取样扰动对土天然强度指标的影响和处理方法

通过对润杨大桥北锚碇粘性土和砂性土进行不固结不排水、等向固结不排水、K0固结不排水三轴剪切对比试验,探讨了土样扰动对土的天然强度指标的影响和恢复土样原始应力状态的预处理方法,并对直径不同取土器所取土样的强度指标进行了对比分析.     

石家庄地区某场地不同取样方法获取土样的对比分析

采取原状土样是工程勘察中的重要环节,不同的取样方法对土样质量的影响不同。一般认为竖井中采取的大块土样,是真正的原状样,钻孔中使用取土器采取的原状样存在不同程度的扰动。在钻孔中采用不同的取样方法,土样受到的扰动程度也不一样。笔者通过对钻孔两种方法获取的土样与竖井土样试验数据的对比发现,钻孔取样对土样有明显的扰动和压密作用,造成了土的干密度增大、孔隙比减小、渗透系数降低、压缩模量增大。同时发现,钻孔快速冲入取样质量略好于上部击入取样质量。为保证工程安全,对常规钻孔取样试验成果的使用应当慎重,对重要工程宜采用探坑、竖井取样,或采用双筒薄壁取土技术。     

取土器几何尺寸对饱和软黏土样结构的扰动研究

基于颗粒流软件模拟,以吹填淤泥为例,分析了取土器的内径、切角、壁厚等尺寸参数对高黏性软土微观动力学特性的影响;通过分层方法,比较了7组土样层间颗粒特征拐点的运动行为。模拟结果表明:土样的颗粒在底部形成对流位移场,对流处上方颗粒主要受拉膨胀,对流处下方颗粒主要受压收缩,由此造成孔隙率的规律变化和层理的弯曲变形。7组参数对应土样的孔隙率曲线与初始孔隙率曲线的交点同颗粒位移场的对流位置存在协同关系。土样层理表现为向下弯曲变形,层间颗粒位移行为存在特征拐点,拐点之间颗粒扰动行为不明显;反之,颗粒扰动行为较大,这种变形特征可拟合为下开口的旋转抛物面,且曲面方程的曲面形状拟合系数a值能初步评估7组土样的扰动程度。层间特征拐点的连线可再拟合为旋转抛物面,抛物面体积与土样体积的比值可用来评估土样的原状性。     

沿海软粘土取土质量的对比分析

本文在简要介绍固定活塞式薄壁取土器取土技术基础上，详尽分析了在连云港、赤湾港和广深路所进行的软粘土取土技术对比试验结果。试验结果表明，土样扰动对于室内所测定的力学性指标影响极大，但对物理性指标影响不大。研究结果还有力地证明，只要操作正确，采用薄壁取土器能取得高质量土样，而采用敞口式厚壁取土器取出的土样扰动较大。     

取土扰动对软粘土不排水强度的影响

研究表明，取土扰动软粘土的室内试验结果有显著的影响，从而影响到工程设计的经济性和合理性，本文首先分析了土样扰动的影响因素，着重总结了取土扰动对软粘土土样不排水强度和残余有效应力的影响的研究成果。并指出，深入进行取土扰动影响的研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

受冲击荷载作用土体变形的有限元研究

把土当作一种弹塑性材料,把钻头冲击土体的过程抽象为一个半无限体在圆环面积上受均布力作用的问题,建立合理的计算模型,采用ANSYS有限元分析中瞬时动态动力学分析来模拟分析土体冲击变形过程,探讨在钻头结构一定、输出一定的冲击功的条件下,其所能切入土层的深度和钻头对柱状土心的扰动情况。经分析得出,土体轴向压缩量在钻头底唇面处最大,在土样中心部位最小;钻头内外壁和土层接触处土中的密塞斯应力几乎是突变的,而应力在土样中几乎都保持在最小值的水平;冲击对土样的扰动只是在一个很小的范围内。     

高质量连续取土技术研究

简要介绍了国内常规的取土技术。阐述了土样扰动对工程设计的经济性和合理性的影响,介绍了高质量连续性取土器的构成及其取样过程中的特点,即适用土层类型广可以获取粉细砂原状样。通过室内模拟试验,根据土体的变形、贯入力的变化以及孔隙水压力的比较分析进行研究,结果表明,连续性取土器能获取高质量的土样,效率较高,可以成为地层调查的重要工具。     

