试论山西地区山西组海相动物群的地质时代

上石炭统山西组在山西分布广泛,它和上石炭统太原组均系山西以至华北地层区晚古生代最重要的海陆交替相含煤岩系。山西组的研究历史虽然已有数十年之久,但山西组的地质时代,究竟是属于晚石炭世     

中朝板块东部石炭纪沉积特征及其构造、古地理

1986—1989年,作者参与了辽宁石炭二叠纪岩相古地理研究专题工作,其间曾赴河南、山西等地考查、学习,积累了中朝板块东部的一些资料,现对研究区石炭纪的沉积特征、古构造、古地理及海侵等有关问题讨论如下(按石炭系三分;由于山西组的时代尚有争论,本文只讨论石炭系本溪组(群)和太原组)。     

Invertebrate trace fossils from the Alveley Member,Salop Formation (Pennsylvanian,Carboniferous), Shropshire,UK

The late Carboniferous–early Permian was a period of major environmental change, with the rainforests that covered the equatorial zone during the Carboniferous disappearing due to increasing aridification. This environmental transition had significant impacts on the terrestrial biota, including a major extinction event among plant and vertebrate groups. A rich and unique ichnofauna from the Alveley Member (Moscovian: Westphalian D) of the Salop Formation at Alveley in Shropshire (England) has yielded important insights into late Carboniferous terrestrial communities. However, research to date has focused entirely on the vertebrate footprints. Abundant invertebrate ichnofossils also occur at Alveley, typically on the rippled upper surfaces of beds assigned to a floodplain facies that preserve the vertebrate tracks in hyporelief on their base. We provide the first detailed examination of the invertebrate ichnofauna from Alveley, identifying six ichnospecies within five ichnogenera (Diplichnites, Gordia, Paleohelcura, Palmichnium, Protichnites), including a new species of the common arthropod ichnogenus Diplichnites. This moderately diverse invertebrate ichnofauna is dominated by arthropod repichnia. There is no evidence of infaunal bioturbation and the single example of Gordia indicates limited sediment grazing activity. The Alveley ichnofauna is typical of Euramerican continental ichnoassemblages from the very latest Carboniferous, and indicates a moderate diversity of arthropods (crustaceans, arachnids and chelicerates) living alongside the marginal freshwater to terrestrial assemblage of temnospondyl amphibians, and basal synapsid, diadectomorph and captorhinomorph amniotes.     

对川东石炭纪非背斜圈闭气藏的分类

川东地区石炭纪的构造褶皱强烈,断裂发育,完整背斜很少,气藏一般赋存在背斜圈闭内。根据历年对川东石炭纪天然气的勘探所取得的大量地质、地震和测试资料分析,结合断裂、褶皱与储气层关系,本文对非背斜圈团气藏进行分类。这类圈闭在本区分布十分广泛,但其中以断层圈闭和地层-构造复合圈闭对天然气的聚集前景最好,其次为溶蚀岩性圈闭、岩性圈闭和残丘圈闭。     

中国石炭纪的岩相-古地理和古构造特征

以新的石炭纪地质年表为时间坐标,概述了中国石炭纪各期的岩相—古地理特征及其演变规律:石炭纪为一海浸时期,新村期(C_2~1)和上司期(C_2~2)是其中两个地壳运动比较活跃的阶段,根据古生物地理学、古气候学和古地磁学等方面的资料,揭示了中国和东亚地区石炭纪的古构造格局及其变化历程。     

Detrital zircon geochronology in the Dora‐Maira and Zone Houillère: a record of sediment travel paths in the Carboniferous

In the internal zone of the European Alps, late Carboniferous to Permian sediments have been detached from their basement (e.g. the Zone Houillère in the Briançonnais Zone). The Pinerolo Unit (Dora‐Maira Massif) is the deepest unit exposed in the stack of the Western Alps and is considered to be Carboniferous in age based on lithological considerations. Detrital zircon grains from the Pinerolo Unit and the Zone Houillère display similar age patterns, with the youngest and largest population being Carboniferous (340–330 Ma). The distribution of Carboniferous magmatism in the Alps and surrounding areas suggests that the detritus was transported from Maures‐Corsica and possibly from the Helvetic Zone into the Zone Houillère and the Pinerolo basin. Our results highlight the potential of detrital zircon geochronology for deciphering the sources of detrital material in meta‐sediments, even if they have been affected by metamorphic overprints.     

