液压型潮流能发电系统叶轮最大功率控制

文章为解决水平轴潮流能发电系统在低于设计流速下叶轮能量捕获效率低的问题,运用最大功率跟踪控制理论及叶轮与变量泵传动轴力矩平衡方程,建立了变量泵反力矩参考值模型,设计了间接速度控制的压力反馈加转矩控制系统,通过小范围内调节变量泵排量,实现叶轮最大功率捕获。整个系统的性能在自动化工作室(automation studio)中进行了仿真测试,实验样机也进行了海上试验。仿真测试和海试结果显示,该控制系统工作稳定性好,仿真和海试时叶轮的捕获功率系数分别在0.35和0.33附近波动,相比不加控制,分别增加了约0.03和0.05,提高了叶轮的捕获效率,验证了控制系统的有效性。     

共水平轴双叶轮海流机水动力学性能的实验研究

针对水平轴单叶轮海流机在低流速时启动性能差、获能少的缺点,采用共水平轴同向旋转双叶轮水轮机进行了水动力学性能的水槽试验.由实验结果研究了共水平轴单叶轮和双叶轮水轮机的功率特性和启动特性,分析了不同上、下游叶轮安装角和叶轮轴向间距对叶轮启动水流速度以及发电机获得功率的影响,并对单叶轮和双叶轮水轮机的运行情况进行了比较.结果表明,共水平轴双叶轮水轮机的启动水流速度较单叶轮低很多,而且能从水流中获得更多的能量.因此,共水平轴双叶轮水轮机能改进一般水平轴单叶轮水轮机难以启动和获能少的不足,更适合于我国低海流流速的实际海况.     

摆式波能转换装置水动力特性频域分析

基于势流理论,建立波浪与摆式波能转换装置作用的三维频域分析模型。应用数值模型对两种质量的摆式波能转换装置进行水动力分析,在考虑粘性阻尼作用的条件下,计算传动系统的最优扭阻系数。在最佳工况下,开展了波浪频率对摆板运动响应和俘获能量影响的系统研究,给出了波浪最佳频率范围、摆板振幅、能量俘获效率以及摆板表面的波动压强。     

鸭式波浪能转换装置的水动力特性及效率研究

为了更加切合实际地研究鸭式波浪能转换装置的水动力特性及效率,考虑了鸭式装置可绕定轴转动以及装置的附加质量和附加阻尼,以ANSYS14.0软件为平台建立二维数值波浪水槽,对装置在不同波浪条件作用下的受力情况与运动情况进行了数值模拟与分析。结果表明:(1)在相同波高条件下,随着波浪周期的增大,装置受到的水动力力矩增大,转换效率下降,转换效率最高可达到70%;(2)在相同周期条件下,随着波高的增大,鸭式装置受到的水动力力矩也随之增加,波浪在经过装置后波高会发生衰减;(3)装置转换效率总体可维持在70%左右,但由于波峰到达装置时会有部分波浪从其顶部越过,随着波浪波高增大转换效率缓慢下降。为该装置的实际应用提供理论支持。     

鹰式一号波浪能装置频域运动分析与优化设计

波浪能发电装置的波能转换通常分为两级能量转换:第一级能量转换是波浪作用下波浪能装置部件发生相对运动驱动PTO做功捕获波浪能;第二级能量转换为将捕获的波浪能转换为电能。其中一级波浪能转换系统的优化设计是提高波浪能装置能量转换效率的重要手段和关键技术。波浪作用下波浪能装置的运动与PTO做功运动相互耦合和影响,本文通过对不同波浪要素环境下、不同PTO阻尼下波浪能装置的频域运动模拟,以迎波宽度比为尺度对波浪能装置的一级能量转换系统进行优化设计,获得波浪能装置的最优做功阻尼,为实型装置负载加载设计提供设计依据,提高波浪能装置能量转化效率。鹰式一号波浪能装置的实海况运动证明,通过对一级能量转换系统的优化设计,能够有效提高装置的发电效率和提高装置对波浪响应频带宽度。     

水平轴海流能发电机叶片设计与性能分析

全球海洋蕴藏着丰富的海流能,合理利用海流能可以有效缓解能源危机。以额定工况下获能系数达到最大值为目标,利用叶素-动量理论设计了150 kW水平轴海流能发电机的叶片。使用叶素-动量理论结合普朗特修正和葛劳渥修正的方法,预测了海流机在不同尖速比以及不同桨距角下的水动力性能,分析了攻角和载荷沿着叶片径向的分布规律。使用CFD方法计算了海流机在不同尖速比下的水动力性能,并与理论方法的计算结果进行了比较。理论方法和CFD方法的结果均表明,所设计的海流机最大获能系数位于设计尖速比处,证明基于叶素-动量理论的水平轴海流机叶片设计方法是有效的。     

