夜间灯光遥感对城市发展类动能与相似性评估

评估城市发展水平与制定城市规划和城市发展政策息息相关.已有研究表明人口、国内生产总值(GDP)等统计数据和夜间灯光遥感数据能够用来衡量城市发展水平,但大多研究只关注城市发展总量,忽视了发展速度对城市发展的影响.因此,本文基于2012年—2019年Suomi NPP-VIIRS(Suomi National Polar-...     

Forecasting China’s GDP at the pixel level using nighttime lights time series and population images

China’s rapid economic development greatly affected not only the global economy but also the entire environment of the Earth. Forecasting China’s economic growth has become a popular and essential issue but at present, such forecasts are nearly all conducted at the national scale. In this study, we use nighttime light images and the gridded Landscan population dataset to disaggregate gross domestic product (GDP) reported at the province scale on a per pixel level for 2000–2013. Using the disaggregated GDP time series data and the statistical tool of Holt–Winters smoothing, we predict changes of GDP at each 1 km × 1 km grid area from 2014 to 2020 and then aggregate the pixel-level GDP to forecast economic growth in 23 major urban agglomerations of China. We elaborate and demonstrate that lit population (brightness of nighttime lights × population) is a better indicator than brightness of nighttime lights to estimate and disaggregate GDP. We also show that our forecast GDP has high agreement with the National Bureau of Statistics of China’s demographic data and the International Monetary Fund’s predictions. Finally, we display uncertainties and analyze potential errors of this disaggregation and forecast method.     

DMSP/OLS和VIIRS/DNB夜间灯光影像的校正及拟合

运用不变目标法对DMSP/OLS影像数据进行了相互校正、连续性校正和过饱和校正,以校正后的DMSP/OLS数据为参考对VⅡRS/DNB数据进行了重分类,利用两者影像数据在时间与空间中的重叠区域拟合VⅡRS/DNB数据,并对结果进行了评价,目的是获得长时间序列连续稳定的夜间灯光数据。同时建立了新疆区域校正后影像数据与社会经济指标中年末人口总数、生产总值、平均每天耗电量、建设用地之间的关系,探讨了夜间灯光数据在长时间序列下模拟社会经济参量的能力。结果表明,运用不变目标法校正后的夜间灯光影像更稳定、更连续,缩小了VⅡRS/DNB数据与DMSP/OLS数据像元DN值量级差异,使长时间序列下的灯光数据具有可比性。校正后长时间序列夜间灯光数据与社会经济参量的相关性高,说明校正后的长时间序列灯光影像数据在省级尺度上与社会经济指标契合。     

基于夜间灯光数据的南京城镇用地提取

针对多时相夜间灯光影像无法直接对比的问题,该文提出了一种基于不变目标进行不同年份不同卫星夜间灯光数据的校正方法。在系统校正多时相夜间灯光数据的基础上,应用支持向量机分类算法提取城镇用地信息,并分析1992—2013年南京城镇扩张动态变化规律。结果表明:该数据校正方法可以有效减少年际夜间灯光影像之间的异常差异,提高不同年份数据间的连续性和可比较性;支持向量机分类算法提取的4个样区城镇用地信息总体精度和Kappa系数平均值分别为88.35%和0.56,能够准确反映区域城镇发展的实际情况;1992—2013年南京城镇经历先缓慢后快速的扩张过程,主城区在1992年城镇基础上往四周扩张,并沿长江及南北交通走廊发展。     

DMSP-OLS与NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光遥感影像数据整合

DMSP-OLS夜间灯光遥感数据截至2013年,现已被NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据取代。因此,要获得长时间序列且稳定的夜间灯光数据集,需要整合两类夜间灯光数据。基于此,本文提出了基于重采样的两类数据整合方法,对2013—2020年NPP-VIIRS数据进行模拟,最终建立了1992—2020年长时间序列校正—模拟DMSP-OLS夜光遥感数据集。结果表明,基于重采样的整合方法效果良好(城市区域Pearson相关系数ρ=0.9852,RMSE=3.4607),整合数据集与相关社会经济参考量高度契合(影像DN值总和与GDP的相关系数ρ=0.946,与人口的相关系数ρ=0.971,二次多项式模型拟合R²≈0.98,RMSE<5.55),优于已有研究。因此,利用该方法整合后的数据集能更好地支撑基于夜间灯光影像的长时间序列研究。     

