2012年印尼8.6级地震应变地震波的Hilbert-Huang时频分析

本文通过端点效应压制的Hilbert-Huang变换, 对大同及沁源台布置的四分量钻孔应变仪记录的印尼8.6级地震激发的应变地震波形进行时频分析, 结果显示印尼8.6级地震的主震和8.2级余震的应变地震波序列各个震相具有不同的时频特征: ① 地震波到达之前的所谓“环境噪声”部分, 瞬时频率低, 瞬时振幅小; ② P波初至时, 高频成分突然增加, 振幅也随即增强; ③ S波到达时, 频率有所降低而振幅剧烈上升; ④ 面波到达时, 振幅进一步剧烈上升达到整个序列的极大值; ⑤ 尾波部分振幅逐渐降低, 但与噪声部分相比频率依然偏高, 振幅依然偏大。 本文也将应变地震波与地震仪记录的地震波进行对比, 虽然应变地震波与地震波波形和Fourier谱具有极高的相关系数, 但从Hilbert-Huang变换得到的边际谱上看, 应变地震波与地震波有显著的区别, 应变地震波比地震波记录的低频成分相对更多。 通过Hilbert谱, 有助于更好地了解非平稳信号的局部特征, 对于突变信号的地震波, Hilbert-Huang变换是一个较好的时频分析工具。     

基于波动方程的上下缆地震数据鬼波压制方法研究

本文发展基于波动方程的上下缆鬼波压制方法,推导了上下缆地震波场频率波数域波动方程延拓合并公式.基于Fourier变换的波场解析延拓确保上下缆资料振幅相位的一致性,消除了长拖缆远偏移距信号的计算误差,同时具有较高的计算效率;上下缆地震波场的波动方程法合并有效解偶鬼波干涉,实现综合利用上下缆地震数据压制鬼波.理论模型数据和实际采集地震数据的测试表明了方法的有效性.     

A real <Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis>-wave and its dependence on the presence of gas

Attenuation of seismic compression waves leads to the real existence of a fast P₁ wave in rocks which are fully saturated with dropping fluid and a slow P₂ wave in the rocks containing gas in their pores. This accounts for the seismic blanking zones below the gas horizons for the P₁ waves. Oscillations of gaseous inclusions ensure the energy transfer to the dominant frequencies which are different for the cases of passive seismic (few Hz) and active source seismic (10–20 Hz). The intervals of dominant frequencies are determined from the negative attenuation of these low-frequency waves. According to the observations and the suggested equation, random noise amplifies the signal at these frequencies. Thus, the P₂ waves at the dominant frequency of the active source seismics are applicable for elaborating on the details of the saturation of the production layer by hydrocarbons. The relation to the AVO method (Amplitude Variation with Offset) and dilatancy effect during the preparation of an earthquake is noted.     

Diffraction separation by plane-wave prediction filtering

Seismic data processing typically deals with seismic wave reflections and neglects wave diffraction that affect the resolution. As a general rule, wave diffractions are treated as noise in seismic data processing. However, wave diffractions generally originate from geological structures, such as fractures, karst caves, and faults. The wave diffraction energy is much weaker than that of the reflections. Therefore, even if wave diffractions can be traced back to their origin, their energy is masked by that of the reflections. Separating and imaging diffractions and reflections can improve the imaging accuracy of diffractive targets. Based on the geometrical differences between reflections and diffractions on the plane-wave record; that is, reflections are quasi-linear and diffractions are quasi-hyperbolic, we use plane-wave prediction filtering to separate the wave diffractions. First, we estimate the local slope of the seismic event using planewave destruction filtering and, then, we predict and extract the wave reflections based on the local slope. Thus, we obtain the diffracted wavefield by directly subtracting the reflected wavefield from the entire wavefield. Finally, we image the diffracted wavefield and obtain high-resolution diffractive target results. 2D SEG salt model data suggest that the plane-wave prediction filtering eliminates the phase reversal in the plane-wave destruction filtering and maintains the original wavefield phase, improving the accuracy of imaging heterogeneous objects.     

强噪声环境条件下的浅层地震勘探方法研究

常规方法产生的地震记录难以在提高记录频率成分的同时提高记录的信噪比.而用Mini-Sosie方法产生的地震记录具有较宽的频率范围;同时,由于激发过程为一持续过程,可通过长时间持续激发产生的记录进行相关叠加后得到较强的信号,在持续激发的过程中,由于随机噪声在随地震波传播的过程相互干涉,可在很大程度上压制随机噪声,从而使得地震记录具有较高的信噪比,这可在一定程度上解决常规地震勘探中提高记录主频而降低记录信-噪比之间的矛盾.     

