Morphological Comparison between Chinese Ayu and Japanese Ayu and Establishment of Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis Wu ＆ Shan subsp, nov.

The countable characters of Qingdao, Zhejiang, Liaoning and Japanese Ayu are compared. There are no substantial different characters among the former three Ayu, so the comprehensive values of them are taken as representative of Chinese Ayu, which is in turn compared with Japanese Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis and Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis). By the coefficient of difference test, 3 and 4 characters are found to be beyond the subspecies level between Chinese Ayu and nominate subspecies (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) and between Chinese Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis) and Ryukyus subspecies (Plecoglossus altivelis ryukyuensis), respectively, which shows that they belong to different subspecies. The China mainland Ayu is a new subspecies, Plecoglossus altivelis chinensis Wu & Shan, the establishment of which and its forming causes are discussed.     

Chromosomal localization of 5S rDNA in Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis): a chromosome-specific marker for chromosome identification

Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)is an economically important aquaculture species in China.However,cytogenetic and genomic data is limited in the organism partly because the chromosomes are difficult to isolate and analyze.In this study,fluorescence in-situ hybridization(FISH) was used to identify the chromosomes of F.chinensis.The 5S ribosomal RNA gene(rDNA)of F. chinensis was isolated,cloned and then used as a hybridization probe.The results show that the 5S rDNA was located on one pair of homologous chromosomes in F.chinensis.In addition,triploid shrimp were used to evaluate the feasibility of chromosome identification using FISH and to validate the method.It was confirmed that 5S rDNA can be used as a chromosome-specific probe for chromosome identification in F.chinensis.The successful application of FISH in F.chinensis shows that chromosome-specific probes can be developed and this finding will facilitate further research on the chromosomes of penaeid shrimps.     

应用开发中的中文乱码原因及其解决方案

针对Web应用开发中中文乱码的问题,通过介绍各种字符编码标准,知道每种字符编码标准使用不同的字节数来表示一个字符。使用不同的字符编码标准,相同的字符在计算机内存中存储的编码是不同的,如果中文字符的编码和解码使用不同的字符编码标准,就会出现解码时根据计算机中存储的编码无法找到对应的字符的问题。分析得出Web应用开发过程中产生中文乱码的最主要原因是在开发的各个环节或阶段中使用的字符编码标准不一致或者前后不兼容,从而使字符在被调用和显示过程中不能被下一阶段正确的识别,所以出现了中文乱码。     

Morphological beak differences of loliginid squid,Uroteuthis chinensis and Uroteuthis edulis,in the northern South China Sea

The mitre squid(U roteuthis chinensis) and the swordtip squid( U. edulis) are Indo-Pacific cephalopod species that are abundant in the western Pacific Ocean. They are currently exploited in the East and South China Seas and make up a significant portion of the Chinese neritic squid catch. Beaks, the feeding organs of squid, are important for individual size and biomass estimation because of their high resistance to degradation in predator stomachs and consistent dimensions. In this study, 104 U. chinensis and 143 U. edulis individuals were sampled from northern South China Sea with mantle length from 70 to 260 mm and 96 to 284 mm, respectively. The results indicated that morphological beak values were greater for U. edulis, compared to U. chinensis, for upper hood length(UHL), upper crest length(UCL), upper lateral wall length(ULWL), lower crest length(LCL), and lower lateral wall length(LLWL). According to principal component analysis, UHL/ML, UCL/ML, ULWL/ML, LCL/ML, LLWL/ML and LWL/ML could represent the characteristics of beaks for U. chinensis, while UHL/ML, UCL/ML, ULWL/ML, LHL/ML, LCL/ML and LLWL/ML could represent it for U. edulis. According to Akaike's information criterion(AIC) values, a power function was the most suitable model for U. chinensis, while a linear function was the most suitable model for U. edulis. The beak variable-mantle length ratio(beak variable/mantle length) declined with the increasing of mantle length and declined sharply at the early stage of growth in both beaks and species. The ratio changed quickly after achieving the mantle length of 140 mm for U. chinensis, while the ratio changed quickly after 170 mm for U. edulis. Beaks in both species experienced sharper changes through maturity stage I to II than other maturity stages. This study gives us basic beak morphology information for U. chinensis and U. edulis in the East and South China Seas. Geometric morphological methods combined with dietary analysis should be used in the future.     

