ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF THE GENESIS OF TORNADO IN THE ZHUJIANG RIVER DELTA IN SPRING

Using observational data and the data of disastrous investigation of tornado in Zhujiang River Delta and Guangzhou's sounding from March to May of 1976-1983, the environmental conditions of genesis of tornado are analysed and compared with those of nontornadic local storm.It is found that the favorable conditions of genesis of tornado are lower pressure, unstable stratification and stronger wind in the deep layer of troposphere and higher temperature and humidity in low level, among which, lower pressure, more unstable stratification and layer wind are primary conditions for a severe local storm to possibly develop into a storm with accompanying tornado.The tornado mechanism is not related to vertical wind shear.     

热带一次致灾龙卷形成物理过程研究

2016年6月5日海南出现了一个弱风垂直切变背景下的EF2级致灾龙卷。利用海口多普勒天气雷达观测资料、10 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料以及风廓线资料,研究了该龙卷风暴的结构、龙卷风暴与龙卷形成的可能物理过程。初始风暴在文昌附近向西传播,而同时海口风暴亦由海风锋触发并向东移动,两风暴下沉气流导致的出流相遇在海风锋辐合线上,触发了龙卷母云体。龙卷初始涡旋在低层两风暴出流相遇的切变辐合线上形成,当初始涡旋与其上方深厚且强烈的上升气流叠置时,拉伸作用加强了垂直涡度,使得龙卷形成。深厚的强上升气流有3个来源:对流风暴的出流边界相遇形成的辐合抬升,环境正浮力造成的对流单体内强上升气流,还可能与中高层强中气旋强迫的扰动低压有关。龙卷形成过程中,中高层强中气旋位于6—9 km高空并向上发展,龙卷初始涡旋先于龙卷母云体出现且比一般微气旋尺度大,伸展至更高的高度,属于非典型中气旋龙卷（或非典型超级单体龙卷）。此次热带强龙卷出现在弱的大尺度系统强迫的天气背景下,水平风垂直切变弱,海风锋、出流边界等边界层β中尺度辐合线边界在龙卷形成过程中可能起决定性作用。      

2019年7月3日辽宁开原龙卷灾害现场调查及其所揭示的龙卷演变过程

2019年7月3日,辽宁省铁岭开原市发生了一次具有详细视频记录的强龙卷灾害。基于详细的现场调查和视频资料,得出了该次龙卷的生命史、发生时间、路径、灾害宽度和强度分布,发现龙卷强度的减弱或加强变化与密集高楼和空旷田野区等下垫面状况明显相关联。综合评估本次龙卷最大强度为中国龙卷强度等级的四级（相当于美国的EF4级）,但四级灾害点分布范围非常小,灾害分布宽度和EF4级灾害点范围都显著小于2016年江苏阜宁EF4级龙卷。钢筋混凝土框架结构的居民小区楼房在至少EF3级强度的龙卷风袭击后保持主体结构完好,而大型钢架厂房对龙卷灾害的防御能力远差于居民小区。强龙卷所经地区多为旷野和厂房,受影响人员较少,且龙卷发生时视野极佳,这是该次龙卷没有造成更大灾情的重要原因。由于下垫面状况和致灾机制的复杂性,风灾强度估计必然存在一定的不确定性。     

珠江三角洲台风龙卷预警技术与2018年两次龙卷预警试验

利用常规观测、自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达等资料，分析珠江三角洲台风龙卷活动特征、龙卷产生的环境场特征等，给出了珠江三角洲台风龙卷的天气概念模型和预报预警指标，建立了珠江三角洲台风龙卷预报预警方法与流程，并应用于2018年两次台风龙卷预警试验。结果表明，依托该方法分别提前58 min、37 min成功预警了6月8日佛山市南海区的“艾云尼”台风龙卷、9月17日佛山市三水区的“山竹”台风龙卷，证实该方法流程是可行的。     