Frequency dependent polarization analysis of ambient seismic noise recorded at a broadband seismometer in the central United States

We present a new approach to polarization analysis of seismic noise recorded by three-component seismometers.It is based on statistical analysis of frequency-dependent particle motion properties determined from a large number of time windows via eigenanalysis of the 3-by-3,Hermitian,spectral covariance matrix.We applied the algorithm to continuous data recorded in 2009 by the seismic station SLM,located in central North America.A rich variety of noise sources was observed.At low frequencies (0.05 Hz) we observed a tilt-related signal that showed some elliptical motion in the horizontal plane.In the microseism band of 0.05-0.25 Hz,we observed Rayleigh energy arriving from the northeast,but with three distinct peaks instead of the classic single and double frequency peaks.At intermediate frequencies of 0.5-2.0 Hz,the noise was dominated by non-fundamental-mode Rayleigh energy,most likely P and Lg waves.At the highest frequencies (3 Hz),Rayleigh-type energy was again dominant in the form of Rg waves created by nearby cultural activities.Analysis of the time dependence of noise power shows that a frequency range of at least 0.02-1.0 Hz (much larger than the microseism band) is sensitive to annual,meteorologically induced sources of noise.     

地震勘探中相控阵震源的方向特性研究

电磁驱动式可控震源在城市浅层地震勘探中所面临的最突出的困难是微弱的反射信号常常淹没在很强的背景噪声之中.为了提高地震记录的信噪比,可以利用多台可控震源阵列实施相位控制形成定向地震波束以增强地震波的能量.本文讨论这种相控阵震源的波束形成机制.引入了地震波场的边际能量密度的概念,利用地震波场的时间切片技术,对模型空间各个方向上的能量强度进行了定量分析.用有限差分法对相控阵震源Chirp信号扫描的地震响应进行了数值模拟.当定向地震波束的汇聚带与观测排列的空间范围相一致时,相控阵震源合成地震记录的能量强度要显著高于单个可控震源情形的能量强度,波形振幅的均匀性要明显优于常规组合激发震源情形波形振幅的均匀性.     

基于小波分解的能量谱分析方法及其在汶川地震中的应用

利用小波分解将地震波分解成不同频带的小波分量,进而对地震波输入结构的总能量EI进行分解,得到能量在频域上的分布,这是一个有意义的结果。通过对各分量能量谱峰值的分析,可以从另一个方面得到地震波的频谱特性,能量谱峰值出现的结构固有周期与地震波傅里叶谱的卓越周期相同,也可以作为估算卓越周期的一种方法。     

Using the Wiener–Levinson algorithm to suppress ground-roll

In land seismic surveys, the seismic data are mostly contaminated by ground-roll noise, high amplitude and low frequency. Since the ground-roll is coherent with reflections and depends on the source, the spectral band of seismic signal and ground-roll always overlap, which can be clearly seen in the spectral domain. So, separating them in time or frequency domain commonly causes waveform distortions and information missing due to cut-off effects. Therefore, the combination of these factors leads to search for alternative filtering methods or processes. We applied the conventional Wiener–Levinson algorithm to extract ground-roll from the seismic data. Then, subtracting it from the seismic data arithmetically performs the ground-roll suppression. To set up the algorithm, linear or nonlinear sweep signals are used as reference noise trace. The frequencies needed in creating a reference noise trace using analytical sweep signal can be approximately estimated in spectral domain. The application of the proposed method based on redesigning of Wiener–Levinson algorithm differs from the usual frequency filtering techniques since the ground-roll is suppressed without cutting signal spectrum. The method is firstly tested on synthetics and then is applied to a shot data from the field. The result obtained from both synthetics and field data show that the ground-roll suppression in this way causes no waveform distortion and no reduction of frequency bandwidth of the data.     

新冠肺炎疫情对佘山与大洋山地震台背景噪声的影响

人类的生产生活产生的振动会以高频地震波的形式被地震台站所记录。2020年1月,新冠肺炎疫情爆发,为了应对此次疫情,各地政府分别启动应急响应,国内地震记录出现最长、最突出的人为地震降噪期。各地震台站背景噪声显著下降,在人口稠密及工业发达地区尤为明显。同时,静噪期为探测地下地震源的微弱信号提供了可能。静噪期内,佘山地震台2 Hz频点背景噪声功率谱密度值比平时降低10 dB,而大洋山地震台10 Hz频点背景噪声功率谱密度值较平时降低约5 dB;佘山地震台2—10 Hz以及大洋山地震台10 Hz以上频率的背景噪声受静噪期影响明显。结合地震台站所处位置分析,疫情期间佘山地震台附近人口流出较多,2—10 Hz频率的背景噪声变化明显;大洋山地震台背景噪声则受工厂、轮渡、高速汽车等影响较大,f ≥10 Hz的背景噪声变化显著,而频率在2—10 Hz则无明显变化,表明该台人口总数趋于平稳。地震噪声和人类活动之间的相关性表明,地震学研究可以提供实时人口动态估计。     