Effects of Different Diets on the Dietary Attractability and Selectivity of Chinese Shrimp,Fenneropenaeus chinensis

1Introduction Shrimp and crab have sensitive chemoreceptors andthey are chemosensitive to substances dissolved in wa-ter(Chen and Sun,1992;Chen,1995,1996a,1996b).This capability is crucial to their feeding behav-ior?.It has been found in shrimp and crab that alarge number of chemical substances and some con-tents distilled from their diets can activate their feed-ing responses.These kinds of chemical substances anddistilled content are defined as'food attractant'or'feeding stimulant'(Fuzessa…     

Morphological comparison between a selected fast-growing strain and the common cultured strain of turbot Scophthalmus maximus

To evaluate the effect of genetic improvement of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus, we analyzed morphological differences between a fast-growing strain obtained by family selection and the common cultured strain, by principal component analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis, and t-tests. Although they clearly differed morphologically, plots of the principal components of the two strains partially overlapped. However, the difference between the strains was supported with very high precision by discriminant analysis. The t-tests revealed that 4 of the 13 morphological traits analyzed were highly significantly different (P<0.01), 4 traits also differed significantly (P<0.05), and the remainder did not differ significantly. The coefficients of difference of the 13 traits were all lower than the threshold value between subspecies (1.28). Together, the results indicate that a trend for segregation of characters from the common cultured strain have already appeared in the selected fast-growing strain but the degree of segregation have not risen to subspecies level.     

翡翠贻贝三个野生种群形态性状的差异分析

运用差异系数检验、主成分分析、判别分析和聚类分析等4种多元统计分析方法,采用5个比例性状,比较研究了广西北海、广东湛江和汕尾的3个翡翠贻贝野生种群的形态性状差异。结果表明:(1)3个种群间5个比例性状的差异系数在0.024～1.134之间,种群间尚未达到亚种差异水平;(2)主成分分析构建了3个主成分,PC1、PC2和PC3贡献率分别为40.134%、27.956%和20.614%,累计贡献率为88.704%;(3)利用逐步判别法选择3个贡献率较大的性状进行判别分析,建立了3种群判别函数,判别准确率为P1为73.0%～88.0%,P2为74.6%～86.8%,综合判别率为79.7%;(4)聚类分析显示,北海种群与汕尾种群形态较为接近,湛江种群趋异程度最大。各种分析方法从不同角度反映了群体间的形态学差异,这种差异是环境和遗传共同作用的结果。     

Screening of stable internal reference genes by quantitative real-time PCR in humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis

Humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis is one commercial fish with considerable economic value.To determine the expression stabilities of six commonly used internal reference genes in C.altivelis challenged by Vibrio harveyi and viral nervous necrosis virus(VNNV) through quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR),the expression levels of selected genes in five immune organs stimulated with pathogenic infection were carefully evaluated using algorithms of geNorm,NormFinder,and BestKeeper.The results show that the expre ssion stabilities of the six candidate inte rnal reference genes were diffe re nt.Under no rmal physiological conditions,RPL13 were identified as the most stably expressed genes among five different immune organs(liver,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill).After V.harveyi stimulation,RPL13,RPL13,EF1 A,RPL13,and EF1 A were identified by geNorm,NormFinder,and BestKeeper as the most stable genes in liver,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.Combining these three algorithms suggested that under stimulation of VNNV,RPL13,EF1 A,Actin,RPL13,and Actin were as the most stable genes in liver,spleen,kidney,intestine,and gill,respectively.These results suggest that specific experiment conditions and tissue types shall be considered when selecting the reference genes in qRT-PCR analysis.This study provided a solid foundation for future studies on gene expression of C.altivelis under different conditions.     

A STUDY ON PATHOGENS OF CHINESE PRAWN (PENAEUS CHINENSIS) VIRUS DISEASES

This pathogenic study shows that the viral diseases of Chinese prawns (Penaeus chinensis. O'sbeck)is due to three kinds of viruses: epithelium envelope baculovirus of Penaeus chinensis (EEBV-PC, de-tected by the authors in 1993), infections hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, andhepatopancreatic parvo-like virus, and that the first two viruses seem to be the main pathogens of theepidemic in the northern regions in 1993.     

日本记纪“船”神话的原始宗教信仰探源

日本古代民族来源复杂,但是中国大陆擅长舟楫的各个民族漂洋渡海到达日本列岛的事实早为人共识.作为东亚海洋文化的一个重要内容,中日舟船文化、民俗的交流的历史点滴被《古事记》《日本书纪》记录下来.日本记纪神话所涉及到的对芦苇、楠木、竹等植物的崇拜与中国原始宗教信仰密不可分.通过对上述日本“船”神话的研究,探讨了中日古代人民在涉及江河海洋以及船的信仰上的渊源与异同     

用系统论方法解析汉字属性及编码对策

汉字输入技术是一项综合复杂的系统工程。运用系统论的方法分析了汉字属性的构架特征;对“音”与“形”的关联性和动态性进行了讨论;对汉字编码中的“定量”、“定序”和“定位”问题进行了阐述。     

Population identification of red-fin pargo,Parargyrops edita Tanaka,in Taiwan strait and Beibu Gulf

