文化遗产保护与开发的思考

经济建设发展与文化遗产保护之间的紧张关系到处存在。既不能以牺牲珍贵文物为代价,换取旅游业的发展,也不能因为保护而拒游客于门外。为此重申“中国原则”,即以“实现人类文明延续和可持续发展的必然要求”为准则。对石窟文化的保护,初步解决了游客拥挤对壁画、彩塑的潜在威胁,加强了对风沙侵蚀危害的防范,但仍然面临许多社会和自然环境问题。古城遗址的发现,涉及对古环境反演的科学问题。利用考古发掘的丰富信息,联系古自然环境变化和人文影响、物质传播的大背景,可能有助于开豁诠释、论证古代文明和古文化的新思路。破解中原许多古城遗址之谜,也需要从重建、虚拟古环境着手。古建筑的修复或重建,既要遵循“修旧如旧”的原则,也要考虑适应现代环境与生态功能,适度采用现代新工艺和新材料。考古发掘、文化遗产保护工作中,运用环境遥感监测技术,不乏成功先例。作者建议,进一步推广田间考古格网的经验,构建多层次的格网管理信息系统,促进文化遗产保护与开发的能力建设与现代化。     

THE CORPORATE INTERVIEW AS A RESEARCH METHOD IN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY*

The open-ended corporate interview as a qualitative research method is proposed as a valuable component of an evidentiary strategy in economic geography. It is argued to be more sensitive than other survey methods to historical, institutional, and strategic complexity. The corporate interview method is particularly appropriate in periods of economic and social change that challenge traditional analytical categories and theoretical principles. Some problems inherent to the method, and strategies for minimizing their impact on the research project, are described.     

Responding to common questions on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China

Although the urgency of their conservation has been recognized, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2002 and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China- NIAHS) certified by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) of China since 2012 are faced with questions as to why to conserve them, what is to be conserved, who should conserve them, and how? This paper attempts to clarify and respond to such questions focusing on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China based on a review of both theoretical and practical progress. Agricultural heritage systems exhibit a multitude of values for sustainable and equitable development and therefore should be conserved for both present and future generations. Unlike most conventional heritages, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems is a complex, systematic “engineering” in which both physical and biological components and associated socio-cultural processes should be conserved in a dynamic way. Farmers and heritage sites must benefit from the continuance of traditional agricultural production under the premise of ecological functions being sustained and traditional culture being inherited. For a more effective conservation, a multi- stakeholder process should be established involving governments at different levels, multi-disciplinary scientists, communities and farmers, and business enterprises as well as social organizations. As has been demonstrated, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems aims to promote the regional sustainable development, to improve the livelihood, food security and well-being of farm people, and to provide references for the development of modern agriculture in China.     

适应自然灾害的研究方法进展

自然灾害损失虽然不可避免, 但可通过调整人类活动规避或减轻风险, 实现人类社会与自然灾害共存的协调适应。本文基于适应自然灾害研究发展的历程, 综述了现有适应性研究中的定性和定量研究方法。前者主要集中在对多尺度的适应主体综合分析、底层家庭或群体适应以及顶层的政策适应等方面;而后者主要集中在生态系统适应、民众或区域适应对策优选及适应能力评估等方面。基于数理模型或者实地观测实验的定量评估以及多指标、多标准的综合评估方法是适应自然灾害定量研究的主流。研究表明:①适应自然灾害研究有向综合性和精细化方向发展的趋势, 一些系统综合分析方法以及本地乡土的适应自然灾害逐渐引起重视。②目前适应自然灾害研究方法上存在自上而下与自下而上两种研究途径, 而探索这两种途径有效结合的多尺度综合研究方法是适应自然灾害研究的关键。     

Place and Large Landscape Conservation along the Susquehanna River

Place theory can be used in natural resource sociology as a heuristic for identifying and incorporating differences in human and natural systems into large landscape conservation efforts. This paper draws on theories of place and applies mixed methods to understand the potential opportunities and challenges for a large landscape conservation initiative along the Susquehanna River. The research utilized key informant interviews of 62 conservation officials to develop a grounded theory of regions within the river corridor. These regions were used as the sampling frame for a telephone survey of approximately 1,000 residents. Analysis of attitudes about conservation actors, priorities, and place perceptions were layered with data acquired in key informant interviews to produce an understanding of social, physical, and symbolic aspects of the Susquehanna River landscape as a place. Identifying similarities and differences can aid in the integration of human perceptions and attitudes within large landscape conservation efforts.     

