三峡工程永久船闸边坡岩体卸荷特性

从地貌学角度,分析了三峡工程永久船闸边坡岩体的自然及人为卸荷特性,指出了地表侵蚀、河流下切、开挖船闸等自然及人为地貌过程诱发了岩体的基本卸荷过程,构筑了一个三峡工程永久船闸边坡岩体卸荷特性的宏观模式。实地调砥及数值计算成果均表明,地貌分析法在分析实际岩体工程中,岩体卸荷特性方面具有较强的应用价值。     

卸荷状态下岩爆岩石变形破裂机制的实验岩石力学研究

岩爆是高地应力区地下工程中常见的一种卸荷破坏地质灾害现象。本文按照地下洞室开挖过程中围岩的实际受力状态,采用卸荷三轴试验方法,探讨了岩爆岩石的变形破坏特征和岩爆形成力学机制问题。     

岩石卸荷破坏特征与岩爆效应

岩爆是在地下洞室开挖卸荷过程中发生的,岩爆特征与岩石卸荷破坏特征密切相关．本文设计了模拟洞室开挖过程的三轴卸荷实验,探讨了岩石在不同卸荷速率条件下的变形破坏特征及其岩爆效应     

山地陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道围岩变形模拟

陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道围岩变形特征和一般的均质岩体隧道是不一样的。通过有限元计算和模型试验研究手段,以重庆涪南高速公路鸭江隧道工程为例,对陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道开挖过程中围岩的变形特征和机理进行了深入分析。研究结果表明:对于陡倾小交角层状岩体来说,层理面是主要控制结构面,隧道的开挖会导致一定范围内的岩层形成临空面,这部分岩层会向洞室产生滑移,从而引起地表的较大沉降;岩层倾角越大,地表沉降也会随之增大;与一般均质岩体隧道不同,陡倾小交角层状岩体隧道围岩变形具有非对称性,最大变形一般发生在顺层向。研究结论可供今后陡倾层状岩体隧道的施工设计参考。     

雅砻江上游深层倾倒体发育特征及形成演化机制

深层倾倒是雅砻江上游层状斜坡变形破坏的主要模式。利用基于演化过程的工程地质研究方法,分析深层倾倒体工程地质特性和内部变形破坏-力学机制,进行工程地质分区评价,并从变形过程和演化阶段上定性认识斜坡的整体稳定性。研究表明:区内深层倾倒体发育规模巨大、变形程度剧烈,且具有明显的分区性,为典型的互层倾倒;软硬相间的岩性组合、陡倾的岸坡结构,加之垂直层面密集节理的切割是深层倾倒体形成的控制性因素。在叠加有残余构造应力的自重应力场中,互层倾倒是受节理面和层面控制的复合倾倒模式,即:硬岩发生块状-弯曲倾倒,而软岩发生弯曲倾倒;受河谷演化控制,深层倾倒体主要经历4个演化阶段:卸荷回弹陡倾面拉裂阶段,初始变形阶段,板梁根部折断、剪切面贯通阶段以及破坏阶段,并最终转化为蠕滑-拉裂模式形成滑坡;变形破坏模式的转化是深层倾倒体进入累进性破坏阶段的重要标志,该滑动面受倾向坡外结构面控制,主要发生在强变形岩体中,而并非沿最大弯折带发育。     

顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围分析

顺层滑移-拉裂是顺层岩质边坡中常见的一种破坏模式,顺层滑动岩体范围大小是该类边坡稳定性分析及其加固支挡结构设计的基础,是设计人员最关心的问题。考虑边坡开挖卸荷效应对边坡岩体力学参数的影响,建立了顺层岩质边坡顺层滑动岩体范围的计算式,利用重庆至怀化铁路沿线顺层岩质路堑边坡失稳破坏的调查资料进行对比分析,结果吻合较好。     

川藏公路拉月滑坡破坏过程模型试验研究

拉月滑坡是川藏公路线上典型的岩质滑坡。拉月一带斜坡岩体中节理裂隙十分发育,节理、裂隙间相互切割、组合,形成具不同块状结构特征的岩体,特别是不同结构特征的岩石块体相互嵌合,形成具不同稳定状况的的岩体结构。拉月滑坡的发生机理是因块状破坏而引发的滑坡,拉月滑坡破坏过程模型试验就是从机理上分析滑坡的发生过程。拉月滑坡模型试验采用了相似材料模型试验方法,建立相似的试验模型,重现滑坡体的受力状态、变形和破坏过程。     

高县县城附近斜坡稳定性分析

四川省高县附近斜坡变形失稳灾害尤为严重。本文对斜坡变形失稳的类型,特点、形成原因、影响因素、破坏模式进行了分析,认为软弱岩层岩性。斜坡岩体结构、斜坡类型、岩体节理裂隙、地貌发育为决定斜坡稳定性的五主导因子。经深入研究,以定性定量标准把五因子分别划分为四级。利用斜坡变形模数计算五因子影响斜坡稳定性的权重等。从而获得了一种新的斜坡稳定性评价模式,把它运用于高县县城附近斜坡稳定性评价中,评价结果与实际基本相符。     