This paper deals with population identification ofParargyrops edita Tanaka. Samples of spawning stocks were collected from Niushan-Penghu, Minnan-Taiwan shoal (Southern Fujian-Taiwan shoal) and Beibu Gulf during the spawning period 1981–1982. Morphological characters, both meristic and morphometric, are counted and measured respectively. The stock concept and intraspecific categories have been discussed. Some meristic characters as the number of left or right ventral fin spine, right ventral fin rays and abdominal vertebrae of this fish may be constant, others as the numbers of left or right pectoral fin rays and gill-rakers may have obvious geographical variation. Morphological characters have not attained the level of subspecific distinctness, no sub-species could be found among these stocks by means of coefficient of difference (C.D.). Basing upon the comparative analysis ofM _diff, the authors consider that stocks of Minnan-Taiwan shoal and Niushan-Penghu belong to the same local population, Taiwan Strait local population. By means of the discriminant function analysis and linear relationship analysis, statistical differences will be found to exist in meristic characters between the stock of Minnan-Taiwan shoal and that of Niushan-Penghu, so that the two are virtually different stocks or subpopulations. The stock of Beibu Gulf belongs to another called the Beibu Gulf local population. These two local populations are of allopatric distribution and show statistically significant difference between themselves. Among these stocks, the Minnan-Taiwan shoal stock is strongly influenced by the much more complicated environmental conditions of the mixed boundary region of the subtropical Sino-Japanese Subregion in the north and the tropical Indo-Malayan Subregion in the south. Thus its coefficient of variability (C.V.) is greater than those of the other two in the mean values of various meristic characters. This paper was published in Chinese inOceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 14 (6): 511–520.     

Genetic differentiation of Japanese sardinella (Sardinella zunasi) populations in the Northwest Pacific revealed by ISSR analysis

Knowledge of population genetic structure plays an important role in fisheries management.In this research,In-ter-Simple-Sequence-Repeat(ISSR)markers were employed to evaluate the genetic structure of Japanese sardinella(Sardinella zun-asi)populations in the Northwest Pacific.Eighty seven individuals from 5 locations were screened using 4 highly polymorphic prim-ers.A total of 173 polymorphic loci were detected out of 191 loci amplified.Small but significant genetic differentiation was de-tected between the Chinese and Japanese populations by both AMOVA and pairwise FST analyses,which was further supported by cluster analysis.We consider that climate change during glaciations should be responsible for the genetic differentiation.Isolation by geographic distance among populations was observed,indicating that the distance might also lead to the genetic differentiation.However,no genetic structure was found within the populations off both the Chinese and Japanese coasts,indicating a high-level along-coast gene flow,which might result from ocean current transport and common ground for over-wintering.     

蛤蜊科3种贝类16S rRNA基因片段及ITS2核苷酸序列分析

利用PCR技术分别扩增连云港及启东沿海蛤蜊科的西施舌(Coelomactra antiquata)、中国蛤蜊(Mactrachinensis)和四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)3种双壳贝的16S rRNA基因片段和ITS2核苷酸序列,测序后用DNA star软件分析了核苷酸差异。结果显示:三种贝类16S rRNA基因片段长度相同,均为306bp(去除引物),核苷酸存在多态性,共有45个变异位点,54个核苷酸发生了变异,全部为碱基置换。西施舌与中国蛤蜊此片段核苷酸的同源性为88.9%,与四角蛤蜊的同源性为88.6%,中国蛤蜊与四角蛤蜊的同源性为90.6%。三种蛤蜊ITS2序列分别为390 bp(西施舌)4、41 bp(四角蛤蜊)和466 bp(中国蛤蜊),存在长度多态性,ITS2核苷酸差异分析结果显示,西施舌与中国蛤蜊的同源性为70.9%-71.1%,西施舌与四角蛤蜊的为70.5%-71.0%,中国蛤蜊与四角蛤蜊的同源性为88.1%-88.8%。ITS2序列分析结果与16S rRNA基因片段分析结果一致,2种分子分析法均显示中国蛤蜊与四角蛤蜊的亲缘关系近。     

Application of otolith shape analysis for stock discrimination and species identification of five goby species （Perciformes： Gobiidae） in the northern Chinese coastal waters

