“Losing at Sea,Winning on Land”: A Case Study of Philippine Small-Scale and Industrial Fisher Resource Competition

In Southeast Asia, resource competition causes conflicts between small-scale and industrial fishers. This article focuses on interactions between small-scale and industrial fishers and the power dynamics that are expressed through their behaviors. Taking a Philippine fishing village as a case, this article shows that even under conditions of severe resource competition and in a context of antagonistic relationships, small-scale fishers may choose, as a survival strategy, to collaborate with illegal industrial fishers. It demonstrates that accounting for power differentiations and dynamics among actors is key to understanding this seemingly contradictory collaboration, one that will likely result, over the long run, in negative consequences for the sustainability of small-scale fishers’ livelihoods. In order to effectively control industrial fishers and mitigate conflict with small-scale fishers, better understanding of social–economic and sociopolitical relations is required.     

基于母子企业联系的东北三省城市网络特征

基于母子企业联系数据构建城市关联矩阵,借鉴社会网络分析法从网络密度、中心性、凝聚子群3方面分析东北三省城市网络结构特征,并对企业联系视角下的区域组织结构特征进行深入探讨。结果表明：① 区域网络发展处于逐步完善阶段,省域尺度下的网络密度（D）存在明显差异、总体呈现出“ D_{\mathrm{吉}} > D_{\mathrm{辽}} > D_{\mathrm{黑}} ”格局,省内联系普遍较高而跨省域联系则相对不足;② 网络中心性呈现出极化特征、区域中心城市在网络中处于主导地位,受中心城市的“虹吸效应”、其周边地区存在明显的“灯下黑”现象;③ 区域企业联系的小团体现象突出,四大城市是区域联系中心且发展速度快,边缘城市缺乏核心而经济发展缓慢。基于母子企业联系,认为东北三省城市网络总体呈“多核心网络状”组织结构,而在省域尺度上则显示出“单核放射状”“轴-辐”式和“双核”结构组织模式。     

Measuring urban activities using Foursquare data and network analysis: a case study of Murcia (Spain)

Among social networks, Foursquare is a useful reference for identifying recommendations about local stores, restaurants, malls or other activities in the city. In this article, we consider the question of whether there is a relationship between the data provided by Foursquare regarding users’ tastes and preferences and fieldwork carried out in cities, especially those connected with business and leisure. Murcia was chosen for case study for two reasons: its particular characteristics and the prior knowledge resulting from the fieldwork. Since users of this network establish, what may be called, a ranking of places through their recommendations, we can plot these data with the objective of displaying the characteristics and peculiarities of the network in this city. Fieldwork from the city itself gives us a set of facilities and services observed in the city, which is a physical reality. An analysis of these data using a model based on a network centrality algorithm establishes a classification or ranking of the nodes that form the urban network. We compare the data extracted from the social network with the data collected from the fieldwork, in order to establish the appropriateness in terms of understanding the activity that takes place in this city. Moreover, this comparison allows us to draw conclusions about the degree of similarity between the preferences of Foursquare users and what was obtained through the fieldwork in the city.     

Fluid territories: Rethinking state territorialisation in Palk Bay,South Asia

The study objective was to gain a better understanding of the transboundary fishing conflict between Indian trawl fishers and Sri Lankan small-scale fishers in Palk Bay using a relational approach to territoriality. The authors employed different ethnographic methods, including open, structured, and semi-structured interviews, and performed a media analysis in order to understand the everyday practices of Indian trawl fishers within the wider geopolitical context of a 30-year war in neighbouring Sri Lanka. The relational approach moves away from seeing cross-border fishing merely as an act of counter-territorialisation. The results revealed that the cross-border fishing underlying the crisis has largely resulted from a complex network of changing relationships between on the one hand Indian trawl fishers and India, and on the other hand Sri Lankan state agencies and Sri Lankan fishers, resulting in a porous international maritime boundary. The authors conclude that this in turn has resulted in a fluid international maritime boundary line.     