关于中国农业文化遗产保护若干问题的解答（英文）

Although the urgency of their conservation has been recognized, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) since 2002 and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(ChinaNIAHS) certified by the Ministry of Agriculture(MOA) of China since 2012 are faced with questions as to why to conserve them, what is to be conserved, who should conserve them, and how? This paper attempts to clarify and respond to such questions focusing on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China based on a review of both theoretical and practical progress. Agricultural heritage systems exhibit a multitude of values for sustainable and equitable development and therefore should be conserved for both present and future generations. Unlike most conventional heritages, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems is a complex, systematic "engineering" in which both physical and biological components and associated socio-cultural processes should be conserved in a dynamic way. Farmers and heritage sites must benefit from the continuance of traditional agricultural production under the premise of ecological functions being sustained and traditional culture being inherited. For a more effective conservation, a multi- stakeholder process should be established involving governments at different levels, multi-disciplinary scientists, communities and farmers, and business enterprises as well as social organizations. As has been demonstrated, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems aims to promote the regional sustainable development, to improve the livelihood, food security and well-being of farm people, and to provide references for the development of modern agriculture in China.     

Maps,Numbers, Text,and Context: Mixing Methods in Feminist Political Ecology*

Feminist post-structuralist theory, feminist empiricism, and field practice can all contribute to insights on the value of quantitative and qualitative methods in feminist geographical research. A political ecology study of gendered interests in a social forestry program in the Dominican Republic illustrates the methodological dilemmas and potentials of feminist research on environmental change. The study combined qualitative and quantitative data collection and analytical techniques. Examples from the case study address three methodological questions in feminist geography: (1) Should identity or affinity be the basis for situating ourselves and the subjects of our research? (2) How can we reconcile multiple subjectivities and quantitative methods in the quest for objectivity? and (3) Can we combine traditional positivist methods with participatory mapping and oral histories? The paper draws on theoretical literature as well as field experience to answer these questions.     

Voice Under Scrutiny: Feminist Methods,Anticolonial Responses,and New Methodological Tools

“Giving voice” to participants has been an important element of qualitative feminist research projects in geography. In this article, I explore scholarship that has questioned qualitative research's reliance on voice, arguing that implicit connections between voice, authenticity, and empowerment are beginning to be unpacked, particularly by scholars engaged in anticolonial work. I draw on anticolonial scholarship to build on and extend feminist debates centered on voice and participation. Feminist attention to voice must be situated within the colonial frameworks and histories of social science research. Scholarship focused on ongoing settler colonial relationships highlights methods both for cautiously proceeding with and consciously refusing incorporating voice within qualitative research. I draw on anticolonial approaches to frame research decisions, voice, and the ethical and methodological dilemmas of its use.     

我国新一轮国土规划编制的基本构想

作者回顾了 2 0世纪 80年代以来中国国土规划发展的简要过程 ,针对当前面临的国内外形势提出了编制新一轮国土规划必须实现以下四个转变 :由计划型转向市场型和引导型 ;从资源开发利用转向开发、利用与保护相结合 ;由主要追求经济发展转向经济社会同人口、资源、环境多目标持续协调发展 ;规划重点从产业规划转向协调地区经济社会建设的空间布局规划。在此基础上 ,进而提出完善和提高新一轮国土规划的途径为 :重视编制跨省区和省内跨地市国土规划 ,基层国土规划应以土地利用规划为重点 ,加强与国土规划配套的空间政策研究 ,规划手段与方法朝着信息化和决策科学化方向发展 ,尽快制定国土规划法 ,在编制规划过程中广泛吸收公众参与     