海流自供电浮标双向轴流叶轮仿真分析

通过CFD计算软件Fluent对叶片进行水动力仿真分析,由叶片压力曲线分析影响翼型效率的主要因素,对比分析选出S翼型,并由此翼型设计了对称S翼型,进行UG建模并通过接口导入Fluent进行叶轮仿真分析,由N-S控制方程及压力云图确定叶片数量。建立Bladed模型,仿真得到不同叶片的叶轮在不同的流速下转矩的变化情况及不同桨距角尖速比与获能效率的关系曲线。最后在实验室有机玻璃导管测试系统得到对称S型叶轮在不同流速下的获能效率。实验结果表明,对称S翼型具有捕获双向来流的能力,在实验流速为2.2 m/s时最大获能效率可达40%。为海流自供电浮标进行了正确选型,提高了效率,所得数据也为之后海试试验提供了理论参考。     

往复流中双向导向叶冲动透平模型性能试验研究

研制了 30 0双向自调导叶透平试验机组 ,安装在 10 0 0活塞式往复流透平试验台上 ,对两种叶轮方案和 6种不同喷咀、扩压器进行了不同活塞行程、不同周期和不同恒定输出电压下性能试验。试验结果表明在喷咀出口角α1=2 1 5°、扩压器入口角α2 =6 5 5°和α1=2 4°、α2 =6 3°组合最佳 ,最高效率达 5 3 3% ,而且在宽广流量系数范围内 ,特别是大流量系数范围内都有较高效率。大大优于常用对称翼透平。将上下游导叶固定 ,变成双向固定导叶透平。用No 1叶轮和 6种导叶出口角组合进行试验。表明最佳导叶出口角为 2 4°～ 30°,最高效率仍达 38 5 % ,比对称翼透平仍高许多     

基于UDF的水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转水动力性能研究

针对水平轴潮流能水轮机被动旋转问题,基于Fluent 17.0,运用UDF(User Defined Function)控制滑移网格对网格进行动态调整,仿真研究水轮机在不同安放角下被动旋转的水动力特性。通过仿真分析,结果表明:潮流能水轮机随着叶片安放角度的增加,尖速比、输出功率、捕能系数都是先增大后减小,叶片安放角为6°时,叶轮前后速度差最大,对潮流能利用充分,且各项性能均达到最佳;通过分析叶片受力,叶尖叶素在安放角为2°时阻力最大,3°时升力最大,升阻比在6°时最大,此时叶尖叶素升阻比C_L/C_D=6.27、攻角α=3.06°。由仿真结果可知水平轴潮流能叶轮的自启动过程由5个阶段组成,即加速度增大的加速运动段—加速度减小的加速运动段—加速度反向增大的减速运动段—加速度反向减小的减速运动段—稳定运行段,这对潮流能水轮机的设计具有重要的指导意义。     

新型海流能发电控制系统设计

新型海流能发电装置控制系统是基于MPPT理论,增加了最大功率捕获控制及直流电路稳压控制,通过数学模型模拟海流速度及发电机电磁力矩,并在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行系统的搭建和仿真研究。其结果表明在实际输出功率对最大功率的比值基本相同,该系统实现对最大功率捕获,并在直流母线后端电压基本稳定,验证控制系统设计的有效性。通过搭建试验平台,对该发电系统进行试验研究。记录数据拟合曲线与理论公式曲线一致,且实现电压也在合理的波动范围,试验结果证明该控制系统正确,可进一步示范应用。     

波浪对潮流能水轮机性能测试影响的实验研究

随着潮流能开发利用技术日趋成熟,对其测试工作也提出了更高的要求。然而,在潮流能装置性能测试中,波流相互作用的影响往往被忽略,导致测试结果不准确。为了研究波流相互作用对测试的影响方式与程度,采用物理模型试验的方法,对垂直轴潮流能发电装置模型进行了试验研究。通过分析波流作用下装置的扭矩、转速及发电功率,发现波流与发电装置耦合作用明显,相比不存在波浪影响的情况下,叶轮的转动、主轴的扭矩都变得不规则,启动流速变小,同时,扭矩、转速及发电功率的瞬时值显著增大。测试结果表明,波流相互作用对装置性能测试影响显著,平均影响程度约10%,研究结果为今后潮流能发电装置性能测试标准的制定和完善提供了参考和依据。     

海洋能发电装置室内试验的测量不确定度评定

为完善我国海洋能发电装置室内试验的量值溯源和量值传递,提高实验室测量数据的科学性和严谨性,保障海试工作的顺利开展,文章根据相关国际指南和标准,以潮流能发电装置模型能量俘获效率的室内试验为例,研究测量不确定度的评定方法。研究结果表明:根据潮流能发电装置模型能量俘获效率的计算公式,其测量不确定度评定的分量包括叶轮半径、水流速、水密度以及扭矩仪扭矩和转速;分别计算各分量的标准不确定度并进行合成,最终得出俘获效率的分散区间;该方法可为海试阶段样机的测量不确定度评定奠定基础。     

一种涵道双向泵叶轮浪流发电装置的研究分析

为解决海洋波浪能和潮流能耦合利用的问题,提升浪流发电装置的发电效率,上海海洋大学课题组设计了一种新型涵道双向泵叶轮浪流发电装置。主要对轴流泵的工作原理进行理论分析,阐述将轴流泵排水原理应用于浪流发电装置捕获浪流能的可行性,基于轴流泵叶片设计原理,设计出一种可以双向捕获浪流能的叶片。经数据仿真和水槽实验进行验证,得出涵道双向泵叶轮浪流发电装置可以在浪流流速v=0.5 m/s工况下浪即可启动,满足低流速启动要求,发电效率最高为23.7%。     

