影响潮位观测质量因素分析与研究

在全球气候变暖的影响下,中国沿海海平面上升趋势还将进一步加剧。海平面上升会给沿海地区的社会经济、自然环境以及生态系统带来重大影响。面对海平面上升带来的巨大危害,如何防止其上升带来的危害显得尤为重要。首先要掌握海平面上升速率,潮位观测数据是对海平面进行科学研究的重要依据之一,潮位数据的及时性、准确性、完整性在海平面研究中起主导作用。但由于在观测中常使用不正确的方法,所以无法计算准确的平均海平面高度。根据潮位观测理论和多年实践经验,总结了在潮位观测中影响观测质量的因素,从而得到当地准确海平面及海平面上升速率,为防灾减灾提供基本理论依据。     

江苏近岸海域水位变化特征分析

基于江苏沿海连云港、吕四两个测点的验潮站多年的观测资料以及AVISO卫星高度计资料,利用统计分析方法和潮汐调和分析方法研究江苏沿海地区的海洋水位变化特征。结果表明:江苏沿海海平面和潮差均呈上升趋势,海平面上升速度达3.35 mm/a,高于全球和区域海平面的上升速度;对采样间隔为1 h的潮位连续观测数据作调和分析,各验潮站主要半日分潮的振幅呈上升趋势,全日分潮的振幅呈下降趋势,S_a分潮的周期性变化与El Nino现象有关。     

对美国潮位观测数据核定的研究及应用

在全球变暖的大背景下,海平面上升已经成为全球性的重大环境问题。海平面上升分析预测结果的可靠性直接源于观测资料数据集的质量。本文以站位数量较多、站位分布较广、历史资料序列较长的美国为例,详细介绍了典型站潮位观测数据的核定分析及初步应用。通过借鉴使用其他国家资料核定及分析方法,结合我国验潮站分布情况及资料状况,建立一套连续、基准面统一的海平面观测资料,对于我国的海平面上升和气候变化研究工作具有重要意义。     

赤湾验潮站搬迁前后潮位变化特征及其订正

赤湾海洋站是国家海洋局在深圳西部海域唯一的潮汐观测站点,至今已观测30多年。由于地理位置特殊,2008年起该站被选为《中国海平面公报》反映珠江口海平面变化的代表站。2012年10月该站搬至新验潮站,受此影响,其潮位观测序列产生了差异性和不连续性。本文通过计算机编程实现了对海洋站水文气象数据的质量控制。同时,采用赤湾站与邻近验潮站进行对比的方法得出新旧站的潮位差值,初步探讨了搬站前后潮位观测结果的订正方案,并研究其建站以来的历史海平面变化特征。这对确保该站潮位资料的准确性及代表性具有重要意义,同时也为珠江口海域防灾减灾、涉海工程、风暴潮预报等提供了数据支撑。     

中国沿海验潮站及其邻近地区陆地垂直运动分析

利用中国沿岸验潮站GNSS和邻近地区陆态网络GNSS基准站观测数据,结合卫星高度计和验潮站海平面观测数据分析了中国沿海验潮站及其邻近地区陆地垂直运动特征。中国沿海海平面观测以及验潮站和陆态网GNSS基准站观测结果显示,中国沿海省区市及沿海验潮站陆地垂直运动总体表现为：辽宁至江苏沿海上升、上海至福建泉州沿海沉降、福建厦门至广西沿海升降交替的格局,局部滨海平原地区如华北平原天津南部、河北平原的沧县则表现出显著的沉降特征。验潮站陆地的抬升与沉降是沿海相对海平面变化的重要组成部分,准确掌握验潮站及其邻近区域的陆地垂直运动特征,可为沿海相对海平面变化分析、海平面变化影响评估以及未来海平面上升预测提供依据。     

利用验潮和GPS观测技术监测海平面绝对变化

GPS技术可以确定验潮站水准点的地壳垂直形变,结合验潮数据获得的海平面相对变化,可以确定海平面的绝对变化。采用我国3个沿海验潮站两期GPS观测数据,计算了这些点位的地壳垂直运动速率。提出要监测验潮站的地壳垂直运动,最好采用多年连续GPS观测数据。     

温州沿岸平均海平面变化特征分析

根据温州沿岸龙湾、瑞安、鳌江3个水文站的潮位长序列(1971～2008年)观测资料,进行统计分析,得出温州沿岸海平面年际及年内变化特征,并且得出了温州浅滩工程灵霓大堤合拢前后,各验潮站海平面的变化特征.分析结果表明:海平面年际变化3站呈现上升趋势,尤以鳌江站上升速率最大,且3站不同时期均有各自变化规律;三站9月份的海平...     

