向上和拉格朗日余流近似。     

Seismic Characterisation of Gas-rich Near Surface Sediments in the Arkona Basin, Baltic Sea

Gas in sediments has become an important subject of research for various reasons. It affects large areas of the sea floor where it is mainly produced. Gas and gas migration have a strong impact on the environmental situation as well as on sea floor stability. Furthermore, large research programs on gas hydrates have been initiated during the last 10 years in order to investigate their potential for future energy production and their climatic impact. These activities require the improvement of geophysical methods for reservoir investigations especially with respect to their physical properties and internal structures. Basic relationships between the physical properties and seismic parameters can be investigated in shallow marine areas as they are more easily accessible than hydrocarbon reservoirs. High-resolution seismic profiles from the Arkona Basin (SW Baltic Sea) show distinct ‘acoustic turbidity’ zones which indicate the presence of free gas in the near surface sediments. Total gas concentrations were determined from cores taken in the study area with mean concentrations of 46.5 ml/l wet sediment in non-acoustic turbidity zones and up to 106.1 ml/l in the basin centre with acoustic turbidity. The expression of gas bubbles on reflection seismic profiles has been investigated in two distinct frequency ranges using a boomer (600–2600 Hz) and an echosounder (38 kHz). A comparison of data from both seismic sources showed strong differences in displaying reflectors. Different compressional wave velocities were observed in acoustic turbidity zones between boomer and echosounder profiles. Furthermore, acoustic turbidity zones were differently characterised with respect to scattering and attenuation of seismic waves. This leads to the conclusion that seismic parameters become strongly frequency dependent due to the dynamic properties of gas bubbles.     

Study on the Log-Linear Velocity Profile of Near-Bed Tidal Current in Estuarine and Coastal Waters

Many observed data show that the near-bed tidal velocity profile deviates from the usual logarithmic law. The amount of deviation may not be large, but it results in large errors when the logarithmic velocity profile is used to calculate the bed roughness height and friction velocity （or shear stress）. Based on their investigation, Kuo et al. （1996） indicate that the deviation amplitude may exceed 100%. On the basis of fluid dynamic principle, the profile of the near-bed tidal velocity in estuarine and coastal waters is established by introducing Prandtl＇ s mixing length theory and Von Kannan selfsimilarity theory. By the fitting and calculation of the near-bed velocity profde data observed in the west Solent, England, the results are compared with those of the usual logarithmic model, and it is shown that the present near-bed tidal velocity profile model has such advantages as higher fitting precision, and better inner consistency between the roughness height and friction velocity. The calculated roughness height and friction velocity are closer to reality. The conclusions are validated that the logarithmic model underestimates the roughness height and friction velocity during tidal acceleration and overestimates them during tidal deceleration.     

基于叠前时间偏移速度扫描的四维建模技术及应用

速度建模是做好叠前偏移的关键。主要介绍一种基于叠前时间偏移（PreSTM）的百分比速度扫描的四维速度建模技术。该技术通过对分析点的百分比速度扫描,得到一组不同百分比速度的偏移叠加剖面,经速度建模交互软件包形成四维数据体,通过速度模型的多次迭代和修正,形成最终偏移速度模型。这种速度建模技术在地质结构比较复杂的条件下也可以根据偏移成像结果提取速度函数以满足叠前时间偏移对复杂地质构造正确成像的需要。该技术在海上三维叠前时间偏移处理中得到了成功应用,并取得了较好的地质效果。     

Influence of the seagrass,Zostera marina L., on current flow

A salt-water flume was used to describe the mechanics of current flow around an articial Zostera marina meadow. Shear velocity and roughness height were positively correlated with seagrass surface area, and were positively/negatively correlated with current velocity. Current velocity intrusion into the meadow before diminution and maximum reduction (both at the 2 cm height line) proceed by factors of 1·25 and 2·07 cm into the meadow per cm s^?1 of current velocity, respectively.Froude number was correlated with mean bending angle of the canopy as a whole. Maximum bending had occurred with Froude = 1, but most bending had taken place by Froude = 0·4, a velocity of 40–50 cm s^?1 in this experiment.The meadow edge is the most dynamic zone of a seagrass meadow in regard to current flow. Bending of the shoot canopy is a mechanism for re-direction of current flow and in-canopy reduction of current velocity. Meadow dimensions may be regulated by scouring processes in different hydraulic regimes. Shoot bending and subsequent in-meadow current velocity reduction are mechanisms that affect self-shading and photosynthetic capabilities as well as providing habitat stability.     