基于珞珈一号的岳麓区第二、三产业GDP公里网格空间化研究

现代化城市中,夜间活动一般需要黑暗环境中灯光照明的支持,从而使夜间灯光可以间接反映城市中的各类生产生活的活跃情况,而利用遥感手段从高空获得的夜间灯光遥感数据可以大面积地折射城市中的社会经济情况.对于研究城市中主要以非第一产业的GDP指标的二、三产业分布研究具有一定的参考价值.同时考虑到第二、三产业活动的特殊性,通过FR...     

中国区域DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像的校正

美国国防军事气象卫星（DMSP）搭载的线性扫描系统（OLS）获取的夜间灯光影像具有很强的光电放大能力,存储量小,可直观反映人类活动,被广泛应用于城镇化监测、社会经济因素估算等方面。但是获取这些数据集的各传感器均未经过星上定标,存在像元饱和问题,并且传感器获得的1992—2013年的各数据之间缺乏可比性、连续性,无法直接用于长时间序列的研究,因此需要对长时间序列的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像进行校正处理。校正内容包括中国区域各灯光影像间的相互校正、饱和校正、年内融合、年际间校正等;并对校正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像进行合理性检验,检验结果表明该校正方法是可行的。     

These lit areas are undeveloped: Delimiting China’s urban extents from thresholded nighttime light imagery

Nighttime light imagery is a powerful tool to study urbanization because it can provide a uniform metric, lit area, to delimit urban extents. However, lit area is much larger than actual urban area, so thresholds of digital number (DN) values are usually needed to reduce the lit area. The threshold varies greatly among different regions, but at present it is still not very clear what factors impact the changes of the threshold. In this study, urban extent by province for China is mapped using official statistical data and four intercalibrated and geometrically corrected nighttime light images between 2004 and 2010. Lit area in the imagery for most provinces is at least 94% greater than the official amount of urban area. Regression analyses show a significant correlation between optimal thresholds and GDP per capita, and larger thresholds more commonly indicate higher economic level. Size and environmental condition may explain a province’s threshold that is disproportionate to GDP. Findings indicate one threshold DN is not appropriate for multiple (adjacent) province urban extent mapping, and optimal thresholds for one year may be notably different than the next. Province-level derived thresholds are not appropriate for other geographic levels. Brightness of nighttime lights is an advantage over imagery that relies on daylight reflection, and decreases in brightness indicate faster growth in the horizontal direction than the vertical. A province’s optimal threshold does not always maintain an increase with population and economic growth. In the economically developed eastern provinces, urban population densities decreased (and this is seen in the brightness data), while urban population increased.     

Exploring improvement of impervious surface estimation at national scale through integration of nighttime light and Proba-V data

Directly mapping impervious surface area (ISA) at national and global scales using nighttime light data is a challenge due to the complexity of land surface components and the impacts of unbalanced economic conditions. Previous research mainly used the coarse spatial resolution Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP OLS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data for ISA mapping; the improved spatial resolution and data quality in the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite’s Day/Night Band (VIIRS DNB) and in Proba-V data provide a new opportunity to accurately map ISA distribution at the national scale, which has not been explored yet. This research aimed to develop a new index – modified impervious surface index (MISI) – based on VIIRS DNB and Proba-V data to improve ISA estimation and to compare the results with those from the combination of VIIRS DNB and MODIS NDVI data. Landsat data were used to develop ISA data for the typical sites for use as reference data. Regression analysis was used to establish the ISA estimation model in which the dependent variable was from the Landsat data and the independent variable was from the MISI, as well as the previously used Large-scale Impervious Surface Index (LISI). The results indicate that the major error is from the very small or very large proportion of ISA in a unit; improvement of spatial resolution through use of higher spatial resolution nighttime light data (e.g., VIIRS DNB) or NDVI (e.g., Proba-V NDVI) data is an effective approach to improve ISA estimation. Although different indices for the combination of nighttime light and NDVI data have been used, the MISI is especially valuable for reducing the estimation errors for the regions with a small or large ISA proportion.     