“We Don’t Equal Even Just One Man”: Gender and Social Control in Conservation Adoption

Women own or co-own approximately half of the farmland in Iowa, United States, yet researchers are only beginning to study these landowners’ social relationships in relation to their land. This study analyzes qualitative data collected in Iowa through a series of meetings hosted by the Women, Food and Agriculture Network (WFAN). I find that social control through exclusion constrains women landowners’ access to information about and implementation of conservation. Specifically, I identify how women landowners experience the social processes of boundary maintenance and othering in land management. These processes create barriers to conservation adoption and maintain gendered agricultural landscapes. The women who participated in WFAN’s conservation programs express their experience of and resistance to dominant narratives as they attempt to create landscape change. These findings highlight the importance of further study of inequality processes and their relation to control of farmland if conservation goals are to be met.     

Soil and Water Conservation Technology in the Zhifanggou Watershed

Soil and water conservation technology plays an important role in soil and water loss control and the construction of the ecological civilization in vulnerable areas. Here, soil and water conservation technology use over 70 years for the Zhifanggou watershed is summarized and ecological, economic and social backgrounds are determined through consultation with experts and reference to published literature. We found that soil and water conservation technology use includes soil and water conservation engineering technology, soil and water conservation cultivation technology and soil and water conservation biotechnology. Soil and water conservation technology utilization varied with people’s demands and core problems at different developmental stages of the agricultural eco-economic system. The coupling process of the agricultural eco-economic system at Zhifanggou went through three stages. In stages I and II, soil and water conservation cultivation technology was applied to meet farmers’ basic life demands. In stage III, all three technologies were applied comprehensively to solve eco-environmental problems and adjust industrial structure. To facilitate regional ecological civilization construction and sustainable development of the ecological economy and society, more emphasis should be given to research and development, implementation of soil and water conservation technology, stand structure improvement, forest grass quality enhancement, biodiversity, ecosystem functional improvement, development of soil and water conservation ecological resources, the coupling of soil and water conservation, and agricultural industry-resource optimization.     

Using Qualitative Methods in Medical Geography: Deconstructive Moments in a Subdiscipline?

As medical geography reinvents itself as health geography, the linkages between social theory and the deconstruction of central categories organizing its medical orientation are being explored. This paper discusses the contribution of qualitative research to this process. In providing access to alternative ways of understanding health concerns, and emphasizing issues of power in the production of knowledge, qualitative methodology carries the potential for reconceptualizing key issues framing investigation of the relationships between place, people, and their health. In pursuing current issues in social theory, qualitative research also contributes to the blurring of the subdiscipline's boundaries and revitalizes its agenda.     

大理洱海旅游环境治理事件中的主体博弈与权益协商

以大理洱海环境治理事件为典型案例,基于半结构式访谈、观察法等质性方法,从环境正义视角切入分析洱海环境治理中的主体博弈与权益协商议题。研究发现,洱海的环境治理是一种以环境名义开展地社会治理与目的地管理过程,逐渐从治理水环境延伸至环境、民生、产业升级等多方面的综合治理;洱海治理隐含权力张力与利益冲突,本地村民、旅游经营者及地方基层政府三方基于合情、合理与合法性原则,围绕“情、理、法”逻辑进行利益博弈与协商;乡村旅游中的环境治理应置于乡村与社会治理框架体系下进行,关照民生与发展。环境正义理论可解释乡村旅游中的环境治理与冲突现象,为揭示环境治理背后的利益冲突与社会问题提供独特视角。     

Vital Statistics∗

This article questions the idea that quantitative methods, in particular the analysis of social statistics, is at odds with critical approaches to geography. It argues that numbers-based research is vital to highlight social injustice and oppression and that quantitative research can meet the requirements of critical geography to be reflexive, politically conscious, and activist. The article highlights two issues of pressing interest for research and activism by critically inspired quantitative researchers. First, there should be vigilance about the retrenchment of data collection and releases by the state, which will end up obscuring the ability to see social inequalities. Second, there should be a vigorous challenge to the political and judicial undermining of the results of statistical sampling and inference. These are vital tools for estimating hard-to-count populations and inferring inequalities between groups. The article gives examples of where these estimation issues are critical, which include civilian deaths in Iraq, counting minority populations in the United States, and the detection and remediation of structural racism.     

