Re-placing the Pilbara's mining unions

This paper examines the attempt by mining management in Western Australia's Pilbara to replace mining unions—quite literally—by removing them from the processes of representation and bargaining. It analyses the way in which those unions have tried to re-place themselves, in the senses of transforming themselves in those spaces in which they were already operating and reviving themselves where they were not. Where unionists have succeeded in these engagements, it has been by working at a range of geographical scales, using the ‘power of place’ in the Pilbara and reshaping traditional geographies of union organisation. It is suggested here that many of these emergent outcomes are the result of the embeddedness of geographically specific historical structures along with new intersections of nationally and locally scaled labour politics.     

地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究进展与展望

本文依托国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于地方创业视角的产业集群转型机制研究——以珠江三角洲为例”,采用个人—组织—外部环境交互反馈的分析框架,从产业集群促进地方创业产生和发展的环境,以及地方创业主体战略促进集群转型两个方面,梳理现有关于地方创业与集群发展的互动关系的成果。主要研究成果为：就地方创业的孵化而言,集群内成功创业家正面的示范效应是促进创业意愿产生的主要因素,而个人在集群内商业网络的社会根植程度能促进潜在创业家对原所在集群的区位偏好,从而促进创业活动的本地化发展。就地方创业的成长而言,应该关注集群内组织生态结构和创业生态系统环境,以及新创企业成立后与本地母体企业的动态组织联系。同时,地方创业主体也是产业集群的积极塑造者。以珠江三角洲为例的研究表明,在核心城市(广州)的成熟集群内,新一代创业企业通过自主区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次;而在边缘城市(揭阳),本地企业的制度创业行为是集群升级的重要途径,本地创业家通过多地理尺度的认同反馈战略,吸引外部资源并构建跨地方的合作网络。最后对地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究内容和方法进行展望。     

The environmental impact of small-scale gold mining in Ghana: identifying problems and possible solutions

This paper examines the environmental impacts of small-scale gold mining in Ghana, and prescribes a series of recommendations for improving environmental performance in the industry. Since the enactment of the Small Scale Gold Mining Law in 1989, which effectively legalized small-scale gold mining in the country, industrial operations, collectively, have made important contributions to national gold output, foreign exchange earnings and employment. Accompanying this pattern of socio-economic growth, however, have been increased environmental complications – namely, mercury pollution and land degradation. The Ghanaian Minerals Commission has been burdened with most of the jurisdictional responsibilities related to small-scale mining, but with a staff of only 35–40 people working with a pool of highly obsolete research resources, it is clearly incapable of facilitating sufficient environmental improvement on its own. It is concluded that marked environmental improvements can only be achieved if: (1) assistance is provided to the Minerals Commission from local governmental bodies and academic units; (2) industry-specific environmental management tools and strategies are designed and implemented; (3) concerted effort is made to prospect for deposits suitable for small-scale gold mining, a key to preventing unnecessary exploration; and (4) a nation-wide industrial mercury study is commissioned, and a mercury retorting programme is implemented.     

无锡城市制造业企业区位调整与苏南模式重组

苏南地域广阔,区域和城市发展路径多样。较多研究关注全球化背景下国家和省级开发区发展带来的苏南模式创新,但是城市化对苏南模式重组影响同样值得关注。基于企业数据的空间分析以及企业访谈和问卷调查资料,从制造业企业进入和退出的角度,考察无锡市南长区在从乡镇企业典型发育地区(郊区)转变为城区过程中的产业升级和空间格局调整过程。研究表明:南长区制造业经历了产权重组、结构重组和空间重组三个过程,呈现出中小高新技术企业为主、空间上高度集中等城市化特征。政府表现出明显的"企业化"倾向,与传统苏南模式中直接介入企业经营不同,地方政府通过规划调控以及开发区建设、税收等金融刺激政策和措施影响企业区位行为,从而推动城市产业结构的转型升级和空间再集聚。     

Another Typical Day in this Typical Town: place as inspiration for music creation and creative expression