基于DMSP/OLS数据的蒙古高原城市群空间特征比较

用经过相互校正、饱和校正和影像间的连续性校正后的DMSP/OLS数据提取城市建成区,对蒙古乌达城市群和呼包鄂城市群的城市扩张进行测度,并对其空间演变特征进行比较分析.结果表明:①利用校正后的夜间灯光影像提取的各市建成区面积均有较大幅度的增长,呼包鄂城市群建成区的提取阈值明显大于乌达城市群;②乌达城市群区域之间发展极不均...     

Assessment of digital camera-derived vegetation indices in quantitative monitoring of seasonal rice growth

A commercially available digital camera can be used in a low-cost automatic observation system for monitoring crop growth change in open-air fields. We developed a prototype Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS) for monitoring rice growth, but the ready-made waterproof cases that we used produced shadows on the images. After modifying the waterproof cases, we repeated the fixed-point camera observations to clarify questions regarding digital camera-derived vegetation indices (VIs), namely, the visible atmospherically resistant index (VARI) based on daytime normal color images (RGB image) and the nighttime relative brightness index (NRBI_NIR) based on nighttime near infrared (NIR) images. We also took frequent measurements of agronomic data such as plant length, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground dry matter weight to gain a detailed understanding of the temporal relationship between the VIs and the biophysical parameters of rice. In addition, we conducted another nighttime outdoor experiment to establish the link between NRBI_NIR and camera-to-object distance. The study produced the following findings. (1) The customized waterproof cases succeeded in preventing large shadows from being cast, especially on nighttime images, and it was confirmed that the brightness of the nighttime NIR images had spatial heterogeneity when a point light source (flashlight) was used, in contrast to the daytime RGB images. (2) The additional experiment using a forklift showed that both the ISO sensitivity and the calibrated digital number of the NIR (cDN_NIR) had significant effects on the sensitivity of NRBI_NIR to the camera-to-object distance. (3) Detailed measurements of a reproductive stem were collected to investigate the connection between the morphological feature change caused by the panicle sagging process and the downtrend in NRBI_NIR during the reproductive stages. However, these agronomic data were not completely in accord with NRBI_NIR in terms of the temporal pattern. (4) The time-series data for the LAI, plant length, and aboveground dry matter weight could be well approximated by a sigmoid curve based on NRBI_NIR and VARI. The results confirmed that NRBI_NIR was more sensitive to all of the agronomic data for overall season, including the early reproductive stages. VARI had an especially high correlation with LAI, unless yellow panicles appeared in the field of view.     

夜间灯光遥感与城市问题研究：数据、方法、应用和展望

夜间灯光遥感是能够探测夜间微光的光学遥感技术,可获取白天遥感无法获取的信息。由于城市区域的人造光源是夜间稳定亮光的主要来源,夜间灯光遥感影像已被证明可以更直观地反映夜间人类活动差异,同时具有覆盖范围大、时效快和易获取等优势,可广泛应用于多尺度长时序的城市问题研究。目前,基于夜间灯光遥感数据的应用研究成果较为丰富,不少学者对夜间灯光遥感数据的数据预处理以及应用潜力等方面进行了归纳。但基于夜间灯光遥感与城市问题研究的整理和总结还有待进一步加强。基于此,本文通过对近几十年来有关夜间灯光遥感数据的研究成果进行了详细梳理,从多尺度城市空间结构分析、城市社会经济指标估算以及城市公共安全领域研究3方面入手,系统梳理夜间灯光遥感数据的应用能力。进一步根据数据应用过程中出现的问题,从夜间灯光遥感日数据应用、长时间序列数据集生产以及定量验证等角度探讨了夜间灯光遥感所面临的挑战与前景。     

DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光影像的校正方法

由于DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光遥感图像的不连续性和过饱和问题,该数据不具有直接可比性,使用前需进行影像校正。本文提出了一套新的稳定夜间灯光数据的校正方法,包括传感器间的依次校正、连续性校正和过饱和校正,系统校正了1992—2013年时间序列上的34期影像,并对得到的目标影像进行了目视评价、定量评价、相关评价和优势分析。校正后的图像连续性、稳定性大幅提高,与社会经济数据呈现更强烈的线性相关。同时避免了传统方法中的误差引入问题,得到了较好的校正结果。     

Spatialization of electricity consumption of China using saturation-corrected DMSP-OLS data

Electricity is one of the most important components in energy consumption, which is directly related to economic growth, CO₂ emission and global warming. This research intends to estimate spatial distribution of electricity consumption in China, the largest developing country, and analyze the temporal and spatial change of electricity consumption during 1994–2009. The spatial modeling is based on the total electricity consumption of each province and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) – Operational Line-scan System (OLS) data, the latter provides the nighttime light information corresponding to electricity consumption, GDP and population. A simple method was developed to correct the saturated pixels with digital number of 63 in non-radiance-corrected DMSP-OLS data, using cities’ GDP data. The spatial electricity consumption maps were produced during 1994–2009, and they were validated by the electricity consumption records of 101 cities. Finally, the spatial–temporal changes of electricity consumption were analyzed. The results of this research can help to understand the regional discrepancy, especially rural and urban areas of China, of electricity consumption and economic development.     

DMSP/OLS夜光数据的珠三角碳排放时空差异性分析

碳排放时空分布及其异质性是生态环境保护和气候变化监测研究的重要课题。本文针对珠三角城市群碳排放空间分布的精细分析,基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像与土地利用数据,研究了2000年—2013年珠三角城市群碳排放时空差异性,揭示了不同地市不同用地类型的碳排放时空分布特征、碳排放增长趋势和强度趋势。结果表明：（1） 2000年—2013年珠三角城市群碳排放总量一直处于增长阶段,但受2008年金融危机影响由高速增长转为缓慢增长阶段;（2）人均碳排放强度在2008年金融危机后增长速度减缓;（3）单位GDP碳排放强度在经历了2005年—2008年小幅增长阶段之后,整体呈现降低趋势;（4）地均碳排放强度方面,工矿用地的地均碳排放强度由2008年金融危机前的增长阶段过渡到危机后的降低阶段,而城镇用地的地均碳排放强度一直处于持续增长阶段。研究发现,珠三角城市群碳排放在2008年金融危机前后具有明显的时空差异性,城镇用地碳排放持续增长将成为碳减排的关键问题,本研究可为碳排放估算预测、节能减排及生态环境保护提供科学参考。     

Detecting the Effects of Wars in the Caucasus Regions of Russia and Georgia Using Radiometrically Normalized DMSP-OLS Nighttime Lights Imagery

Satellite data can provide a remote view of developments in often dangerous conflict zones. Nighttime lights imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) satellite was used to detect the effects of war in the Caucasus region of Russia and Georgia. To assess changes over time, the data were radiometrically normalized using cities with a relatively stable nighttime lights signature over the course of the study period, 1992-2009. Buffers were created around these stable cities to select the pixels that were then used to normalize cities and towns whose nighttime lighting fluctuated over time. The results show that conflict-related events such as large fires that burn for weeks and large refugee movements are possible to detect, even given the relatively coarse spatial resolution (2.7 km) of the DMSP-OLS imagery.     