台风山竹(1822)龙卷的双极化相控阵雷达特征

2018年9月17日台风山竹（1822）外围螺旋雨带中发生EF2级龙卷。在高湿度、高不稳定、强垂直风切变的环流背景下,龙卷在台风外围雨带上微型超级单体右后侧钩状回波顶端的弱回波区中发展起来。具有高时空分辨率的广州X波段双极化相控阵雷达,不仅观测到超级单体的发展过程,还呈现出龙卷涡旋演变特征:单体风暴尾端在右后方入流加强作用下,逐渐形成钩状回波形态,此时对流层中低层2~3 km高度附近的中气旋强度率先达到最大,随着旋转强度进一步加强和旋转中心高度逐步下降,低层强旋转特征越来越明显,当低层旋转速度达到峰值（超过21 m·s-1）,旋转直径收缩到1 km范围,地面出现EF2级以上龙卷,旋转速度对区域出现清晰的弱回波龙卷眼区特征。X波段双极化相控阵雷达在龙卷观测中优势显著,弥补了多普勒天气雷达观测的不足。     

2015年10月4日佛山龙卷过程的观测分析

受1522号台风彩虹外围螺旋云带影响,2015年10月4日15时28分—16时（北京时）广东佛山出现了EF3级强龙卷并造成严重灾害。为了综合分析龙卷发生的多尺度环境背景场和龙卷的结构及强度变化等特点,进行了灾情调研,航拍龙卷灾情路径,走访龙卷目击者,确认龙卷路径及灾情级别,再结合多渠道获取的龙卷视频照片等资料以及观测资料进行分析研究,结果表明:（1）产生此次龙卷的超级单体存在于台风彩虹外围螺旋云带内;龙卷向西北偏北方向移动,触地时长为32 min,受灾路径长度为31.7 km,最大受灾直径为577 m,平均速度约为60 km/h,具有“移动速度快,影响范围广,破坏力强”的特点,其移动速度快慢似与超级单体强度和地面的粗糙度有关。（2）佛山地区中高层受偏南气流控制,水汽充足,地面有弱冷空气;珠三角喇叭口地形有利于气流的辐合与局地涡旋的产生;抬升凝结高度低,风垂直切变大,有利于龙卷的生成。（3）地面自动气象站气象要素表现出受龙卷环流影响的特征。3 s极大风速的大值带和3 s最低气压的低值带以及1 h累计降水大值中心呈现出与龙卷走向一致的东南—西北向带状分布;龙卷到来时其周围自动气象站气温和气压明显降低,风速明显增大,风向明显改变;降水在龙卷靠近前5—10分钟就开始明显增大,其大值中心位于龙卷路径的西侧。龙卷离开后气压比龙卷来临前有所升高,但气温较前降低。（4）龙卷出现在钩状回波前进方向的右后侧;降水大值区与雷达组合反射率大值区基本一致。地面风场的辐合中心与龙卷触地的位置基本一致,并且钩状回波的入流区与地面偏东风区相对应。龙卷风暴单体发展高度在4 km左右,具有低重心对流的特点。其前部存在回波悬垂,一条很窄的向西北倾斜的回波大值带可能与龙卷漏斗云墙有关。对应径向速度剖面图上为一条向西北倾斜的正、负速度交界区,构成一个逆时针旋转的涡旋带,切向剖面图上存在较强的辐合。（5）龙卷发展过程中伴随着龙卷风暴顶和风暴底的逐渐下降以及单体质心的下降,中气旋与龙卷涡旋特征的顶和底也随之逐渐下降。龙卷风涡旋特征的顶高和底高都略低于中气旋,并在龙卷触地时降至最低。龙卷涡旋的切变值远大于中气旋的切变值,且在龙卷强度最强时最大。      

A Brief Discussion on the High-Impact Cold-Season Tornado Outbreak During 10-11 December 2021 in the United States

An outbreak of powerful tornadoes tore through multiple states in the central and southern United States from 10 to 11 December 2021. It is claimed the deadliest tornado outbreak that has taken place on December days. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration had confirmed 66 tornadoes as of 21 December, producing at least 90 fatalities. Most tornadoes occurred at night and thus they were difficult to be visually located, which directly increases the risk for local residents. Two violent nighttime tornadoes were rated category 4 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF4). Although a high death toll was caused during this event, the operational service actually presented an excellent performance. This tornado outbreak has aroused extensive discussion from both the public and the research community in China. This paper presents a brief discussion on the formation environment and warning services of the tornado outbreak. Recall the deadliest violent tornado in the past 45 years in China, the radar-based tornadic vortex signatures at the locations with EF4 damages show a comparable strength with those in the current cases. Some views on the tornado warning issuance and receiving and damage surveys in China are also presented.     

