Geoecology of ecosystem recovery at an inactive coal mine site,New Zealand

Ecological restoration of the Wangaloa coal mine in southern New Zealand is hindered by a range of geoecological factors. The site has some substrate acidification (down to pH 1) and acid rock drainage with discharge waters initially down to pH 4, although this has since risen to ca. pH 6. Surface and ground waters develop elevated sulfate (up to 700 mg/kg) during oxidation of pyrite in coal and quartz in waste rock. Coal has elevated boron content (up to 450 mg/kg) and surface waters on coal-rich waste rock have up to 6 mg/L dissolved boron. Evaporation causes formation of salt encrustations dominated by gypsum with minor boron salts. Boron is bioavailable and may be at toxic levels (>200 mg/kg) in some plants. Quartz-rich waste rock is readily eroded, and develops a cm-scale low-nutrient quartz pebble armouring layer with low water retention properties. All waste rocks including loess siltstone have low nutrient contents, and low moisture retention properties, that are barely sufficient for plant establishment. Native plants introduced to the site during rehabilitation have grown on loess substrate (up to fivefold increase in height over 3 years), with poor or no growth on coal-rich and quartz-rich substrates. In contrast, natural colonisation of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) has been most effective at revegetation on even the most hostile substrates. This natural revegetation has been facilitated by islands of manuka established accidentally during 60 years of mining history. Manuka from local genetic stock is most viable for this revegetation, and introduced manuka seedlings have had a 70% mortality rate. Natural plant colonisation is the key step in overall ecosystem recovery, and invertebrates rapidly colonise beneath new shrubs irrespective of the nature of the substrate from vegetation islands that have high invertebrate numbers and species richness.     

Environmental impacts caused by phosphate mining and ecological restoration: a case history in Kunming,China

This paper presents the environmental impacts caused by surface mining and the ecological rehabilitation of Haikou phosphate deposits, Kunming, China. Surface mining entails the removal of the overburden to expose bare rock surfaces, not only causing destruction of pre-existing vegetation, but also occupying large areas of land for dumping the spoil. Severe environmental impacts are caused, e.g. rock desertification, poor forest stand structure, loss of biodiversity, aesthetic depreciation of the landscape, and the potential hazard of landslide and ground erosion. Ecological restoration has been conducted in a demonstration area since 1989 by means of control of geological hazards and revegetation of the disturbed areas. On-site dumping of waste rock for restoration of the abandoned mine area was adopted, providing a new mode of mining reclamation with high economic, environmental, and social value. Countermeasures for prevention and control of landslides included cut and fill technology, drainage, safety netting protection, retaining wall construction, and vegetation cover. By recruiting native plant species to the mine site and planting a forest imitating a natural mixed forest, the mine area was successfully revegetated.     

THE CENOZOIC GEORECORDS IN THE NORTHWEST OF YUNNAN AND THE EVOLUTION OF QING—ZANG PLATEAU

THE CENOZOIC GEORECORDS IN THE NORTHWEST OF YUNNAN AND THE EVOLUTION OF QING—ZANG PLATEAU     

Lateritised gravel bed: A new guide horizon for lateritic gold?

Geological studies made in the area of Mara Rosa in Goias State, Brazil, where small occurrences of gold are known in river placers, have revealed an interesting and extensive “lateritised gravel bed” overlying an inexpressive nodular lateritic crust horizon. The gravel has pebbles of vein quartz, quartzites and gneisses, which are interlocked and compacted by intense lateritisation with brown hydrous Fe-oxide (goethite). The underlying nodular crusts grade from deep brown to mottled, and occasionally have cavities. They possibly represent an interface between the bed rock and the gravel bed. The intensity of lateritisation is attributed to the existence of volcanogenic mafic sequences in the rock. The presence of pebbles of the same nature in the small placers with Au, suggest that Au has been dissolved and precipitated during the lateritisation process. Its abundance is mainly restricted to the lateritic gravel bed, which in turn has contributed Au to the stream placers. Thus, it is considered as a new guide horizon for lateritic Au.     