金沙江某水电站左坝肩岩体双面倾倒形成机制

倾倒变形是层状边坡的一种主要变形破坏形式,在以往研究中,单面倾倒已研究较多而双面倾倒尚无研究成果。在充分研究金沙江某水电站左坝肩岩体双面倾倒变形特征基础上,对其形成机制进行了地质分析和数值模拟,揭示了双面倾倒岩体主要是在二次应力场作用下岩体沿片理面产生剪切错动、滑移、拉裂从而岩体产生弯曲或折断而形成的。其中顺倾边坡的倾倒变形始于坡脚,并以"滑移-倾倒"式逐渐向坡后发展,其倾倒扩展速率及倾倒深度明显小于反倾边坡;而反倾边坡初始倾倒位置不一定在坡脚,而是始于其最有利倾倒位置,该位置受初始坡形、所受应力及岩性组合等因素控制,并用数值模拟揭示了该水电站边坡初始倾倒位置在距坡脚约1/3坡高处,此后,当岩层倾角足够陡时,在该初始倾倒位置的上部岩层可表现出一定的"滑移-倾倒"性质,而该位置下部岩层则总是表现出"压致型"倾倒特征;无论顺倾还是反倾边坡,倾倒变形速率有从坡体中部附近向两端递减的趋势。     

滑坡碰撞作用及其岸坡环境效应

研究发现,高速滑坡运动到谷底时,多数会与对岩岩坡发生碰撞,使滑体前部及对岸受撞岩体表部碎裂,形成滑坡碰撞构造。由于强烈的碰撞作用,滑体内部块体之间嵌合紧密。河流下切后,破碎但嵌合紧密的碰撞体卸荷松动,岸坡稳定性随之降低。由此提出滑坡碰撞模式、碰撞构造成分,并对其岸坡环境效应进行了探讨。     

A computerized geologic mapping system based on logical models of geologic structures

In this article we describe the basic framework of the computerized geologic mapping system cigma. The system, whic is based on a mathematical formulation of geologic concepts, consists of the following six subsystems: (1) input of geologic data set; (2) inference of stratigraphic sequence; (3) construction of logical models of geologic structures; (4) determination of three-dimensional geologic boundary surfaces; (5) construction of three-dimensional solid model of geologic structures; and (6) graphical presentation. Geologic structures are summarized in several tables called logical models of geologic structures. Each model is constructed automatically from input data on structural relations between geologic bodies. The model interprets the data automatically to create data files necessary to determine the shapes of geologic boundaries; it also provides a threedimensional solid model of geologic structures referring to the shapes of boundaries. As a prototype, we introduce two types of contacts corresponding to conformity and unconformity into the logical model and show that it is possible to draw a geologic map automatically. More complex geologic structures can be introduced into the geologic mapping system through further formulation of geologic structures.     

青藏高原周边地区的磁性地层对比及意义

本文根据青藏高原周边及内部地区磁性地层序列的对比、分析,探讨了由此所记录的高原隆升的过程及特征,指出高原南、北两缘地区地层沉积特征真正的同步开始于上新纪之后,说明高原整体性的降升性的降升即始于此时,同时本文还对高原隆升的阶段、特征及高度等问题进行了评述。大量的磁性地层的对比对全面深入地了解青藏高原隆升的过程及特征具有重要意义。     

城市用地的影响因素分析及其评价系统

城市用地与规划问题受制于多方面的因素制约,是一个复杂的系统工程问题.从工程地质的观点对该问题的分析将立足于地质环境与城市建设这两方面.采集各种信息、考虑土地性状及市政建设,找出该系统的最优解.当使用计算机制做评价系统时,必须将各种影响因素及规则转换成代码.本文论述了评价系统知识库中的各类影响因素与规则,阐述了信息量化、传递、结果优化等技巧,结合南宁市用地及规划问题给出应用实例.     

Lithotype discrimination within a gridded model by inverting gravity data

In this paper we present a method which allows delineation of geologic structures in a bi-modal lithotype setting. We propose to use gravity data in combination with a priori information about the density contrast between the two lithotypes. The iterative method uses an objective function with five tunable parameters which need to be set. Using an efficient parameter search, suitable ranges of these are investigated to determine their optimal values, respectively, which in turn, ensures good inversion results.
The approach produces structural images of the subsurface, without the need of an a priori density model; the depth to the top of the inhomogeneity is also retrieved.
Besides synthetic simulations, the methodology has also been applied to a small gravity data set, acquired by the industry over a basinal structure. A consistent, bi-modal image of the bedrock depression is obtained from the data, which, in this case, was the goal. Other potential areas of application include delineation of salt structures and ore deposits.     