山东一次台风龙卷过程灾调及环境和天气雷达特征分析

2018年8月19日受台风“温比亚”影响,山东省临沂市遭受龙卷袭击。通过实地灾情调查,给出了该龙卷的影响范围、灾害分布和强度评估等,综合考虑不同标识物和致灾过程,评估本次龙卷强度为EF3级。分析龙卷发生的环境和天气雷达特征,结果表明：龙卷发生在低抬升凝结高度(≤300 m)、强低层垂直风切变(≥18×10^-3s^-1)、强相对风暴螺旋度(≥350 m²/s²)和较低对流有效位能(≤400 J/kg)的有利环境条件下;龙卷超级单体嵌于台风右侧螺旋雨带内,龙卷发生在中气旋与风暴后侧下沉气流区相接一侧,与龙卷涡旋特征位置对应;龙卷及地时中气旋向下延伸加强,同时风暴顶及单体质心迅速下降;若探测到低层中等强度中气旋时应发布龙卷预警,则此次过程的龙卷预警时间提前量为15～20 min。     

The tornado over Khanty-Mansiysk: An exception or a symptom?

Analyzed are large- and mesoscale atmospheric processes which preceded and accompanied the tornado formation on June 12, 2012 near Khanty-Mansiysk city (61° N) in West Siberia. After the record-breaking hot weather observed in the region during the first half of June 2012, the tornado formation was favored by the passage of the cold front (cold advection at low altitudes), by the wind rotation with height in the lower atmospheric layer of 1.5 km (by more than 180°), and by very high air humidity in the surface layer with the cloud base of about 200 m. Estimated are the possible trends in the nature of the atmospheric circulation over West Siberia at the global warming observed in the 21st century which may contribute to a more regular tornado formation in high-latitudinal regions due to the physiographic peculiarities of the region.     

2019年4月13日广东徐闻强龙卷天气分析

利用常规高空地面观测、广东省区域加密自动站、湛江多普勒雷达以及FY-4A高分辨可见光云图等资料对2019年4月13日广东省湛江市徐闻县EF3级强龙卷过程进行分析.结果表明:强龙卷发生在低纬地区海岸带附近,路径长约16 km,历经"三次陆上、两次海上"的复杂过程,持续约36 min.产生龙卷超级单体的中尺度对流系统出现在...     

Investigation into the Formation,Structure, and Evolution of an EF4 Tornado in East China Using a High-Resolution Numerical Simulation

Devastating tornadoes in China have received growing attention in recent years, but little is known about their formation, structure, and evolution on the tornadic scale. Most of these tornadoes develop within the East Asian monsoon regime, in an environment quite different from tornadoes in the U.S. In this study, we used an idealized, highresolution (25-m grid spacing) numerical simulation to investigate the deadly EF4 (Enhanced Fujita scale category 4) tornado that occurred on 23 June 2016 and claimed 99 lives in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. A tornadic supercell developed in the simulation that had striking similarities to radar observations. The violent tornado in Funing County was reproduced, exceeding EF4 (74 m s^–1), consistent with the on-site damage survey. It was accompanied by a funnel cloud that extended to the surface, and exhibited a double-helix vorticity structure. The signal of tornado genesis was found first at the cloud base in the pressure perturbation field, and then developed both upward and downward in terms of maximum vertical velocity overlapping with the intense vertical vorticity centers. The tornado’s demise was found to accompany strong downdrafts overlapping with the intense vorticity centers. One of the interesting findings of this work is that a violent surface vortex was able to be generated and maintained, even though the simulation employed a free-slip lower boundary condition. The success of this simulation, despite using an idealized numerical approach, provides a means to investigate more historical tornadoes in China.     

