Contested geographical imaginings of reunification: A case study of urban change in Leipzig

Geopolitics and city restructuring are typically regarded as separate scales and processes: the international and national versus the local. The local politics of urban change in an east German city in the period after reunification question this divide. The ‘pathways’ approach to post-socialist transitions is utilized to illustrate how reunification is contested as much in neighbourhood restructuring and actions in response to incoming capital and the dominance of western legalpolitical norms as it is in national or international discourses and practices. Assumed divisions between East and West, professional and lay, and local and national are questioned.     

地方产业抵御经济危机的弹性影响因素——以电子信息产业为例

作为区域经济的重要载体,地方产业抵御经济危机的弹性影响机制却鲜少有研究且尚无定论。以电子信息产业为例,利用中国工业企业调查数据库,运用回归分析的法探讨了影响地方产业弹性的主要因素。研究发现：中国电子信息产业的经济弹性存在着地域差异;地方产业内企业的异质性、龙头企业的影响力、地方产业的开放性、动态性和业务结构对电子产业的经济弹性均有显著的正向影响。在中国现阶段的经济制度背景下,轮轴式的地方产业结构可能比小企业为主的产业区更能促进当地的产业弹性。地方政府在扶持地方产业发展的过程中,不仅要保持地方产业内企业的异质性、动态性和开放性,也要注重发挥龙头企业的带领作用。     

Towards a more sustainable process industry: A single case study of restructuring within the Eyde process industry cluster

ABSTRACT

Due to increased attention on environmental issues, industrial sustainable restructuring is high on the research agenda. The article adds to the literature through an analysis of a restructuring process within a Norwegian process industry cluster. By introducing an analytical framework combining the concepts of entrepreneurial discovery process and path dependency theory, the article offers a deeper understanding of the role of various types of actors in processes of restructuring. The authors categorise the actors as either firm-level entrepreneurs or system-level entrepreneurs on the basis of their motivation. While the former are motivated mainly by firm success, the latter find their motivation mainly in developing systemic factors. The analytical framework suggests a stepwise analysis of the restructuring, and in each step, the significance and interplay between the two types of entrepreneurs are discussed. Finally, the authors discuss the potential for new path development following from this process. The case study illustrates the important role of system-level entrepreneurs as facilitators and of firm-level entrepreneurs as utilisers of opportunities. The empirical case demonstrates that the two types of entrepreneurs are highly interactive throughout the restructuring process. The article contributes to existing literature by advancing the actor perspective in new path development.     

Land use/cover change in central Tibet, c. 1830–1990: devising a GIS methodology to study a historical Tibetan land decree

In this study, historical Tibetan tax-related data pertaining to cultivated land in central Tibet are studied by means of GIS and compared with contemporary patterns. A Tibetan land decree from 1830 contains aggregated data on the amount of land-based tax units for estates in 57 districts of central Tibet. The purpose of this study is to devise a GIS methodology to study the potential utility of these data for historical geographical research, and to determine the approximate changes in cultivated land areas between 1830 and 1990. Traditional Tibetan tax data are significant for current efforts to construct historical land cover databases of the Tibetan Plateau region for the study of the human dimensions of global change.     

基于企业家型城市理论的工矿资源型城市转型——以马鞍山市为例

可持续发展和转型是中国诸多工矿资源型城市面临的迫切问题。在企业家型城市的理论视角下,对"钢城"马鞍山的成功转型进行理论和实证研究。研究发现,城市定位与时俱进是马鞍山成功转型的关键,它为马鞍山的城市转型提供了旗帜和方向。在转型中,马鞍山通过实施传统钢铁改造升级、城市空间"南进"、"东扩"战略与园林城市建设等企业家型政府的行动,在城市中创造了新的工业空间、新的消费空间,并改善了城市人居环境。此外,通过实施制度创新战略,在城市内部进行了行政区划调整,在区域层面则实施了积极的区域一体化战略,加强与更大区域的合作,提高了城市综合竞争力。马鞍山的成功转型经验可为其他类似工矿资源型城市提供启示和参考价值。     

Adaptation models of mountain glacier tourism to climate change: a case study of Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area

Mountain glaciers have an obvious location advantage and tourist market condition over polar and high latitude glaciers. Due to the enormous economic benefit and heritage value, some mountain glaciers will always receive higher attention from commercial media, government departments and mountain tourists in China and abroad. At present, more than 100 glaciers have been developed successfully as famous tourist destinations all over the world. However, global climate change seriously affects mountain glaciers and its surrounding environment. According to the current accelerated retreat trend, natural and cultural landscapes of some glaciers will be weakened, even disappear in the future. Climate change will also inevitably affect mountain ecosystems, and tourism routes under ice and glacier experience activities in these ecosystems. Simultaneously, the disappearance of mountain glaciers will also lead to a clear reduction of tourism and local economic benefits. Based on these reasons, this paper took Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area as an example and analyzed the retreat trend of a typical glacier. We then put forward some scientific and rational response mechanisms and adaptation models based on climate change in order to help future sustainable development of mountain glacier tourism.     

