Neoliberalism, climate governance and the scalar politics of EU emissions trading

The neoliberalisation of international climate policy through devices such as emissions trading has led to a significant restructuring of governance competencies between supranational, national and non-state actors. This article explores the implications of this restructuring for the scalar politics of climate governance by examining the European Union emissions trading scheme, the world's largest multi-state carbon-trading scheme. Analysis shows that although the member states were prepared to accede to a common legal framework for emissions trading, its implementation has been characterised by intense sovereignty disputes over emissions allowances. The article concludes by reflecting on the scalar politics of international climate governance in an unevenly regulated and competitive world.     

Resource economies and neoliberal experimentation: the reform of industry and community in rural British Columbia

This paper argues that the current literature on neoliberalism in advanced capitalist societies has concentrated primarily on urban issues, and has thus failed to see resource economies and regions as theoretically significant sites of neoliberal reform. Using research from British Columbia, Canada, we argue that resource regions are often targets of intense neoliberal experimentation. The neoliberal project in British Columbia involves an extreme shift in state policy from a strong Fordist-Keynesian programme to recent efforts to 'liberate' corporate actors from non-market social and spatial obligations (to environment, labour and community). We argue that such policy shifts have exceptional consequences in resource regions due to strong and direct state influence in corporate-resource and community-level economies. We draw several theoretical lessons from this research for the mainstream literature on neoliberal reform.     

Leisure and community assessments: Emotional place relations among young teenagers in a Norwegian industrial stronghold

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the article is to explore the role of participation in organized leisure activities in young teenagers’ emotional place relations. Data from a survey of students in lower secondary schools were analysed using multivariate linear regression models to address the research questions concerning whether participation in organized leisure activities was associated with more positive community assessments in youths in line with early Nordic welfare theory and the role played by socio-economic hardships and gender in the association. The results showed that for boys there were no indications of a general positive association between participation in organized leisure activities and community assessments, while for girls the association was modest. Students who experienced socio-economic hardships had more negative assessments of community compared with well-off students, even when they participated in organized leisure activities. The author discusses the results according to a welfare theory approach to emotional place relations, supplemented by other theoretical perspectives. From a theoretical perspective, the findings point to social exclusion and inclusion dynamics instead of early Nordic welfare theory approaches to leisure participation. The author concludes that gender, class and school relations are strongly associated with young teenagers’ emotional place relations.     

Regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil: Neoliberalism,leftist populism and modernist aesthetics in slum upgrading in Recife

This paper shows how regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil are produced by the entangling of neoliberalism, leftist populism and modernist visions. The paper focuses on Prometrópole, a slum upgrading project in Recife funded by the World Bank, which commenced in 2007. In this project, the neoliberal dimension manifests in the idea that the state, private companies and citizens together are responsible for (re)constructing urban space, and further, that beneficiaries should behave as autonomous citizens, taking responsibility for their new living environment. The leftist political dimension is seen in participatory procedures to involve the target population from project design through to implementation, in expectation of their cooperation with the government. The modernist aesthetics – of straight lines, open spaces and visible order – informs the project design with the requirement to use the new houses and public spaces according to the standards of ‘modern civilization’. As our research shows, such a regime of spatial ordering clashes with the livelihoods of the urban poor, whose quality of life might even deteriorate as a result of the intervention. Furthermore, so‐called participatory procedures fail to grant the target population any real influence in creating their environment. Consequently, these residents of the new housing estate drastically reconstruct their private and public areas, reappropriating the urban space and contesting the regime of spatial ordering imposed upon them.     

The Asian Development Bank and the production of poverty: Neoliberalism,technocratic modernization and land dispossession in the Greater Mekong Subregion

In 1992 the Asian Development Bank coordinated a meeting between government representatives from China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam to discuss regional economic integration. From that meeting the Greater Mekong Subregion was formed to promote peace and prosperity within the Mekong countries. Yet, despite more than more than USD 14 billion being spent on facilitating trade, development and infrastructural ties between these nations, poverty remains widespread. This article provides a critical analysis of the Asian Development Bank and its approach to development and poverty alleviation within the Greater Mekong Subregion. It suggests that the institution's technocratic neoliberal development ideology provides a discursive legitimation to processes of displacement and dispossession that has seen the production of new forms of poverty. To make this argument, the article draws on an ethnographic study of the local‐scale implications of forced resettlement at the Luang Prabang Airport. It conducts an analysis of how the Asian Development Bank defines and measures poverty, and critiques the institution's resettlement guidelines for the airport project.     