蒙陕接壤区煤矿采空区水-岩系统中氟来源及释放规律

采空区是高氟矿井水形成的关键区域,其水-岩系统中氟的来源与溶解释放决定了矿井水中氟的富集或贫化。针对蒙陕接壤区3-1煤采空区矿井水氟来源及释放规律不清晰问题,采用水化学测试、岩石矿物成分分析、矿物扫描电镜与能谱检测,以及室内水-岩作用仿真模拟试验,查明矿井水氟物质来源与赋存载体,揭示岩石中氟释放规律。结果表明：研究区3-1煤矿井水水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Na与SO4-Na型,3-1煤采空区矿井水氟浓度高于3-1煤生产工作面的矿井水浓度,且采空区矿井水pH、Na⁺/Ca²⁺浓度比均大于工作面矿井水。3-1煤采空区矿井水F-的物质来源为泥岩与粉砂岩,2种岩石中氟平均含量分别为741、610 mg/kg,氟在固相中的主要赋存载体为蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石及绿泥石。采空区水-岩系统中氟的释放受岩性、粒径、pH、温度及Na⁺/Ca²⁺浓度比5个因素影响。其中,泥岩及粉砂岩中的氟比细砂岩中的更容易释放进入水中;无论何种岩性,随着粒径的减小,氟释放F-的浓度增大;此外,碱性、高温及高钠低钙的...     

南水北调西线工程岩石中石英含量变化及其对TBM施工的影响

石英是各类岩石中广泛存在的一种矿物成分,石英颗粒的大小和含量不仅决定了岩石的强度、硬度和耐磨性,而且直接影响TBM施工的掘进效率。在南水北调西线工程区采集124块岩石样品进行了岩石薄片鉴定,在岩石碎屑粒度分析的基础上,得到了不同采样区域岩石中的石英含量分布特征。基于TBM施工特点,根据不同岩石中的石英含量统计结果,分析了石英含量分布规律对南水北调西线工程TBM施工围岩分类和掘进效率的影响。研究结果表明:(1)砂岩(含杂砂岩)、粉砂岩和板岩中的石英含量具有较明显的差异,砂岩(含杂砂岩)、粉砂岩的石英含量较高,其平均值分别为74.21%和80.41%; 板岩中的石英含量较低,平均值为9.36%。(2)砂岩(含杂砂岩)及粉砂岩中的石英含量一般大于60%,对TBM施工围岩分类的影响属于严重等级; 板岩中的石英含量一般小于30%,对TBM施工围岩分类的影响属于轻微-明显等级。(3)岩石中的石英含量越高,岩石硬度和耐磨性越高,刀具损耗越大,TBM施工掘进速度PR和施工速度AR越低。研究成果可为南水北调西线工程TBM优化选型、施工围岩分类以及施工进度预测提供参考依据。     

泥质岩膨胀势判断及其破坏机理分析

应用曲永新提出的不规则岩块干燥饱和吸水率判别法和成岩胶结系数指标法,对山西某一煤矿巷道中泥质岩的膨胀性进行综合判定,其属于非膨胀性泥质岩。并对巷道中岩样的矿物组成成分进行分析,岩石中石英和铁矿的含量较多,且分布极不均匀,所含粘土矿物主要为高岭石。最后,从岩石的矿物组成、结构构造、节理面及微节理面的特征以及岩石在受压力时裂隙的扩张情况等角度,综合分析得出泥质岩以脆性破坏为主。     