基于LAC理论的沙漠型景区旅游环境容量研究——以宁夏沙湖旅游区为例

鉴于目前中外旅游环境容量理论在国内沙漠型景区容量测算及管理应用中存在的实际困难,从理论分析的视角,提出了新的容量测评管理思路。根据沙漠旅游及沙漠型景区的特征,将国外LAC理论中使用分区、公众参与、动态测评等理念的优点与国内评估手段简便易行的长处相结合,提出中国沙漠型景区旅游环境容量测评技术——沙漠游憩使用管理框架（DRUM）。以宁夏典型沙漠型景区之一的沙湖旅游区为案例,按照设计的管理框架步骤做了初步的应用探讨,分析了不同功能区的旅游环境容量、影响因素,并确定不同功能区的管理方案。     

An interdisciplinary approach to depict landscape change drivers: A case study of the Ticuiz agrarian community in Michoacan, Mexico

Landscape changes are driven by a combination of physical, ecological and socio-cultural factors. Hence, a large amount of information is necessary to monitor these changes and to develop effective strategies for management and conservation. For this, novel strategies for combining social and environmental data need to be developed. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the value of an innovative interdisciplinary approach to help in explaining landscape change. We integrated three main sources of information: biophysical landscape attributes, land-use/cover change analysis and social perceptions of land-use change, institutional and policy factors and environmental services. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to develop a weight for each variable described or quantified. Finally we identified proximate causes and underlying driving forces of land transformation in the study area. The study was undertaken in a typical community in Mexico.     

荒漠-草原生态交错区植物对温度变化的动态响应--以美国新墨西哥州Sevilleta生态交错区为例

美国新墨西哥州中部的Sevilleta荒漠-草原生态交错区是监测全球气候变化和人类活动对生物影响的重要区域之一。本文以Sevilleta荒漠-草原生态交错区为例,利用气象资料和物候观测数据,通过回归和相关分析,研究在当前全球气候变暖的条件下,温度变化对交错群落的影响。研究结果表明,最近10年（1989¹998）该区域的温度变化具有反向不对称性:夏秋季节最高气温升高很明显,冬春季节最低气温降低较明显,而年平均最高气温升高较明显,平均最低气温和平均气温变化不明显。本区荒漠/草原过渡群落的两种优势物种Bouteloua eripoda和Bouteloua gracili对温度的变化表现出不同的动态响应。第二优势种Bouteloua gracilis的盖度随着冬春最低气温的降低呈现明显的下降趋势。第一优势种Boutel-oua eripoda的盖度与冬春最低气温之间没有明显的相关性。温度的变化对群落的结构目前还没有产生明显的影响。     

旅游地生态安全测度分析——以九寨沟自然保护区为例

从人地关系安全、旅游生态伦理以及全球气候变化的视角,提出广义与狭义的旅游地生态安全概念,建立基于生态足迹的旅游地生态安全测度与评价模型,并以九寨沟为例,探讨旅游消费对旅游地区内与区际生态安全影响的特性。结果表明:(1)2004年九寨沟游客的旅游生态足迹总值为163514.0248hm²,人均旅游生态足迹为0.105190274hm²,居民的人均本底生态足迹为0.994925 hm²,同2002年比较,旅游生态足迹总值增加115.10%,人均旅游生态足迹增加72.44%,居民人均本底生态足迹增加3.47%。(2)2004年九寨沟旅游废弃物生态足迹总量为46960.5678hm²,约占旅游生态足迹总值的42.35%,其中旅游业的CO₂排放量高达309455.66t,占旅游废弃物生态足迹的99.84%,加强旅游业发展对区域乃至全球气候变化影响的研究十分紧要。(3)2004年九寨沟的生态安全系数处于1.093158~1.159388之间,处于可持续发展的生态安全状态,九寨沟自然保护区发展旅游业对自身生态安全的影响小于对区际(全球)的生态安全影响。(4)未来游客量的增加、旅行市场半径的拓展、受旅游消费示范效应的影响而引起的居民消费方式的转变以及居民对自然环境资源依赖程度的加强态势,是影响九寨沟生态安全的主要因素。     

Exploring the spatio-temporal impacts of farmland reforestation on ecological connectivity using circuit theory: A case study in the agro-pastoral ecotone of North China