Qualitative Methods for Research on Mapmaking and Map Use

Contemporary cartographic research on mapmaking and map use has a broad mandate and, as a consequence, researchers need a broad suite of methods. Consistent with research developments in other geographic subdisciplines, cartographic researchers now use qualitative methods. They offer the advantage of bringing research closer to the problem‐solving realms of mapmakers and map users. Our purpose here is to discuss an array of qualitative methods for mapmaking and map use. Questionnaires, interviews, and protocol methods are used to gather verbal data about mapmaking and map use. Ethnographies produce data from direct observation of mapmakers and users. Maps also are sources for document analysis. We use examples of published cartographic research to elaborate on each of these methods.     

定性地理信息系统在城市社会空间研究中的应用

定性地理信息系统(定性GIS)是西方人文地理学定性研究的重要方法。它集成了定性和空间元素,更全面地阐明空间背景是如何被社会建构的。这种多元要素的整合,可以表达人们生活空间的多样性和复杂性,有助于展示生活路径的三维可视化细节,实现可视化社会空间过程。本文试图梳理西方定性GIS的方法论并探讨其在基于情感表达的个体数据采集分析、基于混合方法的可视化活动空间研究以及基于多重互动视角的社会空间研究中的应用。定性GIS包含微观和宏观层面的多重含义,使得研究者可以从多个有利位置观察问题并参与其中,有助于城市社会空间研究理论创新,为社会空间研究提供可探索空间。最后,从学科建设、方法论拓展、研究成果表达和研究议题选择等方面对中国开展同类研究进行展望。     

国内外城乡空间复杂性研究进展及其启示

我国新时期城乡统筹发展及城乡空间一体化规划仍然面临着城乡关系的恶化和城乡空间分离的挑战。从本质上看,新时期城乡空间统筹规划应是以优化"城乡关系"为重点的城乡空间融合规划,其基础工作则是认识城乡空间的复杂性。当前,在国内掀起新一轮城乡统筹规划热潮的背景下,回顾、梳理国内外城乡空间复杂性研究进展,对指导国内城乡空间统筹规划具有重大意义。文章认为,目前城乡空间复杂性研究仍然以城市单系统为中心,乡村空间"被边缘";研究方法上应加强方法的集成综合,同时强调质性研究和定量分析的结合;在研究内容上应深化城乡关系空间复杂性、城乡关联空间复杂性、城乡空间自组织演化机制与模拟、城乡社会网络空间复杂性等方面的研究。     

高被引华人科学家知识网络的空间结构及影响因素

知识网络的空间结构特征与影响因素是经济地理学探讨的热点议题之一,以往研究侧重于产业案例的分析,主要关注国家和城市层面的知识网络,而对科学家等个人层面的网络研究较为缺乏。以2014—2015年全球高被引科学家为原始数据,筛选出高被引华人科学家,并基于Web of Science数据库,检索高被引华人科学家之间合著论文的数据构建知识网络,借助社会网络分析方法对高被引华人科学家知识网络的空间结构进行分析;并运用负二项回归模型,从地理邻近性、社会邻近性、制度邻近性3个维度,探讨高被引华人科学家知识网络的影响机制。研究发现：① 高被引华人科学家知识网络存在核心-边缘结构特征,且具有小世界网络的网络特征;② 此知识网络呈现“小集聚大分散”的空间结构特征,地理邻近性作用明显;③ 高被引华人科学家知识网络形成过程中会受到科学家自身科研能力等因素的影响,地理距离和科学家之间的联系呈现负相关关系,地理邻近性的影响仍然存在,社会邻近性和制度邻近性均对知识网络的形成有促进作用。