最近80年来中国的相对海平面变化

本文搜集了32个验潮站的潮位记录,并对各站历年年平均海平面作线性回归分析。结果表明,最近20～80年来20个站的相对海平面上升,12个站的相对海平面下降。产生此结果的原因不仅是由于全球性理论海平面上升,而主要是由于现代地壳垂直形变及过量抽用地下水。因此,在沉降的三角洲和沿海平原上的验潮站,相对海平面上升;反之,在上升地块上的验潮站,则相对海平面下降。塘沽和吴淞两站的记录均已经地面沉降修正,不能用以计算该两地的相对海平面。由于特大的相对海平面上升(>10mm/a)均系过量抽用地下水所造成,为了预防和减轻今后海平面上升及其所引起的灾害,亟应采取严格措施,减小沿海地区的地下水开采量。     

验潮井进水孔的设计

验潮井是提供长期定点验潮的固定、可靠设施。衡量验潮井的优劣标准通常用消波性和随潮性来判别。对于整个验潮井来说,与消波性和随潮性直接关系的是验潮井的进水孔。若进水孔设计得过大,则滤波性能差,自记曲线将出现很宽的带状记录,这样观测下来的潮位值既不准确,又给资料的整理带来了困难;反之,若进水孔设计得过小,滤波性能是增强了,但因滤掉了一些不应滤掉的波动,虽则记录曲线平滑,但记录的潮时出现滞后现象,造成井内外潮位明显的不一致。因此,进水孔的设计关系到整个验潮井随潮性、滤波性的优     

DGPS走航测深验潮技术中的潮位信息提取方法

提出了一种提取观测海域潮位信息的新方法--DGPS走航测深验潮技术,即在走航ADCP重复测量断面潮周期流场观测的同时获取潮位信息,并实现水下地形的潮位改正.该方法通过重复测量点瞬时水深数据选取、潮位差数据计算、叠加拟合和迭代逼近等预处理与算法,可在潮差约1.6 m、地形起伏高达10～20 m的台湾浅滩沙波区,获取均方根误差小于0.1 m的潮位观测结果.     

中国沿岸现代相对海平面上升加剧

本文用线性回归方法,分两个时段分析了中国沿岸２５个验潮站相对海平面的年变化速度,计算了相应时段的平均海面,结果表明,中国沿岸现代相对海平面上升加剧。另外,本文还对海平面变化原因进行了讨论。     

Absolute Sea Level Surface Modeling for the Mediterranean from Satellite Altimeter and Tide Gauge Measurements

Changes in the height of the ocean can be described through the relative and absolute sea level changes depending on the geodetic reference the sea level records are related to. Satellite altimetry provides absolute sea level (ASL) measurements related to the global geodetic reference, whereas tide gauges provide relative sea level (RSL) measurements related to the adjacent land. This study aims at computing the ASL surfaces for different time epochs from combined satellite altimeter and tide gauge records. A method of sea level data fusion is proposed to enable modeling of the impact of present and future sea level changes on the coast. Sea surface modeling was investigated for ten different gridding methods commonly used for the interpolation of altimeter data over the open ocean and extrapolation over the coastal zones. The performance of gridding methods was assessed based on the comparison of the gridded altimeter data and corrected tide gauge measurements. Finally, the sea level surfaces related to the GRS80 global reference ellipsoid were computed for the Mediterranean Sea over the altimeter period. In addition, the current sea level trends were estimated from both sea level measurements.     

Effect of Sea Level Variation on Calculation of Design Water Level

The long-term variation and seasonal variation of sea level have a notable effect on the calculation of engineering water level. Such an effect is first analyzed in this paper. The maximal amplitude of inter-annual anomaly of monthly mean sea level along the China coast is larger than 60 cm. Both the storm surge disaster and cold wave disaster are seasonal disasters in various regions, so the water level corresponding to the 1% of the cumulative frequency in the cumulative frequency curve of hourly water level data for different seasons in various sea areas is different from design water level, for example, the difference between them reaches maximum in June, July and August for northern sea area, and maximum in September, October and November for Southern China Sea. The hourly water level data of 19 gauge stations along the China coast are analyzed. Firstly, the annual mean sea level for every station is obtained; secondly, linear chan ging rates of annual mean sea level are obtained with the stochasti     

条件变化对海口湾风暴增水的影响分析——以海鸥台风为例

以海口湾为例,通过建立天文潮与风暴潮耦合数值模型,以典型强台风海鸥为基础,对未来台风增强、海平面上升和填海工程对海口湾风暴潮的影响分别进行了诊断分析,并计算了三者的共同作用在未来100年对风暴增水最大值的变化幅度。结果表明:1)台风强度增强大幅度增加海口湾沿岸风暴增水最大值,台风强度增强10%时,海口湾沿岸控制点风暴增水最大值增加12%~18%;2)海口湾地区在海平面上升的影响下风暴增水最大值反而减小,仅有部分岸段风暴增水值最大增加,不同海域风暴增水变化对海平面上升的响应不同;3)不合理的人工岛建设方案会显著增加对岸风暴最大增水值;4)在台风增强、海平面上升和不合理的海湾填海共同影响下,未来100年风暴增水最大值将增加12%~28%。显然这样的风暴增水变化会引起严重的灾害和后果,本研究可为海口湾防灾减灾工作提供依据。     