柴北缘东段克鲁克组泥页岩储层特征

柴北缘东段石炭系克鲁克组为一套海陆过渡相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混合沉积,其中泥页岩较为发育。通过野外剖面踏勘和实测对克鲁克组泥页岩纵向发育特征进行了研究,发现克鲁克组一段泥页岩累计厚度为60 m,泥地比达92.6%,是泥页岩发育最好的层段。通过精细岩心观察描述、全岩X射线衍射分析、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察及物性分析等,对泥页岩矿物组成、岩相、储集空间类型及物性特征进行了研究,结果表明,泥页岩矿物组成以石英和黏土矿物为主;黑色纹层状泥质中粉砂岩相、灰黑色条带状泥质粗粉砂岩相、灰黑色条带状含灰灰质泥质粗粉砂岩相和黑色纹层状含生物碎屑泥质中粉砂岩相为主要的岩相类型;储集空间主要发育顺层裂缝、溶蚀孔隙、黏土矿物晶间孔、有机质粒内孔隙及生物碎屑粒内孔;孔隙度在1%~3%,渗透率分布在0.01~1 mD。储层的发育主要受沉积环境、矿物组成和成岩作用的影响,黑色纹层状泥质中粉砂岩相和灰黑色条带状泥质粗粉砂岩相由于沉积厚度大、碳酸盐胶结作用弱、脆性指数较高、储集性能良好,有利于泥页岩储层的发育。     

梁宝寺区煤矸石及其综合利用途径研究

在煤矿建设之前，对梁宝寺区煤矸石进行了研究和评价，预算了该区煤矸石在煤矿建设和生产各阶段的产出量，详细分析了其物理化学特征，提出了今后煤矿对各种煤矸石的综合利用途径，为煤矿日后环境保护提供了可靠的资料。     

窑街三矿矿井水文地质特征及防治措施研究

根据生产实践总结，对窑街三矿矿井危害最大的是位于煤二层上部的第四系砾石层潜水，其次是烧变岩孔隙水与地表塌陷区积水，经多年水文地质资料分析，认为砾石层与地表水大通河水力联系密切，如采用帷幕注浆，打放水孔或泄水巷都不会取得好的效果，切断大通河与砾石层的水力联系，是根治砾石层最有效的方法，故要在充分研究大通河补给范围的情况下有目的地修筑拦河提与地下挡水墙，烧变岩孔隙水已利用打泄水巷，放水孔的方式排完，目前主要是严防地表水重新灌入，对塌陷区复垦，修筑防洪渠是防止大气降水进入塌陷区及防止地表水溃入矿井的有效途径。     

矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题响应差异性研究——以陕西潼关、大柳塔及辽宁阜新矿区为例

以陕西潼关、大柳塔及辽宁阜新矿区为例,采用对比分析的方法研究矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题差异性响应的主要因素。上述3个矿区矿产资源开发中矿山地质环境问题主要包括：20世纪90年代以前,陕西潼关金矿区是中国矿产资源开发秩序十分混乱的矿区之一,地下开采的采矿废石随意堆排导致了极为严重的矿山泥石流地质灾害及其隐患,＂三废＂无序排放导致土壤、河水及其底泥的重金属及氰化物污染严重,严重影响人体健康;地处生态环境脆弱带的陕西大柳塔煤矿区,20年大型机械化地下煤炭资源开采导致大面积地面塌陷及其链生的地下水含水层破坏严重,但矿区土地沙漠化程度总体没有呈现加重的趋势,水土环境重金属呈轻度污染;具有百年开发历史的辽宁阜新煤矿区,露天开采使土地生态破坏严重、边坡滑坡灾害频发、土地压占与破坏突出,地下开采引起的地面塌陷对地表建筑物及人居安全影响严重,但相对于金属矿区,该矿区水土环境重金属污染相对轻得多。对比上述3个矿区矿山地质环境问题,得到其差异性响应主要因素：矿产资源种类、原生地质环境条件、开采方式及矿山环境保护意识等。     

奥斯纳布吕克地区不同基质矿山废弃地的植被修复差异性

以德国奥斯纳布吕克地区3种基质类型矿山废弃地作为研究对象,分别对粉煤灰场地、煤矸石山、选煤厂尾矿及煤泥水沉积区3种基质类型的工矿废弃地土壤进行分层采样和理化性质指标分析,对比研究了矿区不同类型工矿废弃地不同基质的自然修复能力以及在进行植被重建时需要修复的土壤理化性质指标。结果显示:以煤矸石为主的场地自然修复能力高于粉煤灰基质和选煤厂尾矿及煤泥水沉积区基质类型。Helmstedt粉煤灰场地周边生长着一些芦苇;煤矸石场地Ibbenbueren和Piesberg山区自然生长着一些灌木;煤泥水沉积区因选煤厂仍在生产,沉积区无植物生长。      