Shifting Tides,Complex Lives: The Dynamics of Fishing and Tourism Livelihoods on the Kenyan Coast

This article investigates the complexities of fisher livelihoods and their interactions with the tourism industry on the Kenyan coast, to better understand how the prospects for alternative livelihoods, such as tourism, reduce fishing pressure. Data were derived from a questionnaire of 123 households and 30 interviews. Results showed that fishers cover the whole socioeconomic spectrum and that the role of fishing in livelihoods is heterogeneous both between individuals and for individuals over time. The majority of fishers do not combine tourism and fishing simultaneously, but livelihoods are characterized by a process of moving in and out of various activities as opportunities present themselves. There was no evidence of systematic or permanent displacement of fishers as a result of tourism. Given that fishing is not only an occupation carried out by those with no alternatives, prospects for alternative livelihoods systematically reducing fishing effort, predicated on this assumption, are questioned.     

Spatial patterns of retail activity and street network structure in new and traditional Israeli cities

The association between spatial patterns of retail activity and the spatial configuration of street networks was examined by means of the space syntax methodology in eight Israeli cities that represent two city types, characterized by different planning approaches and urban growth: (i) new towns, which were established according to a comprehensive city plan and modern planning concepts of “tree-like” hierarchical street networks and “neighborhood units”; (ii) older cities, where street networks and the spatial patterns of retail activity were formed incrementally during their growth. Unlike in older cities, retail activity in new towns concentrates in relatively less-accessible and intermediate locations. This is indicated by a weak correlation between retail activity and the street network’s Integration and Choice centrality measures. The comparison between Israeli cities illustrates the influence of urban growth and planning approaches on the formation of retail activity and its interaction with the structure of the street network.     

基于社会网络分析的旅游地乡村社会空间重构研究

在商品经济影响下,乡村社会关系正发生多途径、多层次重构,由于社会关系与空间形态辩证统一,社会关系的异化将引起空间形态的变化。以南京市世凹美丽乡村示范村为案例,从传统社会结构观念与市场经济之间的冲突出发,建立研究假设,通过2014年、2016年和2018持续跟踪调查,运用社会网络分析方法揭示乡村经济社会空间交互过程。结果表明：① 所选乡村社会网络发展符合社会资本与市场制度相互作用的发展规律,具有替代效应、挤出效应与互补效应3个明显阶段,符合研究假设;② 网络模式由轮轴模式演化到“结构洞”模式再到合作与分派模式,且分别对应扩散型、分支型与簇群型网络结构,伴随行动者的淘汰与迁出与市场经济规则的增强;③ 空间重构主要表现为土地利用格局重构与乡村空间衰退现象,形成优势经营者区域、原住民的边缘集聚区、外来经营者区域与空间衰退区域。     

‘Where there is fish,is where I put my head’: Challenges of mobile fishers in Elmina fishing community in Ghana

Small-scale fisheries are crucial for improving livelihoods by providing fisher employment, and food security. As part of their work, fishers frequently move to different fishing communities to catch and trade in fish. This paper analyses the living circumstances of artisanal fishers and discusses their mobility patterns, lodging arrangements, and the difficulties they encounter as they carry out their work. This paper is based on a study that involved 385 artisanal fishers in the fishing community of Elmina in the Komenda Edina Equafo Abirem (KEEA) Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The results show that there are not many suitable places to stay for fishers when they travel from home to other fishing locations, and the few places that do offer affordable lodging also lack toilets, bathrooms and drinkable water. The paper also reflects on the gendered dynamics of these and related issues of insecurity for women in this case study. District authorities whose economies are heavily dependent on fishing ought to collaborate with private housing developers and the state to build affordable lodging facilities with standard household amenities like water, toilets and baths in fishing destinations to address the housing issues faced by fishers while travelling.     