辽宁省能源效率与产业结构的空间特征及耦合关系

本文评价与分析了辽宁省14 个地级市能源效率的空间等级与结构特征,分别从DEA能源综合技术效率、单位GDP能耗及融合二者的能源利用效率三方面来进行研究。在对各地级市产业结构高级度、合理度、集中度测度与分析的基础上,采用耦合度评价模型总结了辽宁省能源效率与产业结构的耦合特征。研究结果表明：① 辽宁省各地级市能源效率差异显著,沈阳、大连、鞍山、锦州属于高能效地区,低能效高能耗地区集中在辽西北地区与抚顺、本溪等重工业城市;② 能源综合技术效率、单位GDP能耗、能源利用效率的高能效区域分别呈现“π 型”、“二字型”、“工字型”的空间结构特征;趋势分布面上,能源利用效率自东向西呈现先上升后下降的趋势,自北向南呈现先下降后上升的趋势;经济发展的双核结构特征等因素对能源效率空间格局的形成有重要影响;③ 产业结构高级化发展水平高的地区集中在辽东南沿海城市,产业结构合理度的空间分布呈现以沈阳、大连为两极的“工字型”特征,产业结构集中度高的城市主要分布在辽中南城市群;④ 全省能源效率与产业结构整体耦合度较低,沈阳大连两极高度耦合,产业结构高级度与能源效率的耦合度相对较高。     

The persistent water problems of Lima,Peru: Neoliberalism,institutional failures and social inequalities

The contingent relation between water governance and nature neoliberalization has defined most interventions in the water sector around the world in recent years. In the case of the Peruvian capital Lima, the provision of water and sanitation services in the last two decades has been the object of investments and institutional reforms strongly influenced by economic neoliberalism. This essay examines the evolution of these neoliberalizing tendencies, noting the internal disputes, necessary adjustments and underlying problems of water sufficiency in the metropolitan region. The empirical results suggest that, rather than a straightforward process, the neoliberalization of water in Lima has advanced according to political opportunities and technico‐operational constraints. The water reforms implemented in the 1990s – when the goal of privatization met political opposition – can be contrasted with the more recent phase in the 2000s, when more flexible mechanisms, such as public‐private partnerships, have facilitated public acceptance. Despite the renovation of the infrastructure, the modernization of the water sector has failed to address persistent water management problems, namely the discriminatory treatment of low income residents, the chaotic expansion of the metropolitan area and the risk of future water shortages.     

白银市资源型企业间关系的社会网络分析

利用社会网络分析的方法对白银市重点资源型工业企业在产品、副产品或废弃物方面的关系展开研究。研究的目的首先在于揭示白银市企业网络的基本特点,从而使得企业不是用偶然的外部联系这一短期机制来获取竞争能力,而是利用网络拓展其知识基础,达到整个网络的互利和共生;其次,为构建企业间合作环境管理网络甚至整个区域的可持续性网络提供进一步研究的基础。研究结果表明银市资源型企业间联系较为密切,个体间的联系以最终产品联系为主,区内企业对外依存度高,区外企业在企业网络中占据重要地位。     

Janus-Faced Linkages: Understanding External Actors in Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Southern Thailand

In community-based natural resource management, there is an emerging body of research on the work of external actors and their influence in community–resource interrelationships and community management decisions. Contributing to this research, this study examined the work of external actors using findings from semistructured interviews and participant observations conducted in Klong Prasong subdistrict, Krabi Province, Thailand, in mid-2014. The external actors, through Janus-faced linkages, are able to influence community–resource interrelationships and management approaches both positively and negatively. This case study also revealed university researchers, ecotourists, and private investors as non-conventional external actors. By influencing decision-making structures and environmental stewardship, external actors impact on the governance of a community natural resource.     

协同演化与集群成长——河南禹州钧瓷产业集群的案例分析

集群演化是经济地理研究的一个前沿方向,演化经济地理学和新生命周期理论可用于解释集群从形成、成长、成熟到衰退或再生的过程。与已有文献强调企业—产业—网络的协同演化不同,本文构建了以企业为核心的技术—制度—政府—市场协同演化的分析框架,通过对禹州钧瓷产业集群的案例分析,结果发现：① 集群的浮现与成长是一个多因素、多机制协同演化的过程,技术—制度—政府—市场的相互作用以及内在的路径依赖与路径创造、知识外溢与企业衍生、规模报酬与循环累积等机制,在集群发展的不同阶段发挥着各自不同但彼此协同的作用。② 以本地资源禀赋和历史文化传统为基础的制度—技术的协同,具有路径依赖机制,塑造了钧瓷产业发展的初始优势,是集群浮现和生命力维持的基础。③ 由政府主导的市场经济转型与国企改革等制度转型,通过企业衍生机制促成了民营钧瓷企业的兴起;而钧瓷消费市场扩大与新市场空间拓展所形成的市场规模效应,则为企业衍生和规模扩张提供了有效的需求;政府—市场的协同在循环累积机制作用下,形成了钧瓷生产规模与市场规模相互强化机制,促进了钧瓷产业集群的快速成长。④ 集群演化是路径依赖与路径创造相互制约又相互促进的复杂自适应过程,钧瓷烧制技术、工艺、釉料、产品和造型及功能创新成为企业生存和竞争力的根本来源,地方独特的产业氛围使知识外溢和路径创造成为钧瓷产业集群持续壮大的核心动力。     