Shear wave velocity measurement during a standard penetration test

An experiment was carried out to develop a technique to measure shear wave velocity simultaneously with the standard penetration test popular in soil engineering. In the standard penetration test an impact at the bottom of a borehole is produced by weight dropping and may be expected to generate seismic waves. A three-component geophone was set on the ground surface near the borehole and the waves generated were recorded with a magnetic recorder at successive depths of the penetration test. The predominance of the SV wave obtained with this simple method was assured by measurement of the particle orbit. Signal amplitudes decrease with depth and become less than the noise level at a certain depth. Therefore records from deeper sources must be processed to disclose the shear waves. Since waveforms of SV events generated by blows of the penetration test at a given depth are very similar, the signal to noise ratio would be expected to be improved by a stack of wave trains. A paste-up of the radial component after stacking was compared with that before stacking and a refinement was clearly recognized. A vertical distribution of shear wave velocity was obtained by reading the onset time at each depth. Shear wave velocities thus obtained were compared with N values from the standard penetration test and specific resistivities from electrical logging in the same borehole. The data were mutually consistent. This experiment showed that a convenient, precise shear wave velocity measurement can be conducted during the routine work of a standard penetration test.     

苏北测震台网地面和井下地震记录波形频谱分析

根据苏北测震台网地面台站和深井台站记录的地震波形资料,分析2009年10月以来台网附近 ML ≥2．8地震波频谱特性。分析可知：地面记录与井下记录的地震波频谱特性存在一定差异,地面记录地震波拐角频率较井下约大0．28 Hz,地震波峰值频率比井下约小0．22 Hz;对于ML ＞4．5地震,地面记录地震波的优势频率范围小于井下记录;地震矩和矩震级地面台站记录数值较大,差值分别为3．104×10^14 N·m 和0．32级。     

L'EGALISATION SPECTRALE: UN MOYEN D'AMELIORER LA QUALITE DES DONNEES SISMIQUES*

In land seismic surveys spectrum equalization can increase the quality of seismic data in a selected frequency band. The power of lower frequencies in the spectrum of input traces is generally greater than that of higher frequencies, particularly in land seismic surveys because of ground roll. In order to improve the quality of seismic data it is necessary to raise the energy of higher frequencies to the same level as that of lower frequencies, without alteration of the phases. The first step of the method is to compute the amplitude spectrum of each input trace to determine a weighting function which is then applied to the amplitude spectrum in order to balance it. The function is the inverse of the short wavelength variation of the amplitude spectrum. The short wavelength variation can be obtained by interpolation between average values of the modulus of the amplitude spectrum computed in narrow bands within a selected band of frequencies. Another way of obtaining the short wavelength variation is to apply a low-pass filter to the amplitude spectrum. The calculations are readily performed in the frequency domain by the Fourier transform. Spectrum equalization is automatically adjusted to each trace and does not modify the average amplitude in the time domain. However, as the frequency band and energy of the ground roll both vary according to the distance from the shot, spectrum equalization tends to make the spectrum of output traces independent of the offset distance. The use of spectrum equalization before any two-dimensional filtering improves ground roll elimination. Continuity and resolution of horizons are also increased by spectrum equalization before CDP stack. Several examples of applications of spectrum equalization to seismic land and marine surveys are shown.     

基于AR模型的相干函数有效频段范围的确定

目前人们在进行地震动相干函数模型参数的拟合时,选取的频段范围存在很大差异,而确定有效的频段范围对相干函数模型拟合结果的合理性很重要。本文利用AR模型(Autoregressive Model,自回归模型)计算地震动的功率谱,提出了根据功率谱"信噪比(SNR)"确定相干函数有效频段范围的方法。本文的信噪比中的"噪",专指AR模型中的激励白噪声,用于衡量AR模型中某一频率地震动功率谱与激励白噪声功率谱之间的比例。定义信噪比SNR=0时对应的频率为有效频段的最高频率,大于最高频率的频率成分,被当作是地震波中的随机成分,可以不考虑地震动的相关性。采用这一方法,对SMART-1第45次地震记录的不同台站间距下的地震波进行了功率谱估计,根据信噪比确定出了有效频段范围,并计算了相应的相干函数,结果表明此方法是可行的。     

基于快速傅里叶变换的地震波加速度构成及其幅频特性研究

根据2008年汶川M_S8.0地震广元曾家台(GYZJ)的强震记录,运用Matlab软件对东西向55—75 s的加速度时程进行快速傅里叶变换,得到有限复傅里叶系数,从而将离散的加速度记录转化为加速度随时间变化的函数表达式. 该表达式中包含了50组不同频率的正弦波和余弦波,由此确定了地震波加速度的主要构成. 经回归分析可知, 函数计算值与原始记录的相关系数R为0.9,拟合程度良好; 利用SeismoSignal软件对地震波加速度时程进行谱分析,结果表明在原来的波中频率约为2.8 Hz的谐振分量振幅最大且0—10 Hz这一频段的波最为丰富. 这一结果与函数表达式中频率与振幅的分布基本吻合, 为深入研究汶川地震的动力特性及其对山体动力效应的分析提供了重要的理论依据,具有广阔的应用前景.      