The aquatic and semiaquatic biota in Miocene amber from the Campo LA Granja mine (Chiapas,Mexico): Paleoenvironmental implications

Amber from the Campo La Granja mine in Chiapas, Mexico, is distinct from other sources of amber in Chiapas. Campo La Granja amber has distinct layers created by successive flows of resin with thin layers of sand on most surfaces. Aquatic and semi-aquatic arthropods are commonly found. Together these pieces of evidence suggest an estuarine environment similar to modern mangrove communities. The aquatic crustaceans are the most intriguing aspect of the biota. A large number of ostracods have been found in the amber—many with their carapaces open, suggesting that they were alive and submerged in water at the time of entombment. The only known examples of brachyuran crabs preserved in amber are found in the Campo La Granja amber. Amphipods, copepods, isopods, and tanaids are also members of the crustacean fauna preserved in amber.     

西秦岭礼县—武山杨河一带石炭纪地层的重新厘定

通过1∶250 000天水幅区域地质调查,在礼县鲁班石、郭家坪、青林寺、大南岔沟、固城一带的石炭系地层中相继新发现了丰富的珊瑚、腕足、蜓及非蜓有孔虫、牙形刺及古植物化石,为该地区石炭纪地层的划分和时代归属提供了重要证据。经过区域对比,发现原划地层单元的名称和时代归属都有值得商榷之处。根据新发现的化石及其组合特征,重新厘定了本区石炭纪地层的地层序列和岩石地层单元名称。     

塔里木盆地泥盆系——石炭系界线研究

塔里木盆地泥盆系－石炭系东河塘组,甘木里克组和巴楚组产生丰富的孢子,牙形刺和鱼化石,本文依据古生物地层的最新研究成果,论述了东河塘组和甘木里克组（含砾砂岩段）的时代为晚泥盆世,巴楚组（下泥岩段和生屑灰岩段）的时代限于早石炭世早期,论证了泥盆系一石炭系界线应划在含砾砂岩段和下泥岩段之间。     

Topographic evolution of the Tianshan Mountains and their relation to the Junggar and Turpan Basins,Central Asia,from the Permian to the Neogene

The modern Tianshan Mountains and their surrounding basins have mainly been shaped by the far field effects of the Cenozoic India-Asia collision. However, precollision topographic evolution of the Tianshan Mountains and its impacts on the Junggar and Turpan Basins remain unclear due to the scarcity of data. Detrital zircon U-Pb dating of 14 new and 23 published samples from Permian to Neogene strata in the northern Western Tianshan Mountains, northern and southern Bogda Mountains and Central Turpan Basin, are combined with sedimentary characteristics (lithofacies, petrofacies and paleocurrent data) to investigate the temporal and spatial changes in sediment provenances. Based on the age characteristics of the source rocks in the Tianshan Mountains, the detrital zircons are divided into three groups: pre-Carboniferous zircons, mainly from the Central Tianshan Mountains; Carboniferous to Permian zircons, mainly from the North Tianshan and Bogda Mountains; and Mesozoic zircons, mainly from syn-depositional volcanic activity. The topographic evolution of the Tianshan Mountains and their relation to the Junggar and Turpan Basins can be generally divided into six stages. (1) Positive-relief Tianshan and Bogda Mountains and a rifted marine basin formed during the Early Permian to early Middle Permian following late Carboniferous orogenesis, as evidenced by interbedded alluvial fan conglomerates and postcollisional extension-related volcanic rocks along the basin margins, by marine deposits far from the basin margins and by the predominance of Carboniferous to Permian detrital zircons. (2) Fluvial to lacustrine deposits in the modern southern Junggar and Turpan Basins are characterized by abundant pre-Carboniferous zircons and consistently northward-flowing paleocurrents, indicating the submergence of the Bogda Mountains and a contiguous Junggar-Turpan continental depression basin during the late Middle Permian to the Triassic. (3) The Bogda Mountains began to uplift in the Early Jurassic, resulting in opposing paleocurrent directions, a sudden increase in sedimentary lithic detritus and the dominance of Carboniferous to Permian detrital zircons along the southern and northern margins of this range. (4) In contrast to the uplift of the Bogda Mountains, the other parts of the Tianshan Mountains experienced gradual peneplanation from the Early Jurassic to the Middle Jurassic, as confirmed by widespread fluvial to lacustrine deposits, even inside the modern Tianshan Mountains, and by the dominance of pre-Carboniferous detrital zircons. (5) The dominance of Carboniferous to Permian zircons in the southern Junggar Basin suggests the West Tianshan Mountains were uplifted during the Late Jurassic, while the dominance of pre-Carboniferous zircons in the Central Turpan Basin indicates continuous peneplanation in the Eastern Tianshan Mountains. (6) The initial shape of the Tianshan Mountains-Junggar Basin-Turpan Basin system was constructed in the Late Jurassic but was modified in the Cenozoic by the India-Asia collision, resulting in much higher Western Tianshan and Bogda Mountains, low Eastern Tianshan Mountains and well-developed foreland basins. These Cenozoic changes were recorded by the rapid cooling of apatites, the dominance of Carboniferous to Permian zircons in the southern Junggar Basin and northern Turpan Basin, and the dominance of pre-Carboniferous zircons in the Central Turpan Basin.     