Geographically isolated within its own State as well as from the rest of the country, and with the highest percentage of metropolitan primacy of all Australian States, Perth is a city somewhat uncomfortable with its creative and cultural identity. The city is physically peripheral to networks in the arts and creative industries that operate at the national level. And, symbolically, many in Perth’s cultural sector feel a sense of isolation. Yet, in certain cultural sectors, such as music, Perth demonstrably punches above its weight, consistently generating high-quality cultural exports. This paper unpicks this curious juxtaposition. It examines the influence of Perth—as a geographical location and a site of creative inspiration—on the music created and disseminated by local contemporary musicians who write and perform their own indie pop/rock music. I discuss the nuanced relationship between creative clustering and place, drawing on theories regarding the relationship between music and place, the notion of the music scenes and creativity and creative practices. I explore how living in Perth, a geographically isolated city, with a highly concentrated population and associated music sector, influences creative expressions, desires and inspirations, for a select group of local indie pop/rock musicians who achieved national and international notoriety with their music in the late 1990s and 2000s. Navigating isolation but nevertheless energised by strong social connections and scene participation, Perth musicians catalysed creativity in ways that contribute to evolving debates on the links between place, creativity and music.     

Marxism, Sarcasm, Ethnography: Geographical Fieldnotes from South India

This paper addresses questions of ethnography in geographic fieldwork through research conducted on globalisation and work in Tiruppur, an industrial boomtown in South India. During the last two decades of the twentieth century, Tiruppur town in western Tamilnad State became India's centrepiece in the export of garments made of knitted cloth. This industrial boom has been organised through networks of small firms integrated through intricate subcontracting arrangements controlled by local capital of Gounders from modest agrarian and working‐class origins. In effect, the whole town works like a decentralised factory for the global economy, but with local capital of peasant‐worker origins at the helm. My research explores the historical geographic trajectories linking agrarian and industrial work, and the ways in which these histories are used in the present. In these uses of the past in remaking self and place, I interrogate the self‐presentations of Tiruppur's entrepreneurs, as these “self‐made men” hinge their retrospective narratives of class mobility and industrial success on their propensity to “toil”. This paper explores questions of ethnographic method emerging from a political‐economic context in which globalisation has worked by turning “toil” into capital.     

Contesting ‘Local’ Commemoration of the Second World War: the case of the Changi Chapel and Museum in Singapore

This paper concerns the performance of national war memory at the Changi Chapel and Museum, a site honouring the many prisoners interned in Japanese-Occupied Singapore—especially at Changi—during the Second World War. In the light of the global nature of ‘the Changi story’, and the predominantly transnational nature of its present in situ memorialisation, we first examine how the Singapore state has sought to ‘localise’ the site to make it equally appealing to Singaporeans, as a place where a sense of their ‘shared history’ may be invoked. We then explore the Singaporeans' views about the site and its reconfiguration as a national icon, arguing how the state's task of ‘localising’ the site has been a vexed process due to myriad factors such as ethnic and religious plurality, and the already foreign-centric bias of prevailing knowledge about Changi. Following that, we show how this performance of national memory is also inflected by Australia's national remembrance of the same event. More broadly, we highlight the contested process of ‘localising’ such war memoryscapes as national iconography, suggesting how it may be more fruitful to conceive them as ‘international memoryscapes’, or places to which all individuals can relate regardless of race or national affiliations.     

State territorialization,neoliberal governmentality: the remaking of Dafen oil painting village,Shenzhen, China

ABSTRACT

After being showcased during Shanghai EXPO2010, Dafen village has been put forward as an example of “best practice” governance that has transformed a backward urban village into an art cluster. Behind this glorified image is a continuously re-constructed social landscape. In this study, we adopt the approach of state territorialization, drawing insights from the Foucauldian concept of governmentality as disposition of things—in particular people and their relations to land. At issue here is how the dynamic process of territorialization, combined with the Chinese version of moral citizenship, serves the remaking of subjects, landscape, and their relations. In Dafen village, the experiment of fabricating conditioned welfare within China’s welfare system conjures up a new hukou arrangement and new forms of inclusion and exclusion. By exercising the technology of self-regulation, the state seeks temporal and fragile alignments with selected social groups. The outcomes are contingent and frequently take the form of new configurations of power.     