玉屏厂址地区龙卷风参数估算与分析

利用玉屏核电站厂址周围3个经纬度区域范围内1950-2021年期间的龙卷风调查资料,采用富士达F等级划分法评定龙卷风级别,按照《核电厂厂址选择的极端气象事件（HAD101/10）》的规定,估算出核电站设计基准龙卷风相关参数和设计基准等级。结果表明：玉屏核电站厂址区域设计基准龙卷风最大风速估算值为63.9m/s（对应10-7概率值）,总压降为29.5hPa,压降速率为7.1hPa/s,最大旋转风速为51.8m/s,最大平移速度为12.1m/s,设计基准等级为F2。计算结果为项目设计和建设提供重要理论参考依据。     

福清核电厂厂址区域龙卷风设计基准参数的估算

基于1959～2017年福清核电厂区龙卷风的调查资料,采用Rankine涡模型估算该区域超过某一特定风速的概率分布,通过概率值导出设计基准龙卷风和基准设计风速,按照压降模型计算出龙卷风的压降,研究结果表明:福清核电评价区域龙卷风的总压降为4.29 kPa;平移速度13.8 m/s,最大旋转风速57.6 m/s,最大压降...     

2016年6月海南一次龙卷过程分析

利用19612015年陕西省70个气象观测站的逐日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、趋势分析及Mann Kendall等方法,分析了陕西省不同等级降水量、降水日数及降水强度的气候变化特征。结果表明：无论是降水量、降水日数,还是降水强度,均呈现出南多北少的分布特征,且随着降水级别的逐级增加,地区分布差异逐渐增大;整体上降水量和降水日数呈现出减少趋势,其中降水日数的下降趋势均非常显著,全省年均降水日数的气候倾向率达到了-3.83天·10a-1,通过了0.01的显著性检验,降水强度的增加趋势通过了0.05的显著性检验,每10 a全省年均降水强度增加0.15 mm·d-1;陕西降水量及降水日数的减少主要体现在春秋两季小雨及中雨的减少上,小雨降水强度在夏、秋两季的气候倾向率分别为0.05和0.04 mm·d-1·10a-1,其上升趋势分别通过了0.01和0.1的显著性检验,这是年均降水强度上升的主要原因;陕西年均降水量及降水日数自1984年出现了突变性下降,而降水强度的突变则出现在2004年,之后一直呈现持续的上升趋势。     

Climate analysis of tornadoes in China

Based on analysis of historical tornado observation data provided by the primary network of national weather stations in China for the period from 1960 to 2009,it is found that most tornadoes in China(85%)occurred over plains.Specifically,large numbers of tornado occurrences are found in the Northeast Plain,the North China Plain,the middle-lower Yangtze Plain,and the Pearl River Delta Plain.A flat underlying surface is conducive to tornado occurrence,while the latitudal variation of tornado occurrence in China is not so obvious.Tornadoes mainly occur in summer,and the highest frequency is in July.Note that the beginning and the time span of tornado outbreaks are different in North and South China.Tornadoes occur during May-September in South China(south of 25°N),June-September in Northeast China(north of 40°N),July-September in the middle-lower Yangtze Plain,and July-August in North China(between25°and 40°N).More than 80%of total tornadoes occurred during the above periods for the specific regions.The 1960s and 1970s have seen about twice the average number of tornadoes(7.5 times per year)compared to the mean for 1960-2009.The most frequent occurrence of tornado was in the early and mid 1960s;there were large fluctuations in the 1970s;and the number of tornadoes in the 1980s approached the 50-yr average.Tornado occurrences gradually decreased in the late 1980s,and an abrupt change with dramatic decrease occurred in 1994.The decrease in the tornado occurrence frequency is consistent with the simultaneous climatic change in the meteorological elements that are favorable for tornado formation.Tornado formation requires large vertical wind shear and sufficient atmospheric moisture content near the ground.Changes in the vertical wind shear at both 0-1 and 0-6 km appear to be one important factor that results in the decrease in tornado formation.The changing tendency of relative humidity also has contributed to the decrease in tornado formation in China.     