Farmland reforestation can contribute substantially to ecological restoration.Previous studies have extensively examined the ecological effects of farmland reforestation,but few of them have investigated the spatiotemporal responses of broad-scale landscape connectivity to reforestation.By using a typical agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China as a case study,we addressed this issue based on an innovative integration of circuit theory approach and counterfactual analysis.The forest connectivity through multiple dispersal pathways was measured using the circuit theory approach,and its spatiotemporal changes after reforestation were evaluated by counterfactual analysis.The results showed that from 2000–2015,the reforested farmland occupied 2095 km~2,and 12.5% was on steeply sloped land.Farmland reforestation caused a greater increase in ecological connectivity by adding new ecological corridors and stepping stones in scattered forest areas rather than in areas with dense forest distributions.The newly added corridors and stepping stones were fragmented,short and narrow and thus deserve powerful protection.Future reforestation to improve landscape connectivity should highlight pinch point protection and obstacle removal as well as the tradeoff between farmland loss and farmer survival.Our findings are expected to inform the optimization of the Grain for Green policy from the perspective of broad-scale biodiversity conservation.     

区位进入理论与企业集团的国际化扩张——以海尔集团为例

中国企业集团是改革开放以后出现的大型企业组织 ,在经济全球化的背景下 ,研究其国际化扩张具有重大现实意义。本文在详细介绍Hayter的国际企业区位进入理论的基础上 ,以海尔集团为例 ,分析了企业集团的国际化扩张过程 ;其次 ,分析了海尔集团所具有的进入优势以及所面临的空间进入壁垒。海尔集团所具有的进入优势有管理与文化优势、技术创新优势、产品质量优势、营销优势 ,但还面临着心理距离、企业规模小以及东道国政策的限制等空间壁垒。最后 ,提出了有关企业集团国际化扩张的一些对策。     

作物气候风险研究:以河南省棉花为例

1 Introduction In the past 100 years the global temperature rose sharply due to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The mean ground temperature rose by 0.5–0.6°C in the 20th century and 0.3–0.4°C in the last 20 years of the c…     

河南省棉花的气候风险研究

地理过渡带附近的农业气候风险度对气候变化有较为敏感的响应。作者在前人对农作物适宜度研究的基础上，建立棉花气候适宜度模型和风险度指标，对河南省棉花气候风险度进行了深入的分析。研究发现．近40年米河南省棉花气候风险度有逐渐增加的趋势．其中降水量对气候风险度增加的作用最重要．而且气候适宜度及其变率对风险度的变化的影响在不同时期有不同的表现；风险度的增加速度有明显的区域差异性和过渡性．在东西方向上．东部平原区的风险度变化快于西部山区．其中黄淮平原中南部与伏牛山区的对比最为显著．在南北方向上．黄淮平原中南部到黄河中游谷地的快速增长带与黄河下游沿岸到中游北侧的低速增长带的对比特别明显．这主要是地形过渡带和气候过渡带作用的结果；风险度的变化过程也有明显的区域差异性．跳跃式变化是河南东部风险度变化中的重要特点．这种突变特点在南北方向上有明显的纬度差异性；在河南西部山地的风险度变化中，跳跃式变化很少见，尽管该区近40年棉花气候风险度的变化倾向仍为增加趋势．但自20世纪80年代末以来．风险度逐渐减小．     

Understanding grower demographics,motivations and management practices to improve engagement,extension and industry resilience: a case study of the macadamia industry in the Northern Rivers,Australia

Research and development programs for improved productivity and profitability in horticulture have focused largely on understanding biophysical factors and production and harvest technologies. By contrast, relatively few studies focus upon the existing status of a rural community in terms of demographics, rationales and motivations underlying current farm management practices. Understanding such factors is increasingly important as pressures from climate change, globalised market forces, land-use competition and ageing workforces intersect on farms and for farmers. This paper explores experiences among macadamia growers in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia, with the aim to better understand and improve the targeting of development programs to meet grower needs and aspirations, for improved industry resilience. Results suggest that growers are a diverse, ageing demographic who came into the industry with a variety of skill sets. Noting a lack of previous farming experience for many growers, we highlight the need to consider information transfer and succession planning, along with aspirations to consolidate properties and skills. New engagement approaches are recommended, with tailored extension to different grower groups. To aid with this process, a classification tree was developed for the purposes of separating growers into groups with different support needs.     