改革开放40 a来新疆土地覆被变化的空间格局与特征

改革开放40 a以来,新疆土地利用和地表覆被发生了巨大变化,在产生巨大社会经济效益的同时,也产生了许多生态与环境问题。为了给未来新疆土地利用、水资源开发及社会经济可持续发展国土空间规划提供依据,通过采用分区分层的决策树方法和向量相似度的变化检测方法,完成了新疆2015年、2010年、2000年、1990年、1975年的土地覆被1∶100 000矢量数据集,准确反演了过去40 a（改革开放40 a）来新疆地表覆被变化过程,分析了新疆土地覆被变化与国家改革开放政策相互关系,从垦荒（1975—1990年）、农业资源开发（1990—2000年）、西部大开发（2000—2010年）、对口援疆（2010—2015年）4个阶段,阐述了国家政策力度和导向对土地覆被变化的影响。分析表明：新疆土地覆被变化由耕地开垦、人工表面增长的高速发展模式开始向兼顾生态文明建设的可持续发展方向转型,各主要地类的变化也由急剧发展转向基本可控。近40 a新疆耕地面积增加了128%（50 414.02 km²）,新增耕地依照水土资源配置特征,遵循空间规律分布;人工表面（建设、交通、工矿用地）面积增加了197%（7 497.11 km²）,在2000年后增速明显,2010年后南疆增加幅度很大;1990年前林地面积呈现减少趋势,1990年后呈增加的态势,新增林地广泛分布在全疆天然林封育保护范围和天保工程实施区内;湿地1990年前面积减少明显,1990—2000年保持稳定,2000年后呈增加趋势;草地和其他类型的面积呈现持续减少态势。     

The Permeable City: Toronto's Spatial Shift at the Turn of the Millennium

This article presents an analysis of the relationship between urban governance restructuring, and global, national, and local action through a case study of the Toronto city‐region. The Toronto city‐region recently underwent a massive reorganization of its governance structures, functions, and jurisdictional boundaries. This restructuring raises questions about why these changes occurred at this particular juncture in the region's history. Why did the city that had always been known in the academic and political discourse as the “city that works” stop “working”? What global and national forces might have accounted for such a radical restructuring? And what did local action contribute? These questions are explored in both historical and contemporary contexts by drawing on insights from regulation theory, urban regime theory, and an analysis of Canada's changing fiscal federalism. This approach informs the role that institutions — regardless of their origin or territorial scope — play in sustaining a local accumulation system, and how this “local” accumulation grounds a national regulatory mode and regime of accumulation. The approach also explores the relationship between regime and regulation theories in the context of policy formation and institution building. The study concludes that the current policy set is incapable of resolving the region's crisis tendencies. Notwithstanding external forces, the current policy set is not inevitable. Globalization does not predetermine all spatial‐economic outcomes.     

国内价值链构建下地方产业集群升级机理研究

承接产业转移是广大中西部地区的重大发展机遇。在分析全球价值链(GVC)的基础上,立足于我国经济梯度,提出了构建国内价值链(NVC)的基本思路。根据劳动力、资源、市场和区位等不同要素,明确了国内价值链主要划分为生产者驱动价值链、购买者驱动价值链、原材料驱动价值链和混合驱动价值链4种形式,重点分析了在不同价值链下地方产业集群升级的重点和方向,提出了不同的地方产业集群升级模式和内在机理。     

Refashioning place and new-build gentrification: The material and symbolic redevelopment of Three Kings,Auckland

Auckland's post-suburban landscape is associated with new mixed-use apartment developments. When located in former industrial sites, these emergent residential and retail spaces constitute new-build gentrification and carry the potential to rupture existing people/place dynamics. This article examines material and socio-cultural processes associated with the redevelopment of an industrial quarry in Three Kings, Auckland. It is argued that the redevelopment constitutes a physical refashioning of a former industrial space located within a traditional working-class community. The development involves a remaking of the material and socio-cultural fabric of the neighbourhood and aligns with new-build gentrification practices.     

