大气边界层物理研究进展

本文总结了近4年来(2009～2012)中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室在大气边界层物理理论、观测实验、数值模拟和超声风速温度仪等仪器研制领域的主要研究进展,并对未来几年内大气边界层物理的发展方向提出了一些建议.     

大气边界层和大气环境研究进展

大气边界层物理和大气环境是大气科学的重要领域,中国科学院大气物理研究所自成立以来在这一研究领域取导了丰硕的成果.作者重点介绍最近十多年来在大气边界层探测、大气边界层结构特征、大气湍流理论、城市和区域大气污染预测预报模式研究等方面取得的重要进展,并对大气边界层和大气环境研究的未来发展作了展望.     

大气边界层物理与大气环境过程研究进展

总结了近5年来中国科学院大气物理研究所大气边界层物理和大气化学国家重点实验室(LAPC)在第二代超声风速温度仪研制、城市边界层研究、复杂地形大气边界层探测与数值模拟、湍流机理研究、大气污染模式发展与应用等领域的主要进展,其中,第二代超声风速温度仪的野外对比测试结果表明其主要性能完全达到了国际先进水平;北京城市化发展使得北京325 m气象塔周边近地面流场已经具备了典型城市粗糙下垫面的流场特征,近地面夏季平均风速呈现非常明显的逐年递减趋势;北京沙尘暴大风时期湍流运动主要是小尺度湍涡运动,而大风的概率分布偏离高斯分布,风速较大的一侧概率分布呈指数迅速衰减,大风中风速很大的部分具有分形特征;珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区两次综合强化探测实验是迄今为止在青藏高原大型山地中实施的针对山地环流和物质／能量交换最为全面和连续的大气过程探测实验;白洋淀地区的观测研究表明,非均匀边界层具有一般边界层不具备的特点,无论是边界层结构还是湍流输送方面,水、陆边界层之间存在一定的差异,凸显其地表非均匀性的作用;为了解决不同尺度、不同类型的大气污染问题和实际应用,研制或发展完善了多套大气污染模式系统,包括全球大气化学模式、区域大气污染数值模式、城市大气污染数值模式和微小尺度(如街区尺度)范围内污染物输送扩散模式。     

天津市郊大气边界层湍谱特征分析

用１９９０年７月在天津市郊的观测资料，计算了风速谱、温度谱及动量和热量通量的协谱。结果表明，市郊下垫面上的大气湍流谱特征与平坦地形上得到的典型结果基本一致，但满足各向同性的湍流尺度似乎比在平坦地形上的略大，谱的峰值频率区域略窄，谱的低频区（含能区）特征与平坦地形上的情况也不同。     

夜间城市大气边界层和气溶胶的相互作用

本文利用能量闭合的二维非线性、非定常模式,结合地面热量平衡方程,研究了夜间城市边界层和气溶胶的相互作用问题。结果表明：气溶胶在夜间对大气低层起保温作用,对大气上层起冷却作用;使大气低层稳定度减小,上层稳定度增加;此外,气溶胶还能够削弱贴地逆温强度。在正常城市气溶胶污染情况下,气溶胶对城市热岛强度影响不大,但可使城市热岛环流稍有增加。夜间城市边界层对气溶胶的反馈作用使大气下层气溶胶浓度减小,上层气溶胶浓度增加。上述部分结论得到了在天津取得的城市热岛观测资料的直接验证。     

大气边界层高度确定及应用研究进展

大气边界层高度是表征边界层特征的重要参量,影响边界层内水热、物质、能量的垂直分布,也是数值模拟、环境评估中的重要参数。从湍流运动、热力作用、动力作用以及物质分布等多视角总结了大气边界层高度的定义及确定方法,回顾了采用直接观测手段和遥感手段确定大气边界层高度的不同方法,对比了大气边界层高度不同获取手段的优缺点,梳理了大气边界层高度参数化方案,探讨了大气边界层高度确定中存在的问题,并提出未来相关研究和应用可能突破方向。     