中巴经济走廊DMSP/OLS与NPP/VIIRS夜光数据辐射一致性校正

由美国国防气象卫星搭载的可见光成像线性扫描业务系统(DMSP/OLS)和国家极轨卫星搭载的可见光近红外成像辐射仪(NPP/VIIRS)获取的夜间灯光影像是监测人类社会经济活动和自然现象(如林火、油气燃烧等)的主要数据源。然而,现有的夜间灯光数据存在缺乏星上的辐射定标、像元饱和、时间尺度不连续、多源夜间灯光影像辐射不一致等问题。基于此,本文以中巴经济走廊区域为研究区,提出了一种基于线性拟合提取不变目标区域的方法,实现了DMSP/OLS影像间、DMSP/OLS与NPP/VIIRS两种数据间的相互校正。然后对中巴经济走廊的校正结果在不同空间尺度上选用区域灰度总量、标准化差异指数以及标准化差异指数和作为评价指标进行检验。结果表明:两种校正模型的拟合优度均在0.78以上,校正后的DMSP/OLS影像灰度总量与GDP和人口数据的相关性显著提高(GDP:R~2=0.7689;人口:R~2=0.9033),且标准化差异指数明显降低;NPP/VIIRS影像经过与DMSP/OLS互校正后在辐射亮度、时空分布上与DMSP/OLS更加一致,空间细节信息更加突出,从而增强了多源夜间灯光影像的一致性,更加适合用于长时间序列社会经济要素发展趋势的分析。     

珞珈一号新型夜间灯光数据应用潜力分析

夜间灯光数据在人类空间活动相关领域表现出越来越广泛的应用能力。由武汉大学团队研制的珞珈一号新型夜间灯光遥感卫星,是目前国际上首颗专业夜间灯光遥感卫星。为了解其数据的特征信息及应用潜力,本文将其与SNPP-VⅡRS夜间灯光数据在卫星参数、数据特征、数据噪声及应用精度方面进行了多层次的对比分析。结果表明,珞珈一号新型夜间灯光影像具有更高的分辨率及更优异的细节特征,且在人类空间活动方面表现出更高的相关性,反映出珞珈一号夜间灯光影像具有较大的应用潜力,可为人类可持续发展作出更长远的贡献。     

Remote sensing of human beings – a perspective from nighttime light

City lights, fishing boats, and oil fields are the major sources of nighttime lights, therefore the nighttime light images provide a unique source to map human beings and their activities from outer space. While most of the scholars focused on application of nighttime light remote sensing in urbanization and regional development, the actual fields are much wider. This paper summarized the applications of nighttime light remote sensing into fields such as the estimation of socioeconomic parameters, monitoring urbanization, evaluation of important events, analyzing light pollution, fishery, etc. For estimation of socioeconomic parameters, the most promising progress is that Gross Domestic Product and its growth rate have been estimated with statistical data and nighttime light data using econometric models. For monitoring urbanization, urban area and its dynamics can be extracted using different classification methods, and spatial analysis has been employed to map urban agglomeration. As sharp changes of nighttime light are associated with important socioeconomic events, the images have been used to evaluate humanitarian disasters, especially in the current Syrian and Iraqi wars. Light pollution is another hotspot of nighttime light application, as the night light is related to some diseases and abnormal behavior of animals, and the nighttime light images can provide light pollution information on large scales so that it is much easier to analyze the effects of light pollutions. In each field, we listed typical cases of the applications. At last, future studies of nighttime light remote sensing have been predicted.     

DMSP-OLS与NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据测算统计指标能力评估——以京津冀地区县域GDP、人口及能源消耗为例

夜间灯光数据记录了地球表面的人造灯光强度,是估计社会统计指标的有效手段之一。为了评估DMSP-OLS和NPP-VIIRS2种夜间灯光数据对社会统计指标的模拟潜力,采用4种常用的灯光校正方法分别对2种夜间灯光数据进行灯光饱和性校正,根据校正后的夜间灯光数据分别建立与京津冀地区县域GDP、人口和能源消耗3种社会统计指标间的线性回归模型,从模型拟合的相关系数、F统计量值与概率p值中分析并评价了2种夜间灯光数据对GDP、人口和能源消耗3种社会统计指标的测算能力。本文研究结果表明:EANTLI法是2种夜间灯光数据的最佳校正方式,而HSI法不适用于夜间灯光数据校正后与县域社会统计指标的线性关系拟合2种夜间灯光数据对GDP的拟合效果都较好,NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据估算社会统计指标的拟合能力要优于DMSP-OLS数据。