地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究进展与展望

本文依托国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于地方创业视角的产业集群转型机制研究——以珠江三角洲为例”,采用个人—组织—外部环境交互反馈的分析框架,从产业集群促进地方创业产生和发展的环境,以及地方创业主体战略促进集群转型两个方面,梳理现有关于地方创业与集群发展的互动关系的成果。主要研究成果为：就地方创业的孵化而言,集群内成功创业家正面的示范效应是促进创业意愿产生的主要因素,而个人在集群内商业网络的社会根植程度能促进潜在创业家对原所在集群的区位偏好,从而促进创业活动的本地化发展。就地方创业的成长而言,应该关注集群内组织生态结构和创业生态系统环境,以及新创企业成立后与本地母体企业的动态组织联系。同时,地方创业主体也是产业集群的积极塑造者。以珠江三角洲为例的研究表明,在核心城市(广州)的成熟集群内,新一代创业企业通过自主区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次;而在边缘城市(揭阳),本地企业的制度创业行为是集群升级的重要途径,本地创业家通过多地理尺度的认同反馈战略,吸引外部资源并构建跨地方的合作网络。最后对地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究内容和方法进行展望。     

Public Targets,Private Choices: Urban Climate Governance in the Pacific Northwest

A survey of local governments participating in two urban climate change programs is presented to determine the mechanisms used to reach emissions reduction goals and the motivations for participation. Results support previous research that shows a preference for policies that rely on changes in individual behavior, while also providing new insights into how mitigation responsibilities are distributed among the public and private sector and the relative importance of scientific consensus, economic incentives, and federal inaction on local government justification for climate-related policies. The article concludes with a discussion of urban climate governance as part of a wider system of neoliberal climate governance.     

关中城市群工业分工协调及密集带规划研究

以关中城市群为研究区域,选取西安、咸阳、宝鸡、渭南、铜川5个地级市2010年统计年鉴中工业分行业产值数据,采用产业结构相似系数和产业区域同构系数的计算方法,对关中5个地级市工业行业相似程度和地区间产业同构程度进行测度分析,结果表明：关中城市群中13.9%的工业行业存在产业同构问题,36.1%的工业行业存在严重的产业同构问题。一级核心城市西安和二级核心城市宝鸡的工业产业同构程度较大（0.678）,不利于产业转移和产业链的延伸升级。咸阳和渭南、咸阳和铜川的工业同构程度也较大,不利于区域间产业分工和合作,需要进行协调整合。通过选用区位商、产业专门化率、产业比较劳动生产率作为指标,对关中5个地级市工业行业发展情况进行综合比较,得出各市综合优势工业产业,进一步确定各市工业产业重点发展方向。依照产业地理分布状况,结合各市产业专业化及关中专业化情况、产业规模和产业链条及产品分工,提出关中城市群应重点发展汽车生产制造、石油化工、纺织服装、机电装备、有色金属、医药制造、食品饮料烟草等七大工业密集带。产业密集带作为最有效的产业空间组织形式,可为关中城市群工业发展形成规模与集聚效应提供理论支持。     

汽车产业园区生态化模式研究与应用——以长春市汽车产业开发区为例

汽车产业属于资源和能源消耗型产业,作为长春市支柱产业的汽车产业在推动长春市经济发展的同时也引发了相应的环境问题,长春市汽车产业开发区是具有较高产业集聚度的汽车产业共生体,可以作为生态产业园区建设的良好载体,研究其生态化改造,对长春市汽车产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。因此综合国内外生态产业园区规划的方法与手段,基于长春汽车产业开发区现有的产业发展基础及资源回收与综合利用体系,通过生态链设计和系统集成对长春市汽车产业开发区生态化改造进行了总体框架设计,并在此基础上对生态功能划分、代谢分析和物质平衡核算以及空间布局进行了研究,最后在对园区建设的效益予以估算及评价的基础上提出生态产业园区未来发展可能存在的问题及初步的对策建议。     