海平面上升情景下辽东湾海岸侵蚀及影响评估

基于海洋站潮位观测和中国沿海海平面变化影响调查等数据,分析了辽东湾沿岸海平面变化及海岸侵蚀状况,并定量评估了未来海平面上升情景下,辽东湾两岸典型沙质海岸侵蚀影响和沙滩养护投入。分析预测和评估结果表明:1980-2017年,辽东湾沿海海平面上升速率为3.0 mm/a,其中辽东湾东岸沿海海平面上升速率明显高于西岸。2009-2017年,辽宁营口白沙湾、绥中网户、绥中南山港和绥中团山气象观测场岸段后退和下蚀较为严重,部分岸段滩肩蚀退达2～3 m/a。预计2100年,辽东湾沿海海平面上升幅度在20～48 cm之间,由海平面上升引发的辽东湾海岸侵蚀土地损失为23.1 km2,土地经济损失为1410万元。为减缓海岸侵蚀,旅游沙滩和一般沙滩养护总投入分别为11亿元和46亿元,全岸段养护成本较高,应选取旅游沙滩等重点岸段进行养护。     

Rising trend of relative sea level along the coast of East Asia

The rise or fall trend of the sea level along the coast of East Asia is estimated with different computational methods based on sea‐level data of longer time series collected from 45 tide gauge stations there. The results show that the relative sea level, on average, has been rising along the coast of the whole of East Asia from the early 1950s to the early 1990s. The regional change of sea‐level rise or fall is greater. The sea level along the coast of China, except along the Shandong Peninsula, is rising; the sea level along the coast of the southern islands of Japan and the southern Korean peninsula, as estimated by several methods, is mostly rising, but the rate of rise is very small. The difference between the results estimated in this study and the corresponding results of Barnett along the coast of East Asia is significant. This is mainly because the number of the stations selected by Barnett is relatively small, and the selected stations are concentrated at the southern and northern ends of the region, without data in the middle of the region. The effect of the estimating methods is smaller.     

Effect of Sea Level Variation on Tidal Characteristic Values for the East China Sea

1 .IntroductionTheglobalairtemperatureroseabout 0 .5～ 0 .6°Coverthepast 2 0thcentury ,andtheglobalmeansealevelincreasedbyabout2 0cmduringtheperiod .Theregionalmeansealevelriseswiththerisingglobalmeansealevel.Zuoetal.( 1 997)indicatedthatthemeanrisingrateofabsolutemeansealevelalongtheChinacoastontheassumptionofunifiedisostaticdatumis 2mm a .Woodworth( 1 999)analyzedsealevelspanning 1 76 8tothepresentinLiverpool,andobtainedaseculartrendforheperiodupto 1 880of0 .39± 0 .1 7mm a ,andatrendfort…     

Steric sea level changes estimated from historical ocean subsurface temperature and salinity analyses

An historical objective analysis of subsurface temperature and salinity was carried out on a monthly basis from 1945 to 2003 using the latest observational databases and a sea surface temperature analysis. In addition, steric sea level changes were mainly examined using outputs of the objective analyses. The objective analysis is a revised version of Ishii et al. and is available at 16 levels in the upper 700 m depth. Artificial errors in the previous analysis during the 1990s have been worked out in the present analysis. The steric sea level computed from the temperature analysis has been verified with tide gauge observations and TOPEX/Poseidon sea surface height data. A correction for crustal movement is applied for tide gauge data along the Japanese coast. The new analysis is suitable for the discussion of global warming. Validation against the tide gauge reveals that the amplitude of thermosteric sea level becomes larger and the agreement improves in comparison with the previous analysis. A substantial part of local sea level rise along the Japanese coast appears to be explained by the thermosteric effect. The thermal expansion averaged in all longitudes from 60°S to 60°N explains at most half of recent sea level rise detected by satellite observation during the last decade. Considerable uncertainties remain in steric sea level, particularly over the southern oceans. Temperature changes within MLD make no effective contribution to steric sea level changes along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. According to statistics using only reliable profiles of the temperature and salinity analyses, salinity variations are intrinsically important to steric sea level changes in high latitudes and in the Atlantic Ocean. Although data sparseness is severe even in the latest decade, linear trends of global mean thermosteric and halosteric sea level for 1955 to 2003 are estimated to be 0.31 ± 0.07 mm/yr and 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr, respectively. These estimates are comparable to those of the former studies.     

海平面上升对海岸潮差响应的理论解析

应用海湾和半封闭矩形海域改进的Taylor问题的解研究海平面上升对M2分潮旋转潮波系统及沿岸潮差的变化.将南黄海概化为一等深矩形海域,初步研究在海平面上升3 m和5 m条件下该海域旋转潮波系统的演化趋势,继而分析沿岸潮差变化特征.初步分析研究表明:随着海平面上升,该海域M2分潮的无潮点有向东南方向偏移的趋势,受此影响,沿岸潮差呈现不同的变化特征,靠近无潮点的左侧及湾顶海岸变化明显,而远离无潮点的右侧及湾顶海岸则变化不大.     

1993—2016年中国近海海平面时空变化趋势

区域海平面变化是目前气候变化研究的热点问题.海平面变化具有时间和空间的异质性,分析海平面变化,应充分考虑时间和空间的差异.基于集合经验模态分解(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)、最小二乘法,利用卫星高度计、验潮站数据,分析了1993—2016年间中国近海及周边海域海...