一个识别古代风暴作用的新标志——特征异地煤

风暴既具有强烈的破坏作用,又赋有极大的建设性。古代风暴作用的产物——风暴岩为油气运移和聚集提供了良好通道与空间。因此风暴岩的研究与识别,对油气勘探与开发具有实际意义。     

黔中—渝南铝土矿含矿岩系时代探讨

通过对黔中—黔北—渝南铝土矿含矿岩系9条代表性剖面岩石地层的描述,根据区内石炭系九架炉组、大竹园组和中二叠统梁山组大量孢粉属种的详细统计,结合前人研究成果及其他地质特征,论述了黔中清镇、修文到遵义一带九架炉组形成时代为早石炭世大塘期早—中期,黔北—渝南一带大竹园组形成时代为晚石炭世马平期早期。     

新疆博格达山宽沟地区的石炭系

<正> 新疆博格达山南北坡广泛出露石炭系,上石炭统的分层系统基本确立,自下而上是:居里得楞组、柳树沟组、祁家沟组和奥尔吐组,前三个组的时代为晚石炭世早期(即三分的中石炭世),后一组的时代为晚石炭世晚期(即三分的晚石炭世)。本区是否存在下石炭统的问题,由于缺乏生物地层资料的确凿依据而长期不能肯定,其症结主要在于“宽沟组”一名造成的混乱。     

Going underground: in search of Carboniferous coal forests

The development of coal forests during the Carboniferous is one of the best-known episodes in the history of life. Although often reconstructed as steamy tropical rainforests, these ancient ecosystems were a far cry from anything we might encounter in the Amazon today. Bizarre giant club-mosses, horsetails and tree ferns were the dominant plants, not flowering trees as in modern rainforests. At their height, coal forests stretched all the way from Kansas to Kazakhstan, spanning the entire breadth of tropical Pangaea. Most of what we know of their biodiversity and ecology has been quite literally mined out of the ground through two centuries of hard labour. Without coal mining, our knowledge would be greatly impoverished. Over the past few years, we've been exploring underground coal mines in the United States, where entire forested landscapes have been preserved intact over huge areas. Never before have geologists had the opportunity to walk out through mile upon mile of fossilized forest. In this feature article, we describe some of our recent explorations and attempt to shed new light on these old fossils.     

The age of the Lower Carboniferous conglomerate at Lligwy Bay,Anglesey

The Lower Carboniferous conglomerate at Lligwy Bay, Anglesey, is shown to be underlain as well as overlain by limestones of D₁ age so that the conglomerate is of intra-D₁ age. It is considered to have been deposited very close to a coastline.     