盐沼水-沉积物-植物界面流速研究进展

综述了近20多年来盐沼水-沉积物-植物界面流速的研究进展。在此基础上,拟对盐沼水-沉积物-植物界面的流速分布、变化和研究状况进行一定的归纳,并提出可能的研究方向和途径。内容包括通过野外观测和室内模拟定量分析研究盐沼和不同植被状况下(不同植株高度、密度、不同种类植株等)流速变化规律及其流速变化原因。本领域研究有待收集大量数据后进一步深入和系统地探讨。     

An experimental investigation of the velocity field under cnoidal waves over the asymmetric rippled bed

1 IntroductionIn coastal areas a ubiquitous phenomenon is theformation of ripples in the seabed. It is now widelyaccepted that the flow and sediment transport overseabed are vital in relation to erosion, surface wavedissipation and pollution dispersion et…     

基于哨兵一号和高分三号卫星SAR数据的马六甲海峡内孤立波特性研究

漫长狭窄的马六甲海峡是重要的航道,研究该海峡内孤立波特征对潜艇、船只航行和海洋工程都是急需解决的问题。利用高空间分辨率的哨兵1号（Sentinel-1）和高分三号（GF-3）SAR遥感数据,对马六甲海峡的内孤立波特征开展了详细研究。利用哨兵一号2015年6月到2016年12月20景有内孤立波的SAR图像和高分三号2018年4月到2019年3月24景有内孤立波的SAR图像,统计分析了马六甲海峡海域的内孤立波空间分布特征。发现内孤立波多以内孤立波包以及单根内孤立波形式出现,内孤立波头波的波峰线最长可达39km。采用高阶非线性薛定谔方程反演模型可以计算出内孤立波的振幅与群速度,计算得到的内孤立波振幅和波包的传播群速度分别为4.7m ~ 23.9m和0.12m/s ~ 0.40m/s。由KdV方程得到的单根内孤立波的相速度为0.26m/s ~ 0.60m/s。可以得到,马六甲海峡内孤立波的振幅与传播速度与地形密切相关。     

Observation and measurement of the bottom boundary layer flow in the prebreaking zone of shoaling waves

In this paper, the characteristics of the bottom boundary layer flow induced by nonlinear, asymmetric shoaling waves, propagating over a smooth bed of 1/15 uniform slope, is experimentally investigated. Flow visualization technique with thin-layered fluorescent dye was first used to observe the variation of the flow structure, and a laser Doppler velocimeter was then employed to measure the horizontal velocity, U.The bottom boundary layer flow is found to be laminar except within a small region near the breaking point. The vertical distribution of the phase-averaged velocity U at each phase is non-uniform, which is directly affected by the mean velocity, . The magnitude of increases from zero at the bottom to a local positive maximum at about z/δ2.02.5 (where z is the height above the sloping bottom and δ is the Stokes layer thickness), then decreases gradually to zero at z/δ6.07.0 approximately, and finally becomes negative as z/δ increases further. Moreover, as waves propagate towards shallower water, the rate of increase in the maximum onshore oscillating velocity component is greater than that of the offshore counterpart except near the breaking point. The free stream velocities in the profiles of the maximum onshore and offshore oscillating velocity components, and are found to appear at z/δ≥6.0. This implies that, if the Stokes layer thickness is used as a length scale, the non-dimensionalized boundary layer thickness remains constant in the pre-breaking zone. Although is greater than and the asymmetry of the maximum free stream velocities (i.e. ) increases with decrease of water depth, a universal similar profile can be established by plotting z/δ versus ( ) or ( ). The final non-dimensional profile is symmetric and unique for the distributions of the maximum onshore and offshore oscillating velocity components within the bottom boundary layer, which are induced by nonlinear, asymmetric shoaling waves crossing the pre-breaking zone.