Socio‐economic and ecological challenges of small‐scale fishing and strategies for its sustainable management: A case study of the Old Brahmaputra River,Bangladesh

Socio‐economic and ecological challenges faced by the small‐scale fishers dependent on the Old Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh are assessed using a combination of questionnaire survey, co‐monitoring of fish catch, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results reveal that the fishers are involved in professional, seasonal or subsistence fishing. Fish catches from the river have declined significantly because of overfishing, destructive use of fishing gear, water pollution, siltation, rapid urbanization and human encroachment, thereby threatening the health of the river ecosystem as well as the future of small‐scale fishing. We evaluate various social, economic and ecological challenges faced by the fisher communities. We propose a conceptual framework that recognizes linkages among social, economic and ecological aspects in devising a sustainable river fisheries management system. We recommend effective legal enforcement of policies and regulations, strong institutional collaboration and active fisher community participation in management to ensure sustainable use of the resource base.     

Integrating social network data into GISystems

Today, online social media outlets provide new and plentiful sources of data on social networks (SNs) and location-based social networks (LBSNs), i.e., geolocated evidence of connections between individuals. While SNs have been used to show how the magnitude of social connectivity decreases with distance, there are few examples of how to include SNs as layers in a GISystem. If SNs, and thus, interpersonal relationships, could be analyzed in a geographic information system (GIS) setting, we could better model how humans socialize, share information, and form social groups within the complex geographic landscape.

Our goal is to facilitate a guide for analyzing SNs (as derived from online social media, telecommunications, surveys, etc.) within geographic space by combining the mature fields of social network analysis (SNA) and GISystems. First, we describe why modeling socialization in geographic space is essential for understanding human behavior. We then outline best practices and techniques for embedding SN nodes and edges in GISystems by introducing terms like ‘social flow’ and ‘anthrospace’, and categorizations for data and spatial aggregation types. Finally, we explore case study vignettes of SNA within GISystems from diverse regions located in Bolivia, China, Côte d’Ivoire, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States, using concepts such as geolocated dyads, ego–alter relationships, node feature roles, modularity, and network transitivity.     

Winners and Losers in Marine Conservation: Fishers' Displacement and Livelihood Benefits from Marine Reserves

Marine reserves can create both benefits and costs to fishers. This article explores the perceptions of fishers in Kenya and Seychelles about displacement, spillover, and overall impacts of local marine reserves on their livelihoods. We test whether these perceptions are different among fishers from different geographic and socioeconomic conditions. Sixty-six percent of fishers had been displaced from marine reserves or coastal development and 90% believed they had caught fishes that spilled over from marine reserves. Poorer fishers in Kenya were both displaced from, and also felt like they benefited from, marine reserves. This highlights how people's experiences with marine reserves, both positive and negative, are affected by a range of social considerations that may not be incorporated in typical evaluations of ecological and economic marine reserve success.     

地方生产网络空间结构演化过程与机制研究——以潮汕纺织服装行业为例

采用社会调查法,借助社会网络分析软件,运用演化经济地理学核心概念,对中国潮汕地区的纺织服装生产网络进行了案例研究。结果表明:①改革开放后,潮汕地方生产网络内部空间结构不断演变,从多点集聚向多个孤立集群网络演进,再向跨集群地方网络发展;②网络演化本质上是企业关系的变化,企业间关系是在外部环境作用下企业根据自身能力做出的战略选择,地理临近与路径依赖使潮汕集群网络结构得以保持(即"遗传"),企业创新需求作用下的路径创新推动了集群间联系的发展(即"变异");③生产网络演化机理的研究还应加强对路径创新与地方产业升级的研究。     

沿黄三大城市群城市网络结构演化特征与驱动因素

基于2000—2020年全行业企业总部-分支关系大数据,融合社会网络分析、多维邻近、空间分析等方法,从节点类型、层级关联、社区划分及影响因素4个方面揭示了沿黄三大城市群城市网络空间格局、时空演化及其驱动因素。研究发现：(1)城市网络节点强度空间极化显著并具有层级性。山东半岛城市群网络结构发育最成熟,一、二层级城市占比高,中原城市群次之,关中平原城市群最低。(2)城市网络轴线及其层级特征显著,网络关联程度东强西弱,并随时间演化而逐步增强。形成以青岛、济南、郑州、西安为中心的星形放射状骨架,但城市群之间横向跨界联系较弱。(3)青岛、济南、郑州、西安的中心度-中介中心度形成“高-高”组合,是城市群网络的“中枢”和“桥梁”。(4)城市网络社区受边界阻隔效应、邻域效应和外溢效应影响,总体形成“三大一小”的社区结构和“先集聚、后融合”的演变趋势。(5)地理邻近、制度邻近、社会邻近对城市网络发育具有正向作用,产业邻近发挥负向抑制作用。     