上海暗绿色粉质粘土力学特性的试验与理论研究

上海暗绿色粉质粘土是桩基础的持力层,对这层土力学特性的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.文章通过三轴固结不排水剪切试验对上海暗绿色粉质粘土进行试验研究,得到在不同围压下暗绿色粉质粘土的轴向应力、轴向应变和孔隙水压力等参数之间的关系,以及土样的破坏形态;在扰动状态概念理论的基础上,建立饱和软粘土的扰动状态概念本构模型,并利用有关试验的结果检验提出的本构模型.研究表明,基于扰动状态概念的本构模型能较好地描述该土层的力学特性.     

不同取样直径下软土物理力学特性室内对比试验分析

以宁波市轨道交通4号线岩土工程勘察项目为依托,采用软土地区目前普遍使用的敞口薄壁取土器,对两种不同直径取样器（75、100 mm）下采取的软土开展了室内对比试验。基于室内对比试验结果,分析了两种取样直径下软土物理力学性质指标取值的差异性及其产生机理;采用附加体积应变法对两种直径下土样的扰动程度进行了分析评价。结果表明：与直径100 mm的取土器相比,直径75 mm取土器获得的土样含水量、孔隙比有一定程度降低,降低幅度均为9%;密度、压缩模量及抗剪强度指标有一定幅度的增加,增加幅度2%～21%;土样的体积应变均值分别为6.4%、6.6%,扰动程度评价均为很大;大直径取土器获得的土样较小直径土样更接近于软土实际性状。     

考虑卸荷扰动的黏土蠕变特性试验研究

盾构施工过程中,由于盾尾建筑空隙的存在,土体会受到较大的卸荷扰动,尤其是对于结构性较强的黏土。通过卸荷拉力来模拟土体受到的卸荷扰动,进行排水剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明:卸荷拉力越大,土体的扰动程度增大,同级荷载作用下土样的变形越大,且加载压力较小时土样的变形属于稳定型蠕变,蠕变速率随着卸荷拉力的增大而增大,加载压力较大时土样的变形属于衰减型蠕变;与Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型进行比较,发现卸荷拉力较小土样Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型的计算值与试验值相比吻合较好,但当卸荷拉力较大时,模型计算值与实验值相比有较大的误差;修正了Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型的参数,提出考虑卸荷扰动的修正Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型,计算结果与试验数据在加载压力和卸荷拉力较大时吻合较好,对工程实际有一定的指导意义。     

冻融循环作用下土体结构演化规律及其工程性质改变机理

寒区工程被破坏的最主要原因之一就是冻融循环作用,冻融循环过程可导致土的工程性质发生较大的变化,进而导致寒区工程设施产生变形,甚至失稳。对冻融循环作用下土的结构、基本物理性质以及力学性质进行了分析和总结。研究发现：冻融循环作用后土颗粒之间的原有结构被破坏,从而形成新的结构,土中团粒会发生分裂和团聚作用,团粒粒径向均一性趋势发展,并且在不同的内部及外部条件下,土会产生不同的构造;冻融循环后,土的渗透性增大,塑性指数减小。松散土和密实土的密度以及孔隙比具有不同的变化趋势,并且可使无湿陷性的黄土状土中大孔隙增加并产生湿陷性。土的力学性质变化趋势不一,一方面这与土的构造变化直接相关,另一方面冻融循环试验方法的不同也是引起研究结果差异性较大的重要原因。因此,需要建立冻融循环作用下土工程性质变异性的判定方法、评价及预测体系,而这些也可能成为未来研究工作的方向。     

Discussion of ‘Soil creep effects on ground lateral deformation and pore water pressure under embankments’

Settlement analysis of field cases is normally studied based on parameters interpreted from laboratory samples influenced by varying degrees of sample disturbance. Such disturbance is more pronounced in natural soft clays and could significantly affect the engineering properties of the soil, e.g. the over consolidation ratio (OCR) and compressibility index (C_c). Hence, it is vital to understand the role of sample quality in relation to soil characterisation for long-term settlement analyses. In this work, this is numerically illustrated by use of a simple creep model along with realistic parameter selection. This work takes its starting point on critical discussion of the work presented by Fatahi et al. (2013) and uses the opportunity to further clarify some important aspects of settlement/creep analyses in light of sample quality and parameter interpretation valid for the corresponding constitutive model.     