大气边界层湍流标量场的概率分布及其特征分析

利用2004年11月在白洋淀地区和2005年1月在中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的47 m高度由超声风温仪和水汽二氧化碳分析仪观测的湍流脉动资料,分析了大气边界层不同下垫面湍流标量场(温度、水汽和二氧化碳)的概率分布及其特征.标量场的概率分布通常不同于高斯分布,而且还会产生偏斜,可以用指数分布描述.因此,标量的偏斜度通常不为0,陡峭度也往往比3大.非0偏斜度的出现可能是由湍流时间序列中的相干结构和间歇性部分造成的.其中,相干结构的存在使概率分布偏斜,但是,它们对偏斜度的贡献相对较小,而与概率分布的长尾现象有关的间歇性则会使偏斜度大大增加.温度、水汽和二氧化碳的平均偏斜度和陡峭度反应了标量场与稳定度、下垫面、天气条件、源汇等因素之间的关系.在不同下垫面,温度和感热通量的偏斜度随稳定度变化比较一致;水汽通量的偏斜度在稳定和不稳定条件下都为正,而水汽本身在不稳定条件下可能出现负的偏斜度;二氧化碳和二氧化碳通量的偏斜度受下垫面影响很大,在不同下垫面,偏斜度与稳定度之间的关系并不一致;而3个标量的陡峭度随稳定度的变化不显著,它们与相应的偏斜度之间存在平方关系.     

试探大气边界层湍流运动的若干问题

对湍流运动的几个基本理论问题作了一定程度的探讨，并根据湍流动能方程分析了大气边界层湍流产生和发展的能量机制，以此为判据推导了滴运动的凡主范围和物理含意较为清楚的混合长表达式。     

大气边界层风速脉动的分形模拟

应用曲线分数维计算方法计算大气边界层实际风速观测资料的分数维值,并根据分形理论构造出一个理论模型来模拟真实的大气边界层风速时间序列。将模拟和真实数据的一些重要的统计特征,例如方差、风速概率分布、谱密度函数和自相关函数等,进行了比较,结果表明二者具有很好的一致性。     

大气边界层的研究——从均匀到非均匀

主要从理论、试验角度对大气边界层的研究进行了简要的回顾,尤其对近年来倍受关注的非均匀地表条件下的边界层研究进行了较详细的介绍,并对大气边界层的研究进行了展望。20世纪50年代,Monin和Obukhov提出的Monin-Obukhov相似理论,为现代大气边界层物理学奠定了基础。之后进行的多次大型综合性外场试验,不仅揭示和发现了大气边界层中的许多现象和规律,也验证和发展了Monin-Obukhov相似理论。80年代以后,非均匀地表条件下的大气边界层研究越来越受到关注,一些新的现象被揭示,新的问题被提出,同时也提出了一些新的概念和研究方法。未来10 a,除大气湍流机理等需长期坚持研究外,还应进一步开展非均匀复杂下垫面边界层研究、城市边界层研究和局地边界层气象预报研究。     

On the Possible Impact of a Following-Swell on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer over the ocean where the swell impact on the atmosphere is explicitly accounted for is suggested. The model is based on Ekman’s equations, where the stress in the wave boundary layer is split into two parts: the turbulent and wave-induced stress. The turbulent stress is parameterized traditionally via the eddy viscosity proportional to the generalized mixing length. The wave-induced stress directed upward (from swell to the atmosphere) is parameterized using the formalism of the wind-over-waves coupling theory. The model can be seen as an extension of the model by Kudryavtsev and Makin (J Phys Oceanogr 34:934–949, 2004) to the scale of the entire atmospheric boundary layer by including the Coriolis force into the momentum conservation equation and generalizing the definition of the mixing length. The regime of low winds for swell propagating along the wind direction is studied. It is shown that the impact of swell on the atmosphere is governed mainly by the swell parameter—the coupling parameter that is the product of the swell steepness and the growth rate coefficient. When the coupling parameter drops below − 1 the impact of swell becomes significant and affects the entire atmospheric boundary layer. The turbulent stress is enhanced near the surface as compared to the no-swell case, and becomes negative above the height of the inner region. The wind profile is characterized by a positive gradient near the surface and a negative gradient above the height of the inner region forming a characteristic bump at the height of the inner region. Results of the model agree at least qualitatively with observations performed in the atmosphere in presence of swell.     