1822号“山竹”台风龙卷过程观测与预警分析

2018年9月17日09:37—10:00,在登陆台风“山竹”外围螺旋雨带中,广东省佛山市三水区到肇庆市四会区发生了EF2级强龙卷,龙卷路径长度18 km,持续时间23 min,平均时速47 km/h,导致不少建筑物损毁。本次过程佛山市进行了龙卷预警试验,提前37 min发布了龙卷预警,龙卷没有造成人员伤亡。利用观测资料对产生强龙卷的环境场特征、地面自动站和雷达观测的中小尺度特征以及龙卷预警试验进行了分析,结果表明:产生龙卷的微型超级单体出现在台风外围和副高边缘之间的强东南急流中,具有低层辐合、高层辐散、水汽充足等典型台风外围龙卷环流形势特征;强的低空0~1 km垂直风切变、大的风暴相对螺旋度和低的抬升凝结高度等环境条件利于龙卷的生成;龙卷影响时,邻近地面自动气象站观测要素表现出明显的信号,瞬时大风和最低气压的极值区呈东南至西北向带状分布,与龙卷路径一致,龙卷过境前后,单站气压“漏斗”明显,5 min降压/升压幅度达-2.5 hPa/+2.1 hPa;广州多普勒天气雷达探测到龙卷母体风暴的低层钩状回波和入流缺口特征,以及低层强中气旋和类TVS特征。预警试验初步表明,对台风龙卷高发区,在环境场有利情况下,若低层出现中等或以上强度中气旋,其底高在1 km以下,可以考虑发布龙卷预警。      

采用不同背景场的龙卷模拟结果对比分析

采用常规气象观测资料,对2014年5月21日17:40广州市黄埔区九龙镇一次西风带龙卷的环流背景场进行分析,并利用FNL和ERA5再分析资料作为背景场模拟该龙卷过程,研究了不同再分析场对模拟效果的影响,结果表明:对于雷达回波、垂直速度、水平风场及水成物,FNL资料作为初始场对西风带龙卷的模拟优于ERA5资料.FNL再分...     

2022年6月19日广东佛山龙卷的双极化相控阵雷达特征

利用X波段双极化相控阵雷达等多源观测资料,分析了2022年6月19日早晨广东佛山超级单体龙卷的环境条件和对流风暴的结构及演变特征。龙卷母体风暴是在强西南季风天气背景下的一条东北-西南向飑线南端发展起来的。环境条件具备较大对流有效位能、低抬升凝结高度和强垂直风切变等有利于超级单体龙卷发生发展的热力和动力条件;低空风暴相对螺旋度、超级单体复合指数和强龙卷指数的显著增强对超级单体龙卷的发生有较好指示意义。具有高时空分辨率的佛山南海X波段双极化相控阵雷达探测到了龙卷母体微型超级单体的发展过程和龙卷涡旋的演变特征：对流单体在前侧低层入流的加强下逐渐形成钩状回波和反射率弱回波空洞;中气旋首先在2.5km附近高度形成后向低层伸展,随着后侧下沉气流的加强,低层涡旋旋转增强,当低层中气旋旋转速度超过22m·s-1(强中气旋)且直径紧缩至1.5km以内时,龙卷即将触地,龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)和龙卷碎片特征(TDS)出现是龙卷触地的主要特征,龙卷发生在反射率弱回波空洞、TVS和TDS附近。     

Tornado climatology of Austria

After several decades of little work, a revised tornado climatology for Austria is presented. Tornadoes seldom form in the alpine areas, however, near the eastern flanks of the Alps, favourable conditions for tornado genesis are found. Whereas in the alpine regions less than 0.3 tornadoes per 10,000 km² a year touch down (averaged for provinces or major parts of a province), we can count 0.9 in the greater Graz area, 1.0 in the greater Linz area and 1.2 tornadoes per 10,000 km² a year in the greater Vienna area, suggesting the existence of so-called tornado alleys. As these regions are the most populated areas of Austria, there is a possible population bias in the dataset. The overall average for Austria is 0.3 tornadoes per 10,000 km² a year.The database consists of 89 tornadoes, one landspout and six waterspouts, with a total of 96 events. The seasonal peak is in July with a maximum probability of tornadoes in the late afternoon and early evening hours. Every fifth tornado occurs in the hour after 5 p.m. The maximum intensity determined for a tornado in Austria was T7 on the TORRO-Scale (F3 on the Fujita-Scale), the most common intensity is T2 on the TORRO-Scale (F1 on the Fujita-Scale).