不同挤压扰动下黏土的次固结特性研究

地基处理和盾构施工都会对土体产生挤压,破坏土体的原生结构和状态,引起土体的扰动,从而改变土体的次固结特性。通过不同预压荷载对土体产生不同程度的挤压扰动,进行分级加载压缩试验。试验结果表明：结构屈服应力随着预压荷载的增大逐渐增大;压缩指数在预压荷载小于结构屈服应力时相差不大,当预压荷载大于结构屈服应力时,压缩指数突然减小,且趋于稳定值;次固结系数随着荷载的增大呈现先增大后减小,再趋于稳定的变化趋势;随着扰动度的增加,次固结系数有所减小。同时,提出了次固结系数的计算模型,对多组试验数据的拟合表明,模型计算结果较好,具有较好的预测能力,对工后沉降的研究有一定的指导意义。     

Impact of lead contamination on the engineering properties of clayey soil

Clay liners are widely used as barriers to arrest the migration of pollutants. These liners are subjected to leaching of various chemicals and hazardous wastes. Migration of heavy metals through the liner material may lead to changes in the soil properties and this, in turn, may affect the performance of liners. In this paper, the change in index and engineering properties of clayey soil due to migration of lead is presented. Pronounced changes in soil properties are noticed when the soil is contaminated with high concentrations of lead. The findings from the present study are important while designing liners in landfills used for containment of pollution due to heavy metals and hazardous wastes.     

广东省韶关某黏质土坡滑坡治理方法

韶关地区某土坡土质吸水性强,暴雨后土的强度参数明显降低,导致大面积滑坡,滑动土体受到严重扰动。采用一般的卸载抗滑支护方法无法达到理想的治理效果。在滑坡抗滑段采用两排或多排钢花管钻孔桩进行压力注浆,桩周围的土体被加固,形成一个坚固的连续整体,起抗滑挡墙作用。同时结合特殊的坡面卸载和排水措施,恢复了滑坡的稳定状态。     

不同水泥土混合桩周围土体的扰动与强度恢复

针对由深层搅拌法或高压旋喷法施工的水泥土混合桩周围土体的扰动与强度恢复的问题,采用两种常用的施工法：高压旋喷混合法（简称旋喷法）和水泥浆搅拌混合法（简称湿法）,在日本有明黏土中施工以观测周围土体力学特性的变化。测试结果表明,水泥土混合桩周围土体的扰动程度与其施工方法有关;两种不同施工方法施工后周围土体的当日强度与原状土的强度之比分别是0.42（旋喷法）和0.68（湿法）,施工30 d后,旋喷法有44 %,湿法有40 %的初始强度得到恢复。结果亦表明周围土体模量恢复要慢于强度恢复的速度。     

水泥土搅拌桩施工扰动评价的一种方法

水泥土搅拌桩广泛应用于高速公路软土处理工程中,但是在工程实践中发现水泥土搅拌桩施工会对桩周土产生扰动使地基土强度降低从而导致路基路面产生开裂。水泥土搅拌桩这类非挤土桩其施工扰动方面研究比较少,为此展开水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动研究。围绕水泥土搅拌桩施工性状,采用圆孔扩张理论分析了施工过程中桩周土受力,采用Sekiguchi和Ohta（关口-太田）模型计算了桩周土体积应变,根据Hong和Onitsuka扰动度的定义得到了搅拌桩施工桩周土的扰动度变化。结果表明水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动随深度的增大和距桩边距离增大而减小,该分析结果与静力触探现场测试得到的锥尖阻力变化规律一致。     

Post-cropping change and dynamics in soil and vegetation properties after forest clearing: Example of the semi-arid Mikea Region (southwestern Madagascar)