A new energy density calculation method for reservoir delineation using seismic low-frequency signal

In comparison to high-frequency signals, low-frequency seismic signals suffer less from scattering and intrinsic attenuation during wave propagation, penetrate deeper strata and thus can provide more energy information related to the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Based on the asymptotic representation for the frequency-dependent reflections in the fluid-saturated pore-elastic media, we first derive a novel equation of the reservoir energy density and present an efficient workflow to calculate the reservoir energy density using low-frequency seismic data. Then, within a low-frequency range (from 1 to 30 Hz), we construct an objective function to determine the optimal frequency, using the energy densities calculated from the post-stack seismic traces close to the wells. Next, we can calculate the reservoir energy density using the instantaneous spectra of optimal frequency at the low-frequency end of the seismic spectrum. Tests on examples for synthetic and field data demonstrate that the proposed reservoir energy density can produce high-quality images for the fluid-saturated reservoirs, and it produces less background artefacts caused by elastic layers. This method provides a new way to detect the location of hydrocarbon reservoirs and characterize their spatial distribution.     

金属矿山地地区地震勘探随机噪声的波动方程模拟

消减随机噪声是目前陆地地震勘探数据处理的关键问题之一,分析随机噪声的产生机制及特征是对其进行有效压制的先决条件.本文针对中国南方山地金属矿区的勘探环境,根据随机噪声中包含的自然噪声和人文噪声的发声机理分别确定其噪声源函数,以波动方程作为噪声传播模型对山地地区随机噪声进行建模,将随机噪声作为一个综合波场,并且与实际噪声记录进行比较.随机噪声记录作为时空域的二维随机过程,分别对模拟噪声和实际噪声记录的时间域波形(振动图)特征包括频谱、功率谱密度,相空间轨迹图,统计量特征(能量分布,累积分布,均值,方差,峰度,偏度),和空间域波形(波剖面)特征包括波数谱和统计量特征进行比较,对比结果显示在时空域模拟噪声和实际噪声都有基本相同的性质,证明了本文对随机噪声模拟方法的可行性,为进一步研究随机噪声时空域传播特性以及噪声消除奠定理论基础.     

首都圈地区爆破、矿塌和天然地震的识别研究

选取首都圈地区2008年8月——2009年9月ML在2.0——2.2范围内的爆破、矿塌和天然地震数据资料,从时间域和频率域进行分析对比,总结出识别爆破、矿塌和天然地震的依据．在时域方面,爆破的初动方向向上,矿塌向下,天然地震的初动方向依赖于台站的分布情况;爆破和矿塌的面波比较发育;天然地震的S波与P波最大振幅比(AS/AP)大于爆破和矿塌,同时,爆破和矿塌的能量衰减比天然地震快．在频域方面,高频成分的能量衰减快于低频;天然地震的拐角频率较高,爆破次之,矿塌的最小;在震中距200 km范围内,爆破的顶峰频率主要分布在5——7 Hz,矿塌分布在2——4 Hz,天然地震的顶峰频率较大,在10——18 Hz范围内.另外,天然地震的频率域较宽,其次为爆破、矿塌．      

基于希尔伯特-黄变换的汶川地震记录分析

利用HHT方法对6个台站的汶川8.0级地震加速度记录进行EMD分解,进而对地震波输入结构的总能量进行分解,得到地震动能量在IMF分量之间的分布关系。同时通过对各分量边际能量谱的分析,可以从另一方面得到地震波的频谱特性,边际能量谱峰值频率与地震波傅立叶谱的卓越频率相同,边际能量谱也可以作为一种估算震动卓越周期的方法。     

用于深度域地震剖面衰减与频散补偿的反Q滤波方法

根据地震波在非弹性介质中的传播规律，本文提出了一种在深度域地震剖面进行反Q滤波的新方法. 在深度域的Q滤波算子符合地震波在衰减介质中的传播规律，不仅考虑了介质吸收对地震波振幅的影响，而且还保证了所造成的波形畸变满足因果规律，即地震体波具有某种频散性质. 利用该方法处理了2条总长度约60km的某浅海地区叠后深度偏移地震剖面. 合成记录剖面的正演和反演计算结果表明，在对地震剖面进行深度域反Q滤波之后 ，不仅达到了压缩中、深部目的层子波宽度提高分辨率和信噪比的目的，而且保持了原始地震剖面的整体形态和能量分布.