Characteristics of Water-Well Yields in Part of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province in Loudoun County,Virginia

Loudoun County, Virginia, which is located about 50 km to the west of Washington, DC, was the site of intensive suburban development during the 1980s and 1990s. In the western half of the county, the source of water for domestic use has been from wells drilled into the fractured crystalline bedrock of the Blue Ridge Geologic Province. A comprehensive digital database that contains information on initial yield, location, depth, elevation, and other data for 3651 wells drilled in this 825.5-km² area was combined with a digital geologic map to form the basis for a study of geologic and temporal controls on water-well yields. Statistical modeling procedures were used to determine that mean yields for the wells were significantly different as a function of structural setting, genetic rock type, and geologic map unit. The Bonferroni procedure then was used to determine which paired comparisons contributed to these significant differences. The data were divided into 15 temporal drilling increments to determine if the time-dependent trends that exist for the Loudoun County data are similar to those discovered in a previous study of water-well yields in the Pinardville 7.5-min quadrangle, New Hampshire. In both regions, trends, which include increasing proportions of very low yield wells and increasing well depths through time, and the counterintuitive result of increasing mean well yields through time, were similar. In addition, a yield-to-depth curve similar tothat discovered in the Pinardville quadrangle was recognized in this study. Thus, the temporal model with a feed-forward-loop mechanism to explain the temporal trends in well characteristics proposed for the New Hampshire study appears to apply to western Loudoun County.     

地理综合思维的认知结构及其检验——基于高中生样本的研究

地理综合思维是解决地理问题的基本思维,其概念的界定和结构的明晰关系到地理学领域综合思维应用的规范性,也影响着地理教育领域综合思维培养方向的正确性。论文基于地理综合思维主流的要素综合、时空综合、地方综合三维分类,尝试对细分小类进行组合,形成了6种地理综合思维认知结构模型假说。以高中学生为样本,运用地理综合思维测量量表获得学生的地理综合思维水平数据,采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析方法,对地理综合思维的认知结构假说进行检验。结果发现结构假说与数据拟合不够理想。讨论认为要素综合、时空综合、地方综合是地理综合思维外在的形式认知结构,它们表征了地理综合思维全面、系统、动态的思维特征,而体现心理发展本质的地理综合思维内在认知结构有待进一步研究和确立。     

Interactive 3D Modeling by Integration of Geoscience Datasets for Exploration Targeting in Luanchuan Mo Polymetallic District,China

Three-dimensional (3D) geological modeling is an important method for understanding geological structures and constructing exploration model with multiple source datasets for potential mineral deposits. The Luanchuan Mo polymetallic district located in Henan Province, China, has a complex geological setting and multiple metallogenic types. In this paper, we build a 3D geological model covering 43 km × 26 km × 5 km (vertical) by gravity and magnetic interactive inversion to delineate geometry, depth, and physical properties of geologic bodies at depths. We reduce the geological uncertainty and verify the reliability of the model through the combination of geophysical interactive inversion and tectonic-geochemistry methods. Several deep targets have also been extracted by combining the metallogenic model in the district with the 3D geologic model and tectono-geochemistry dataset. The research results show that the combination of 3D exploration model constrained by gravity and magnetic data with geologic constraints and tectono-geochemical data can be used to delineate the potential targets quickly and accurately in complex geological settings.     

四川宝兴大板桥堵江滑坡作坝的可行性分析

针对四川宝兴县大板桥堵江滑坡堆积体,在现场调查分析的基础上,对其作坝存在的主要工程地质问题及作坝的可行性进行了分析研究,为开展堵江滑坡作坝提供参考。     

Variogram Identification Aided by a Structural Framework for Improved Geometric Modeling of Faulted Reservoirs: Jeffara Basin, Southeastern Tunisia

This article describes a proposed work-sequence to generate accurate reservoir-architecture models, describing the geometry of bounding surfaces (i.e., fault locations and extents), of a structurally complex geologic setting in the Jeffara Basin (South East Tunisia) by means of geostatistical modeling. This uses the variogram as the main tool to measure the spatial variability of the studied geologic medium before making any estimation or simulation. However, it is not always easy to fit complex experimental variograms to theoretical models. Thus, our primary purpose was to establish a relationship between the geology and the components of the variograms to fit a mathematically consistent and geologically interpretable variogram model for improved predictions of surface geometries. We used a three-step approach based on available well data and seismic information. First, we determined the structural framework: a seismo-tectonic data analysis was carried out, and we showed that the study area is cut mainly by NW–SE-trending normal faults, which were classified according to geometric criteria (strike, throw magnitude, dip, and dip direction). We showed that these normal faults are at the origin of a large-scale trend structure (surfaces tilted toward the north-east). At a smaller scale, the normal faults create a distinct compartmentalization of the reservoirs. Then, a model of the reservoir system architecture was built by geostatistical methods. An efficient methodology was developed, to estimate the bounding faulted surfaces of the reservoir units. Emphasis was placed on (i) elaborating a methodology for variogram interpretation and modeling, whereby the importance of each variogram component is assessed in terms of probably geologic factor controlling the behavior of each structure; (ii) integrating the relevant fault characteristics, which were deduced from the previous fault classification analysis, as constraints in the kriging estimation of bounding surfaces to best reflect the geologic structure of the study area. Finally, the estimated bounding surfaces together with seismic data and variogram interpretations were used to obtain further insights into the tectonic evolution of the study area that has induced the current reservoirs configuration.