This study concerns post-cultural dynamics in the semi-arid South-West of Madagascar (Analabo area, near the Mikea Forest). A synchronic comparison was performed on a set of abandoned fields plots aged from 2 to 30 years and on forest and savanna reference ecosystems, located on cambic arenosols developed from same Quaternary dune sands. The studied parameters concerned mainly a few physical and chemical soil properties (density, permeability, compaction, texture, C, N, K, P content). Important changes occur in the post-cultural succession: an increase of the soil density and compaction, and decrease of the soil upper layer permeability. Consequently, slash and burn cultivation leads to a packing and an induration of the soil surface. Results about edaphic indicators have shown that the physical parameters used better discriminate various stages of evolution than the chemical parameters do. The multivariate analysis of soil indicators shows that vegetative succession over 30 years in a forest ecosystem cleared, burnt, cultivated and left, does not lead to features corresponding to a closed-canopy forest but rather to those of a tree savanna with open, mixed woody-herbaceous vegetation. The primary dense dry deciduous regeneration of the primary forest is very low or nil. In the semi-arid SW Madagascar (Analabo region), post-cultural dynamics conditions consists in a savanna-formation process, controlled by: (1) the intensity and duration of the disturbance (during the cultivation phase); and (2) the more drastic environmental conditions (including both climate and soil).     

考虑扰动影响的土体小应变硬化模型参数试验研究及其在基坑工程中的应用

天然结构性土体容易受到各类施工扰动,导致土体物理力学性质改变,进而影响工程稳定、变形以及邻近环境。针对宁波两种典型土体,分别对原状土和轻、重扰动土以及重塑土开展了三轴试验及一维压缩试验,分析了扰动度对小应变硬化模型(HS-small model,简称HSS模型)主要参数的影响规律,并将其应用于宁波某基坑工程,利用Plaxis3D分析了考虑周边土体扰动影响的坑后土体水平位移变化。研究结果表明,扰动会使土体的强度及刚度参数降低。对于淤泥质黏土,轻扰动试样的参考切线模量E_oed^ref 、参考割线模量E₅₀^ref及参考加卸载模量E_ur^ref值分别降低14%、10%、2%,重扰动试样三参数分别降低43%、14%、15%,粉质黏土三参数也呈现相似降低趋势。在考虑土体扰动影响的情况下,基坑周边两个测斜孔的最大水平位移值分别增大13%、15%,更加接近实测值。研究结果可为小应变硬化模型的参数取值以及考虑扰动影响的基坑工程分析计算提供指导。     

A 2-year study of soil tillage and cattle manure application effects on soil fauna populations under Zea Mays cultivation, in western Iran (Sanandaj)

The absence of environmentally sensitive soil management systems can be considered as one of the major risks to sustainability of agricultural soils in Iran. Tillage is the most critical operation in soil management designed to achieve high crop yield, but it can adversely affect the soil fauna in several ways. In the present study, assessment of soil fauna was carried out in Western Iran in 2008 and 2009 in soil subjected to conventional (CT), minimum (MT) and no (NT)-tillage systems and amended with three levels of cattle manure (CM). Earthworm, mite, springtail and nematode populations were measured as indicators of macro, meso and micro fauna groups, respectively. Soil moisture and bulk density were also determined. Generally, low populations of soil fauna were observed consistent with expectations under similar conditions for this region. Earthworm populations were low and had a patchy distribution. Tillage and CM were found to have no effects on soil mites in both years. Soil springtails were reduced by soil tillage, indicating their sensivity to soil disturbance induced by tillage. In 2008, the nematode population was greater with application of 40 ton ha^?1 CM applications (113 N.100 g soil^?1). Soil tillage-induced disturbance reduced nematode population in 2009 (214 N.100 g soil^?1 at CT). Minimum seedbed preparation besides less soil disturbance makes MT a proper tillage system for Zea mays cultivation. Cattle manure application increased Z. mays’ biomass, but according to our results its annual application is not recommended. There were no changes in BD in both years. We conclude that in short-term studies, soil nematode populations are suitable biological indices (under similar soil and climatic conditions) for the ecological comparison of agricultural management systems in Iran.