区域旅游竞合研究进展

旅游业的激烈竞争态势使区域旅游空间关系研究成为国内外旅游地理学的研究重点,其中竞争与合作是研究旅游区域之间空间关系最重要的两方面。回顾国内外相关文献,从旅游资源、旅游需求、旅游地形象定位与市场营销、旅游者信息查询行为、知识创新、网络联系与旅游地竞争力、特定旅游目的地的竞争力6方面对区域旅游空间竞争进行综述。目前区域旅游合作研究的热点主要集中在利益主体、企业之间的合作、公共与私有部门的合作以及旅游业与其他关联行业之间的合作等方面。多数研究是单纯对空间竞争或空间合作关系的探讨,而实际上旅游区域之间是竞争与合作并存的空间竞合关系。与近年来区域竞争力、产业竞争力和产业集群等研究热点相比较,国内外关于旅游产业竞争力、旅游区域竞争力和旅游企业集群的研究刚刚起步,对旅游区域之间空间竞合的模式、区域旅游竞合的深层机制和区域旅游空间作用过程的研究则更少,亟待深入探索。     

新疆宏观经济布局与水战略

21世纪新疆在国家宏观经济发展布局中,将会发挥越来越重要的作用。从国家层面,把新疆定位为“东联西出,向西开放的物流大通道和国家能源、资源陆上安全大通道”;从区内自身发展的层面,把宏观经济布局积极调整到“走适合区情的新型工业化道路,充分发挥资源优势,并努力将资源优势转化为经济优势。大力推进棉花、粮食、特色林果和畜产品四大基地建设。通过新型工业化带动农业产业化,推进城镇化,以城带乡,富裕农民”。本文围绕新疆宏观经济布局及其对水资源支撑保障要求,分析了水资源的分布特征,以及存在的主要水问题,从宏观、中观和微观三个层次,提出了基于可持续利用的水资源合理配置方略,同时,系统地提出了生态环境需水量以及重点流域和区域的生态环境保护目标。     

Between the Centre and the Periphery: the development of port trade in Darwin,Australia

Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory, is a port city located in Australia's Top End and facing Southeast Asia. The distance from Darwin to Australia's main economic centres of Sydney and Melbourne is almost the same as to Singapore. This central geographical location has inspired the development of the Port and the City of Darwin from time to time while being held back by its remoteness, and especially the lack of an efficient railway link to Australia's major southern centres. The Port of Darwin has been redeveloped with the vision of repositioning the City of Darwin as Australia's gateway to Asia which it was expected to achieve with the completion of the transcontinental railway link from Adelaide to Darwin. This paper analyses trade and cargo movements for the Port of Darwin between 2000 and 2009—5 years for each period before and after the availability of intermodal transport—and examines the processes by which transformation of the gateway is actually occurring. The evidence to date, however, suggests that the landbridge development has had little material effect in terms of trans-shipments and throughputs for the Port of Darwin. The volume of container trade and interstate export and import cargo that passes through the port has in fact declined since the availability of the transcontinental railway in 2005.     