粤港澳大湾区产业创新与产业优势融合的时空演化格局

粤港澳大湾区作为中国实施“双循环”战略、产业转型升级的先行区,将产业创新与产业优势有效融合才能实现产业的高质量发展。论文运用偏离—份额分析法、耦合协调度模型对粤港澳大湾区地级城市单元2000—2020年工业各行业的创新优势与产业优势的时空匹配关系进行研究,并重点关注了珠三角9市与港澳创新联系和产业优势的关系。研究发现：大湾区各城市创新的工业行业分布格局虽然不同,但均呈现向计算机通信和其他电子设备制造、仪器仪表制造等行业集中的趋势;同时各地市在计算机通信和其他电子设备制造、通用设备制造、专用设备制造、仪器仪表制造等行业具有产业优势,且与创新的融合度较高,但在交通运输设备制造、化学原料制品、纺织等优势行业的创新融合度较低;珠三角城市与港澳地区的创新联系不断加强,尤以广州、深圳两市的联系强度最高。最后,从促进大湾区融合创新、产创协同的角度提出政策建议。研究从实证角度为理解产业链创新链融合的空间和部门属性提供了理论与现实依据。     

Chinese overseas industrial parks in Southeast Asia: An examination of policy mobility from the perspective of embeddedness

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.     

合作伙伴关系视角下的海外园区政策移动性研究——以泰中罗勇工业园为例

政策移动性是国际政治地理学研究的经典理论。作为包容性全球化和“一带一路”倡议重要空间载体的海外园区,是检验政策移动性理论框架的新兴空间载体。本文以泰中罗勇工业园为例,以合作伙伴为切入点,检验政策移动性理论在海外园区的适用性,并强调海外园区的政策移动性是渐进发展的过程,关键角色的合作伙伴关系对于政策移动性起着重要作用。本文系统分析了泰中罗勇工业园的制度背景、主体合作伙伴,甄别出国家、地方政府、主导企业等关键角色的合作伙伴关系及其在税收、土地、人才等要素政策移动性过程中的机制。在此基础上,提出未来“一带一路”建设中海外园区可持续发展的政策建议。     

产业转移背景下广东省工业碳排放的驱动因素及碳转移分析

随着全球气候变暖,工业碳排放量持续增加已成为全球关注的热点,由于工业产业升级和转移所引起的碳排放空间重塑也成为低碳发展研究的新方向.本文综合运用碳排放量物料平衡法及结构分解模型,核算2001-2017年广东省城市工业各行业的碳排放量,揭示其时空格局演变规律,同时在产业转移背景下,分析工业碳排放变化的驱动因素以及碳转移格...     

Buenos Aires,capital of tango: tourism,redevelopment and the cultural politics of neoliberal urbanism

In this paper, I problematize the connections between global tourism, urban redevelopment and cultural policy in Buenos Aires. Market-oriented approaches to urban growth have continued after Argentina’s economic collapse of 2001–2002. Devaluation produced unprecedented international affordability, which triggered a tourism boom. City government capitalized on this through cultural initiatives. Yet tourist-oriented cultural entrepreneurialism promoted forms of disjointed redevelopment that exacerbate socio-spatial inequality and fragmentation. Moreover, Mayor Macri has been advancing a cultural politics of scale that recasts Buenos Aires as a world-class city, while mobilizing localist identities to oppose national efforts towards income redistribution and intercultural recognition. Particularly important have been the recent appropriations of tango as a cultural commodity. Deployed for city marketing and selective reinvestment, tango also emboldens Eurocentric narratives of cosmopolitan urbanity that legitimize racialized exclusion and geographical elitism. Concluding remarks suggest that socio-political uses of tango are not the exclusive domain of neoliberal urbanism, and research implications are discussed beyond Buenos Aires.     

Containment and counter-containment: planner/community relations in conservation planning

Critical analyses of public involvement in conservation projects in developing countries commonly point toward imbalances of power between project agencies and communities and the persistence of top-down patterns of decision-making. Taking an actor-oriented research approach, this paper probes beneath the surface patterns to analyse the complex socio-political mechanisms at work in the negotiating arena represented by public participation in project planning. The discussion is based on a case study of community involvement in the planning of protected areas in Belize. Detailed analysis of the power relations and tactical interactions between different actors in the negotiating arenas revealed that planner/community relations in the case study were dominated by a process identified as 'containment'. Containment refers to a strategic management of public involvement by the planning agencies, and it hinged on three fundamental social actions: avoidance of conflict; exclusion of dissent; and control over knowledge and procedure. Actions by local stakeholders that served to undermine containment constitute 'counter-containment'. The paper discusses these mechanisms in depth, before developing a comparative analytical framework of containment and counter-containment to help explain disparities in planning progress between different sites.