Extension 3.0: Managing Agricultural Knowledge Systems in the Network Age

This article develops the idea of “Extension 3.0” as an approach to agricultural extension that capitalizes on the network structure of local agricultural knowledge systems. Over the last century, agricultural knowledge systems have evolved into networks of widely distributed actors with a diversity of specializations and expertise. Agricultural extension programs need to manage these networks in ways that maximize the synergy between experiential, technical, and social learning. Using empirical research from California farmers, we highlight the structure of these networks within and across contexts, and the importance of boundary-spanning relationships. We provide some initial recommendations about actions needed to realize the goal of Extension 3.0, which is to deliver relevant agricultural knowledge to the right people, at the right time and place.     

中国城市信息网络结构演变特征及驱动因素分析

信息流能够客观反映城市社会经济联系,对城市网络研究具有重要价值。基于2011、2014和2017年中国城市间信息关注度数据,利用社会网络分析法,从网络密度、中心度、城市联系等方面分析中国城市网络结构的演变特征及其驱动因素,研究表明：1）城市信息网络结构明显拓展但网络总体联系强度仍较低;省域内部信息联系强度高于跨区域联系,信息联系仍受行政区划的影响较大。2）网络节点中心度显著提高,热点区主要集中在东部沿海三大城市群;中西部部分区域核心城市如重庆、成都、郑州等成长为全国性核心城市,但中西部地区城市信息发展仍与东部地区差距较大。3）信息联系层级分布特征明显,并呈现局部区域联系紧密、区域一体化特征;核心网络由以北京、上海为核心的“轴-辐”结构演变为以“北京-上海-广深-成渝”为核心的“菱形”结构。4）信息化水平、经济发展基础、城市职能等互补性因素,网络营销、大事件效应等介入性因素及信息技术变革、城市群建设等高效性因素相互作用,共同促进信息网络结构优化重组。     

流动量与关注度视角下的城市网络结构——以广州、深圳为例

在城市与区域转型发展的背景下,城市网络经历着剧烈的重构,广州和深圳是推动粤港澳大湾区一体化的主导力量,明晰其在网络中的发展定位与动态联系,对于引领区域协调发展具有重要的战略意义。然而,现有城市网络研究较缺乏对多尺度差异与实虚映射关系的关注,因此论文基于微博数据,从流动量、关注度出发,运用社会网络分析,探究了广深在粤港澳大湾区、全国、全球网络中的节点地位与联系特征。结果表明：① 多尺度网络下,广深不同的联系导向塑造了差异化的要素组织能力,广州辐射范围较广、联系相对均衡,深圳联系相对集中、与香港联系尤为紧密;② 实虚网络之间,广深的对外联系存在协同补充、路径依赖效应,且在各尺度下具有不同程度的体现,多重效应的叠加交融推动着区域联系趋向柔性化;③ 基于上述网络格局,广深应立足于不同的联系模式与发展实际,分别发挥区域交通枢纽及创新制度高地的优势,引领打造有序高效的区域网络系统。     

Existing Territories and Formalization of Territorial Use Rights for Moored Fish Aggregating Devices: The Case of Small-Scale Fisheries in the La Désirade Island (France)

Moored fish aggregating devices (MFADs) are used by small-scale fishers to access fish species difficult to harvest in large numbers. In the case of Guadeloupe (Caribbean area), the use of MFADs has increased considerably and this is causing congestion in these fishing areas and creating conflict between fishers. The aim of this article is to understand how informal fishing territories around the La Desirade Island were established and examine these territories through the lens of economic defendability theory. Results of semistructured interviews show that MFAD fishers display territoriality along MFAD tract lines forming quasi-privatized areas. Territoriality in this article is based on the following factors: the type of targeted resources, the cost of harvesting, the defending of territories, and the acknowledgment of territories by the fishing community. Conflicts and utilization of MFADs (overcapacity) have raised an opportunity to create co-managed legalized territorial use rights for fisheries.     