边境城镇的产业演化及其机制研究

边境地区是我国的安全屏障和对外交流的门户,其产业演化深受地缘政治、国家和区域政策、当地发展条件等多元要素影响,嵌套于多尺度的社会经济发展框架中。在“一带一路”建设的背景下,边境地区的产业演化研究有着重要意义。本文将“一带一路”的重要节点边境城镇——云南省勐腊县作为案例区域,在进行实地调研和深入访谈的基础上,利用演化图谱、相关分析等方法,剖析了勐腊县的典型产业演化过程及多尺度要素作用下的产业结构演化机制。研究表明：勐腊县的橡胶、制糖和旅游三大典型产业均经历了萌芽、快速发展到成熟的过程;勐腊县作为边境县,产业发展大致可以分为起步、集聚和整合三个阶段;产业的演化受到了全球化进程、国家间关系、地缘政治博弈、国家开发政策、区域发展政策等多尺度因素的影响。随着“一带一路”中国—中南半岛经济走廊建设进一步提速,勐腊县获得了边境合作区、国家重点开发开放试验区等众多跨境合作发展新动能,迸发出新的活力。     

东北地区民营经济发展路径及空间组织形式

东北老工业基地的改造和振兴,国有企业的改制、改组和改造,激活地方经济,资源型城市和地区结构转型和发展接续产业,实现社会公平等,都离不开民营经济的发展和积极参与,发展民营经济也是解决“东北现象”和“新东北现象”的根本途径。文章通过对东北老工业基地民营经济发展特点和现状的阐述,以及对该地区发展民营经济优势条件的分析,提出了民营经济发展战略及其指导下的发展民营经济的地域组织形式和路径。     

Placing Geography's Institutions into Geographic Pedagogy: Colearning and Coproduction of Knowledge as Strategy to Do Geography Differently

This article discusses New Zealand geography's recent engagement in institutional regeneration that is aimed at redeveloping the knowledge claims its geography community can make. This engagement has led to new levels of understanding among many New Zealand geographers of colearning and coproduction of knowledge as geographic processes involving knowledge, power, and authority relations. The article briefly outlines two linked trajectories: those relating to the gradual recognition of institutional collapse, and the commitment to remaking a new and generative institutional framework, and the uptake of ideas from international geography that helped with prioritizing revisioning and institutional regeneration. Lessons from New Zealand geography's sobering institutional experiences and new efforts at collective learning and activity to extend the spheres of geography's action are salutary for international geography.     

Mining History: Mobilizing The Past In Struggles Over Mineral Extraction In Peru

This paper examines how the past is constructed and mobilized within contemporary Peruvian mining politics. Beginning with an exploration of tensions existing within the mining industry's relationship to its history, I analyze how mining proponents have sought to both naturalize today's mining expansion by locating it within a national history of extraction, while also working to break free from certain negative aspects of the industry's past. The paper then examines how the past is remembered and invoked within the context of on‐the‐ground struggles at a large‐scale gold mine in the region of Ancash. I address the contradictory ways in which local history is constructed in these struggles and document how memories of past experiences with mining inform how area residents understand and critique the “new” mining economy. This paper underscores the need to understand the complicated, selective, and often‐contradictory ways in which the past is made present in extractive industry conflicts.     

中国商品贸易结构不均衡性对地缘经济格局的影响

从国家对外经济联系中不同产业和产品结构的进出口贸易视角,考察中国^①（① 由于数据限制,本文研究区域为中国大陆地区,不包括港澳台地区。）地缘经济格局特征与影响。研究表明,中国商品贸易的总体态势是资源产品进口对富含能源国家的高依赖及工业制成品净出口对国际市场的强需求的不均衡特征;空间上则表现出国别、地区和方式较为单一且相对稳定,这可能会导致中国地缘经济与其他国家关联强度有一定的倾向性。集成资源产品进口和工业制成品进出口多指标显示,以工业制成品进出口为主的外向经济是影响中国当前地缘经济格局最主要的因素,而资源产品进口则次于工业制成品的作用,且石油和铁矿的作用高于天然气;在空间上形成了以重点经济发达国家与其外围周边国家为重点面域,联合重点能源国家为扩展的“面-点”地缘经济格局,中国进出口贸易地区大致形成了由近及远的多圈层结构,且关联度较低的国家镶嵌其中而表现出破碎化的特征。这一格局昭示未来一段时间中国地缘局势总体稳定,但受诸多不可控因素的影响,积极开辟和寻求多元化的地缘经济空间是有效应对对外经济联系突发事件的重要途径。