大气边界层湍流涡旋结构的小波分解

利用离散正交小波在若干物理判别准则下对边界层湍流脉动信号进行去噪和多尺度分解,从而有效地区分出均匀各向同性小涡成份和大尺度含能涡旋成份。能谱分析发现,小涡的谱动力学行为具有非常好的标度不变性,标度关系满足Kolmogorov的“-5／3”律。       

Simulation of a Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using One-Dimensional Turbulence

One-dimensional turbulence (ODT) is a single-column simulation in which vertical motions are represented by an unsteady advective process, rather than their customary representation by a diffusive process. No space or time averaging of mesh-resolved motions is invoked. Molecular-transport scales can be resolved in ODT simulations of laboratory-scale flows, but this resolution of these scales is prohibitively expensive in ODT simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), except possibly in small subregions of a non-uniform mesh.Here, two methods for ODT simulation of the ABL on uniform meshes are described and applied to the GABLS (GEWEX Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study; GEWEX is the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) stable boundary-layer intercomparison case. One method involves resolution of the roughness scale using a fixed eddy viscosity to represent subgrid motions. The other method, which is implemented at lower spatial resolution, involves a variable eddy viscosity determined by the local mesh-resolved flow, as in multi-dimensional large-eddy simulation (LES). When run at typical LES resolution, it reproduces some of the key high-resolution results, but its fidelity is lower in some important respects. It is concluded that a more elaborate empirically based representation of the subgrid physics, closely analogous to closures currently employed in LES of the ABL, might improve its performance substantially, yielding a cost-effective ABL simulation tool. Prospects for further application of ODT to the ABL, including possible use of ODT as a near-surface subgrid closure framework for general circulation modeling, are assessed.     

Determination of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height from Radiosonde and Lidar Backscatter

The height of the atmospheric boundary layer is derived with the help of two different measuring systems and methods. From radiosoundings the boundary layer height is determined by the parcel method and by temperature and humidity gradients. From lidar backscatter measurements a combination of the averaging variance method and the high-resolution gradient method is used to determine boundary layer heights. In this paper lidar-derived boundary layer heights on a 10 min basis are presented. Datasets from four experiments – two over land and two over the sea – are used to compare boundary layer heights from both methods. Only the daytime boundary layer is investigated because the height of the nighttime stable boundary layer is below the range of the lidar. In many situations the boundary layer heights from both systems coincide within ±200 m. This corresponds to the standard deviation of lidar-derived 10-min values within a 1-h interval and is due to the time and space variability of the boundary layer height. Deviations appear for certain situations and depend on which radiosonde method is applied. The parcel method fails over land surfaces in the afternoon when the boundary layer stabilizes and over the ocean when the boundary layer is slightly stable. An automatic radiosonde gradient method sometimes fails when multiple layers are present, e.g. a residual layer above the growing convective boundary layer. The lidar method has the advantage of continuous tracing and thus avoids confusion with elevated layers. On the other hand, it mostly fails in situations with boundary layer clouds     

大气边界层气象学研究综述

文中回顾了大气边界层气象学的发展历史，总结了目前大气边界层气象学的主要进展，并指出国内外在未来大气边界层气象学研究方面面临的一些主要科学问题，以及对未来大气边界层气象学的发展方向提出若干建议，同时还指出了大气边界层气象学在思想上和方法上应该注意的一些相关问题。