We tested the use of otolith shape analysis to discriminate between species and stocks of five goby species( Ctenotrypauchen chinensis, Odontamblyopus lacepedii, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, Chaeturichthys stigmatias, and Acanthogobius hasta) found in northern Chinese coastal waters. The five species were well differentiated with high overall classification success using shape indices(83.7%), elliptic Fourier coefficients(98.6%), or the combination of both methods(94.9%). However, shape analysis alone was only moderately successful at discriminating among the four stocks(Liaodong Bay, LD; Bohai Bay, BH; Huanghe(Yellow) River estuary HRE, and Jiaozhou Bay, JZ stocks) of A. hasta(50%–54%) and C. stigmatias(65.7%–75.8%). For these two species, shape analysis was moderately successful at discriminating the HRE or JZ stocks from other stocks, but failed to effectively identify the LD and BH stocks. A large number of otoliths were misclassified between the HRE and JZ stocks, which are geographically well separated. The classification success for stock discrimination was higher using elliptic Fourier coefficients alone(70.2%) or in combination with shape indices(75.8%) than using only shape indices(65.7%) in C. stigmatias whereas there was little difference among the three methods for A. hasta. Our results supported the common belief that otolith shape analysis is generally more effective for interspecific identification than intraspecific discrimination. Moreover, compared with shape indices analysis, Fourier analysis improves classification success during inter- and intra-species discrimination by otolith shape analysis, although this did not necessarily always occur in all fish species.     

Genetic improvement on Chinese shrimp （Fenneropenaeus chinensis）： growth and viability performance in F1 hybrids of different populations

Fenneropenaeus chinensis distributed in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of China and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. Different geographical populations represent potentially different genetic resources. To learn further the characteristics of different geographical population, crosses among two wild and three farmed populations were produced. The two wild populations were from the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea (WYP), and the west coast of the Korean Peninsula and coast (WKN). The three farmed populations included the offspring of first generation of wild shrimp from coast in Korea (FKN), the Huang Hai (the Yellow Sea in Chinese) No. 1 (HH 1), and JK98. The phenotypes growth and survival rates of these populations were compared to confirm the feasibility for crossbreeding. The body length (BL), carapace length (CL), carapace width (CW), height of the second and third abdominal segment (HST), width of the second and third abdominal segment (WST), length of the first abdominal segment (LF), length of the last abdominal segment (LL), live body weight (BW), and survival rate were measured. Different combinations were statistically performed with ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple significant difference (P<0.05) in BL, CL, HST, LL, and BW; and insignificant difference (P0.05) in other growth traits and survival rate. The results of Duncan's Multiple Range Test are that BL and CL of was the best combination in all growth traits. Therefore, hybridization can introduce the variation to base populations. The systematic selection program based on additive genetic performance may be more effective than crossbreeding.     

Sequence analysis and quantitative detection of Norwalk-like viruses in cultured oysters of China

We isolated 4 Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) contaminated oysters from 33 Chinese oysters collected from local commer-cial sources of Shandong Province. After amplification of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of NLVs genomes with RT-PCR, the open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of the RdRp was sequenced and subjected to multiple-sequence alignment. The re-suits showed that NLVs in the four isolates belong to genogroup Ⅱ. The sequence comparison showed that the similarity between four Chinese oyster isolates were higher than 99.0%, which indicated that NLVs prevalent in close areas have high homogeneity in genome sequences. In addition, the most conserved sequences between diverse NLVs were used to design primers and TaqMan probes, then the real-time quantitative PCR assay was performed. According to the standard curve of GII NLVs, the original amounts (copies) of NLVs in positive patient's fecal isolate, positive Japanese oyster isolate, and the Chinese oyster isolate were 8.9×108, 1.25×108 and 4.7×101 respectively. The detecting limit of NLVs was 1×101 copies. This study will be helpful for routine diagnosis of NLVs pathogens in foods and thus for avoiding food poisoning in the future.     

Construction of a Muscle cDNA Library of Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Sequence Analysis of the Troponin Ⅰ Gene

A muscle cDNA library of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) was constructed with the SMARTTM cDNA Li- brary Construction Kit. The titer of optimal primary library was 7.7×105 pfu mL-1 and that of the amplified library was 3.0×109 pfu mL-1. The percentages of the recombinant clones of primary and amplified libraries were over 98%. The insert sizes were longer than 400 bp with an average of 1000 bp. A positive clone containing a 794 bp insert was sequenced and identified encoding fast skeletal troponin Ⅰ gene. This library provided a useful resource for the functional genomic research ofE chinensis.     

Genetic variation among white croaker populations

To investigate the genetic structures and differentiation of different wild populations of white croaker （Pennahia argentara）, horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was performed on 133 individuals collected from five different locations in China and Japan. The eleven enzyme systems revealed 15 loci, of which eleven were polymorphic. The percentage ofpolymorphic loci of white croaker populations varied from 6.67% to 53.3.3%; the mean observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.0033 to 0.0133 and 0.0032 to 0.0191, respectively. The expected heterozygosity revealed a low genetic variability for white croaker in comparison with other marine fishes. The genetic distances between populations ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00026. A weak differentiation was observed within each clade and between clades; and no significant differences in gene frequencies among populations were observed in white croaker. Among the five populations, three Chinese populations showed more genetic diversity than that in Japanese populations.