The dynamic monitoring of corn planting area distribution in response to climate change from 2001 to 2010: a case study of Northeast China

Climate change has effects on crop distribution and production due to altering precipitation and temperature patterns. Northeast China is one of the most sensitive areas affected by climate change. In this study, MODIS09A1 data from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer incorporated with phenology data from 21 agro-meteorological stations were used to monitor the dynamic change of corn distribution in response to climate change in the Northeast China for the decade of 2001 and 2010. Corn area estimates and statistics had the same change trend from 2001 to 2010 showing an annual increase. Furthermore, in order to analyse the gravity centre variations of the corn distribution, regions were chosen with corn planting areas of more than 500 km². Results showed that the main corn planting area had a trend to move towards high latitude and high longitude in response to climate change. It moved towards north about .58 degrees and east about .21 degrees between 2001 and 2010. The analysis of temperature and precipitation patterns revealed the same trend as the corn planting area. However, the corn area change was more sensitive to temperature than precipitation in Northeast China.     

Jobs-housing balance and development zones in China: a case study of Suzhou Industry Park

Development zones in China are planned as self-contained communities in order to achieve a locally balanced distribution of jobs and homes. Yet the plans are often defied by the market, leading to jobs-housing imbalance as an undesired consequence. In this paper, we examine the case of Suzhou Industry Park (SIP) to explore what has actually happened within a Chinese development zone. Our study reveals the de facto qualitative jobs-housing imbalance within SIP notwithstanding the de jure quantitative balance as envisaged in the local land-use plan. This finding explains why most workers within SIP have to search for homes far away from their workplaces. The qualitative imbalance is attributable to a series of interrelated factors, including (a) the oversupply of industrial land vis-à-vis the undersupply of land for public facilities and residential amenities, (b) the unaffordable house price for local workers, and (c) the increased use of automobiles by commuters. On top of its policy implications, this paper also reflects on the fundamental relationship between planning and market as a broader intellectual perspective to study urban China’s mobility, housing and social issues.     

Groundwater quality and land use change in a typical karst agricultural region: a case study of Xiaojiang watershed, Yunnan

Taking the typical karst agricultural region, Xiaojiang watershed in Luxi of Yunnan Province as a research unit, utilizing the groundwater quality data in 1982 and 2004, the aerial photos in 1982 and TM images in 2004, supported by the GIS, we probe into the law and the reason of its space-time change of the groundwater quality over the past 22 years in the paper. The results show: (1) There were obvious temporal and spatial changes of groundwater quality during the past 22 years. (2) Concentrations of,SO42-,NO3-,NO2-,Cl-,and the pH value, total hardness, total alkalinity increased significantly, in which NH4+,NO3-, and NO2- of groundwater exceeded the drinking water standards as a result of non-point pollution caused by the expansion of cultivated land and mass use of the fertilizer and pesticide. (3) Oppositely, Ca2+ and HCO3- showed an obvious decline trend due to forest reduction and degradation and stony desertification. Meantime, there was a dynamic relation between the groundwater quality change and the land use change.     

典型岩溶农业区地下水质与土地利用变化: 以云南小江流域为例

1 Introduction Ecological environment such as water, soil, etc. are very fragile in the karst area because of the special geological background. With the fast increase of the population and rapid social and economic development in karst area, contradictio…     

Policy-relevant indicators for mapping the vulnerability of urban populations to extreme heat events: A case study of Philadelphia

The recent global increase in extreme heat events linked to climate change is projected to continue. The additive effect of urban heat islands from impervious surfaces and urban heat emissions (e.g., from transportation and building cooling) exacerbates extreme heat events in urban areas, exposing dense populations to extreme heat with implications for human health. Ground- and satellite-based data on urban and suburban temperatures and vegetation over a historical period can help identify temporal and geospatial trends in heat exposure. A set of indicators has been developed to map the exposure, social sensitivity, and vulnerability of urban populations to heat wave health impacts. Guided by an Advisory Group of local planners in the pilot city of Philadelphia, localized trends of increasing urban extreme heat events using MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) data, confirmed with urban and non-urban temperature monitor data were identified. For the Philadelphia study area, the number of heat-event days in the urban setting has increased from approximately 4 days in 1980 to almost 12 days in 2013, while the non-urban setting has consistently experienced 5 days of heat events per year across the time period. Warmer micro-climates with limited vegetative cooling and elevated LSTs were also identified. The exposure indicator was combined with areas of high social sensitivity (e.g., low-income and elderly) to create a vulnerability indicator, showing significant overlap between highly exposed and highly sensitive populations. As a measure of the adaptive capacity of local governments to reduce the urban heat island, evidence of targeted vegetation increases or reduced localized temperatures linked to urban greening and cooling programs were sought, though none were of a scale to be identified by the 1 km satellite data utilized. The indicators have helped local decision makers to understand patterns of vulnerability, and may be used in the future to target adaptation actions and measure results (LST reduction or vegetation increase) from existing adaptation actions.