An energy conversion system based on deep-sea pressure

A novel seawater pressure energy conversion system that utilizes seawater pressure to generate electricity has been studied in this paper. The energy conversion system utilizes the pressure difference between the pressurized seawater and the empty pressure container to drive hydraulic motor and the coaxially coupled generator to generate electric power. The output electric energy is recorded by the data logger throughout the process. In the current study, technical analysis is performed with the emphasis on conversion efficiency between seawater pressure energy and output electric energy. The analysis is conducted at various pressure differences through the throttle valve so as to obtain maximum conversion efficiency. Research shows that the optimum pressure difference through the throttle valve and the maximum conversion efficiency can be theoretically calculated when the properties of the conversion system are given. Simulation results have demonstrated the influence of pressure difference on conversion efficiency. The test apparatus has been designed, built and tested in 2004. It successfully generated electric energy of approximately 0.85 kW h at the depth of 2400 m with empty pressure container's holding capacity of 200 L in the voyage “DY105-16” in South China Sea on June 12, 2004. The actual conversion efficiency from seawater pressure energy to electric energy reaches as high as 63.8% which is attractive for underwater equipments. The success of the experiment has tested the feasibility of utilizing seawater pressure energy and brings a new power supply way for long-term in-situ underwater equipments.     

Modeling of twin-turbine systems with vertical axis tidal current turbine: Part II—torque fluctuation

We recently showed the advantage of using a numerical system to extract energy from tidal currents by developing a new twin-turbine model (Li and Calisal, 2010a). Encouraged by this result, we decided to use this model to study another important characteristic of the turbine system, torque fluctuation. This effort is summarized in this paper. The torque fluctuation is expected to reduce the fatigue life of tidal current turbines, though potentially it also may deteriorate the power quality of tidal current turbines. In this paper, after reviewing the twin-turbine model, we use it to predict the torque fluctuation of the system with the same configurations as we used to study the power output in Li and Calisal (2010a). Specifically, we investigate the torque fluctuation of twin-turbine systems with various turbine parameters (e.g., relative distance between two turbines and incoming flow angle) and operational condition (e.g., tip speed ratio). The results suggest that the torque of an optimally configured twin-turbine system fluctuates much less than that of the corresponding stand-alone turbine, under the same operating conditions. We then extensively compare the hydrodynamic interaction’s impact on the torque fluctuation and the power output of the system. We conclude that the hydrodynamic interactions pose more constructive impacts on the torque fluctuation than on the power output. The findings indicate that the optimally configured counter-rotating system should be a side-by-side system, and that the optimally configured co-rotating system should have the downstream turbine partially in the wake of the upstream turbine depending on the detailed configuration of the turbines. Furthermore, one must balance the optimal torque fluctuation against the optimal power output.     

用于Wells透平性能分析的稳态实验台研制

文中利用二维模型分析了威尔斯透平（Wells)的气动力性能，并以此为基础，设计并研制出多用途吸风式稳态透平试验台，该试验台一方面可用来研究稳态流动透平的总体气动性能以及稠密度、翼型等参数对透平性能的影响，另一方面又还可以测量透平前后的速度场、压力场，为分析透平气动损失、优化透平设计、提高波浪能转换效率提供手段。     

Research on Pitch Control Strategies of Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine

Based on blade element momentum theory and generator characteristic test, a dynamic simulation model of 150 kW horizontal-axis tidal current turbine was established. The matching of the dynamic characteristics between the turbine and generator under various current velocities is studied, and the influence of the pitch angle on the matching is analyzed. For the problem of maximum power output in case of low current speed and limiting power in high current speed, the relation between optimal pitch angle and output power is analyzed. On the basis of dynamic characteristic analysis, the variable pitch control strategy is developed. The performance of the turbine under various tidal conditions is simulated. The research results show that the designed controller enables the turbine to operate efficiently under the condition of low current speed, and achieve the goal of limited power at high current speed.     

An Experimental Study on A Trapezoidal Pendulum Wave Energy Converter in Regular Waves

Experimental studies were conducted on a trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter in regular waves. To obtain the incident wave height, the analytical method (AM) was used to separate the incident and reflected waves propagating in a wave flume by analysing wave records measured at two locations. The response amplitude operator (RAO), primary conversion efficiency and the total conversion efficiency of the wave energy converter were studied; furthermore, the power take-off damping coefficients corresponding to the load resistances in the experiment were also obtained. The findings demonstrate that the natural period for a pendulum wave energy converter is relatively large. A lower load resistance gives rise to a larger damping coefficient. The model shows relatively higher wave energy conversion efficiency in the range of 1.0?1.2 s for the incident wave period. The maximum primary conversion efficiency achieved was 55.5%, and the maximum overall conversion efficiency was 39.4%.