城市网络地位与网络权力的关系——以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例

网络中心性和网络权力是城市节点的两个重要网络结构特征,现有研究往往缺乏对二者联系和差别的足够重视。从拓扑结构角度,解析城市网络中心性和网络权力的基本内涵,基于度中心性、介数中心性分别表征城市网络中心性和网络权力存在的不足,引入递推中心性和递推权力的概念,利用2009年中国汽车零部件供需链接配套关系数据构建城市关联网络,讨论网络节点分布、链接关系等拓扑结构特征,识别各项中心性和权力指标的相互关系。研究表明：① 汽车零部件供需链接的城市网络具备低密度、多中心、“富人俱乐部”的特征;② 上海、长春、北京、重庆、十堰为最高等级的网络中心城市,分别锁定中国6大汽车产业带的对应地区;③ 长三角、京津地区、山东、广西、湖北三省及川渝地区为6大网络权力城市集中区,长三角地区网络权力最为突出;④ 递推中心性、递推权力在测度城市网络中心性和网络权力方面,具有更高的区分性和精准度;⑤ 城市网络存在由“高中心性—高权力”的核心城市到“低中心性—低权力”的裙带城市的一维分布特征,这与空间距离阻尼对城市链接有无的影响程度的衰减有关;同时也存在二者关系非匹配的“高中心性—低权力”的中心集束城市和“低中心性—高权力”的权力门户城市。     

A Review of: “Three Dimensional Applications in Geographical Information Systems”. Edited by J. RAPER. (London: Taylor & Francis, 1989.) [Pp. 189.] Price £30·00. ISBN 0850667763.

Studies on the structural properties of road network and its close relationship with the traffic flow distribution have received intensive interdisciplinary attention. However, most of these attempts were theoretical. It is also a challenge to understand the relationship between the structure and morphology of a road network and peoples' movement. We developed a new methodology to deal with this challenge in this study. The first attempt was to apply the ego network analysis (which is rooted in social science) to the formation of hierarchical road networks. Then, the ego network was improved to become weighted ego network by assigning a weight to each of the links in a network. A measure called weighted average centrality rank is developed to define the order of links in a complex network. The ego network and the weighted ego network are both evaluated with a notional network and two sets of real-life road networks. Traffic flow data were used as a benchmark for the evaluation of the two approaches. The results show that they both perform well. But the hierarchies formed by weighted ego network analysis are more consistent with the real-life traffic flow, and the improvement is clearly observable.     

中美商品贸易格局及网络特征演变

中美作为世界上最大的2个经济体,中美贸易格局及其发展演化对全球经济的发展具有深刻的影响,然而,中美贸易格局特征以及贸易产品网络地位与演变当前还没有得到充分揭示。因此,论文基于联合国商品贸易数据,采用描述性统计分析和社会网络分析方法,对2001—2017年中美两国的贸易发展历程、产品结构、产品贸易网络进行分析研究。研究发现：① 在贸易联系方面,2001—2017年中美双边进出口贸易额不断上升,贸易联系不断增强。② 出口产品结构方面,中国对美国的出口产品类型主要是机械设备、纺织服装等产品,产品结构没有发生大的改变;美国对中国的出口产品类型主是机械设备、运输设备、植物产品和化工产品,近年来机电产品占比有所下降,运输设备产品比例上升。③ 主要产品贸易网络方面,以电子信息产品为例,一方面度中心性指标反映出中国在网络中影响力迅速增强,是电子信息产品全球贸易网络的核心成员国;另一方面在中介中心度与接近中心度2个指标上中国与美国仍存在差距,电子信息产业核心竞争力有待加强,在新一轮产业变革中应投入更多物质与精力用于产业链高端技术的研发与开拓。