中国早石炭世小孢子和微古植物地理区

中国早石炭世地层发育,沉积类型多样,动植物化石众多,研究程度较高。通过讨论中国早石炭世孢子演化事件,微古植物地理分区,沉积环境和古气候,进而探讨了中国早石炭世微古植物群与西欧、北美、前苏联和冈瓦纳大陆微古植物群之间的关系及中国早石炭世古地理位置。     

柴达木盆地石炭系油气资源调查评价进展

柴达木盆地是我国大型含油气盆地之一,已经发现的油气主要来自中新生界地层。作者通过近年来对柴达木盆地石炭系油气资源的调查研究,证实柴达木盆地内石炭系地层分布广泛,厚度大。石炭系分布范围达10万km2。厚度大于1000m的范围达5.71万km2。盆地石炭系发育良好的烃源岩,石炭系地层普遍发育厚层油砂,显示石炭系具有很好生烃能力和油气运移过程。石炭系构造变形主要发生在新近纪末,之前的构造变形较弱,有利于石炭系油气保存。初步评价柴达木盆地石炭系油气资源量为6.14×108～7.23×108t。显示柴达木盆地石炭系油气资源潜力很大,是油气资源战略突破的新领域。     

豫西石炭系铝土矿出露位置的控制因素

豫西石炭系铝土矿形成于华北古夷平面上,沉积于华北陆表海-湖泊环境中。豫西石炭系铝土矿围绕隆起区分布及太原组海陆交互相的沉积特征,使人认为铝土矿形成于古陆边缘。本文通过对豫西铝土矿的区域地质背景、含矿岩系特征及其形成的古地理环境以及典型矿区地质构造的综合分析认为,豫西石炭纪"古陆"并不存在,豫西的现代地貌和石炭纪有天壤之别,新生代以来的构造运动是豫西铝土矿出露定位的控制性因素,豫西铝土矿围绕隆起区分布的特征是后期、尤其是新生代以来的构造运动造成的。     

New British records of Carboniferous lycopod cones

Five species of Carboniferous lycopod cones have been identified from new British localities. Their geographical distributions have been widened and most have had their stratigraphical ranges extended. Comparisons are also made with the ranges of those dispersed spores which appear to be identical to the spores found in the cones.     

Revisiting the tectonic setting of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the Chinese Tianshan and its neighboring areas

The Carboniferous–Early Permian rift-related volcanic successions, covering large areas in the Chinese Tianshan and its adjacent areas, make up an important phanerozoic large igneous province in the word, which can be further divided into two sub-provinces: Tianshan and Tarim. The Early Permian volcanic rocks have been considered to be the products of an intraplate volcanism by most researchers. However, there is still strong controversy about the nature and geological setting of the Carboniferous volcanic rocks. The regional angular unconformity of Lower Carboniferous upon basement or pre-Carboniferous rocks, the ages (360–351 Ma) of the youngest ophiolite and the peak of subduction metamorphism of high pressure-low temperature metamorphic belt and the occurrence of Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusion with age of ~352 Ma and A-type granite with age of ~358 Ma reveal that the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean might take place in the Early Mississippian. Our studies reveal that although contamination by continental crust or lithosphere can impart subduction-like signature (e.g., low Nb, low Ta and low Ti) and lead to misidentification of contaminated Carboniferous basaltic lavas from the Chinese Tianshan and its neighboring areas as arc related, there are still some essential differences between the Carboniferous basaltic lavas and arc related ones; such as: uncontaminated Carboniferous basaltic lavas have higher Nb concentrations (9–22 ppm), Nb/La > 1, “hump-shaped” OIB-like trace element patterns and moderate positive ɛ_Nd values that distinguish them from the arc related ones; whereas, the contaminated Carboniferous basaltic lavas are characterized by pronounced negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies, but, their concentrations of incompatible trace elements are conspicuously higher than those of subduction-zone basalts that also distinguishes them from the arc related ones. Our summation suggests that the Carboniferous volcanic successions did indeed erupt in an intracontinental rift setting and their generation is likely confined to mantle plume.