Field experiments of aeolian dust accumulation on rock fragment substrata

The effect of rock fragments and rock fragment cover on the accumulation of airborne dust was examined in a long-term field experiment in the Negev desert of Israel. Four parameters were studied: pebble eccentricity, pebble size, pebble flattening and cover density. The effect of these parameters on the accumulation of dust on the pebbles, on the accumulation of dust between and underneath the pebbles, and on total dust accumulation (pebbles+interpebble space) was measured separately. Accumulation on the pebbles increased as the pebbles became larger, less flattened and more elongated, and as cover density increased. Accumulation between and underneath the pebbles increased as the pebbles became smaller, more flattened and more elongated, and as cover density increased (although the accumulation area available became smaller). Total dust accumulation increased as the pebbles became smaller, more flattened and more elongated, and as cover density increased. Rock fragments act as a dust trap as dust accumulation on pebble-covered surfaces is several tens of times larger than dust accumulation on similar but pebble-free surfaces. However, less than 20% of the initially settled dust is protected from further erosion. In the Negev desert, dust erosion by wind is of the order of 10 times larger than dust erosion by water. The rate of long-term dust accumulation in the Negev is of the order of 15–30 g.m^?2.yr^?1. This is considerably lower than the rates proposed elsewhere in the literature, which are based upon over optimistic dust retainment percentages.     

川东北地区陆相两类砾岩岩石与储层特征

川东北地区发育上三叠统须家河组须四段和下侏罗统自流井组珍珠冲段两套陆相砾岩储层。根据对岩心、测井、岩石薄片、物性等多种资料的深入研究,认为两类砾岩分别发育于高位冲积扇和低位扇三角洲体系中,西部须家河组以钙质砾岩为主,胶结作用为方解石胶结,发育裂缝型储层; 东部须家河组和整个珍珠冲段以石英质砾为主,硅质砾及火山岩砾次之,主要为粘土矿物胶结和硅质胶结,发育孔隙-裂缝型储层,两类砾岩邻近烃源岩,具备良好的生储盖条件,是有利的勘探目标。     

多种类植被覆盖地区ASTER影像岩石、土壤信息提取方法研究

植被的发育限制了遥感在地质学方面的应用,特别是在多种类植被发育地区不能直接地根据波谱特征进行岩石与矿物方面的填图.利用线性波谱分离等技术方法可以从植被、基岩或土壤混合信息中区分出多类别植被波谱,从像元混合光谱中减去各植被类型所占的像元光谱强度,从而可以求出土壤光谱强度及其所占的份额,有效剥离出岩石和土壤信息.在试验区利用多种类植被干扰消除方法,进行遥感蚀变矿物和岩石填图,具有极大的可靠性.该技术可以在中等植被发育地区的遥感填图中得以推广和应用.     

不同覆盖物抑制铀尾矿氡析出的效果

对5种不同覆盖物（红土、砂、废石、砂与红土混合物、废石与红土混合物）降低铀尾矿氡析出的效果进行了现场实验研究。结果表明,不同覆盖物的效果存在较大差异,在相同覆盖厚度条件下,氡析出率降低系数是红土〉红土与废石混合物〉红土与砂混合物〉废石〉砂。表面氡析出率随覆盖物厚度增大而减小,氡析出率降低系数的对数与覆盖厚度成正比,所得到的各种覆盖物的拟合线性方程可用来评价覆盖效果。建立了各种覆盖物覆盖厚度估算的经验公式。综合考虑降氡效果、经济成本、生态环境效应,废石与红土混合物是该地区铀尾矿库最佳覆盖物。     

内蒙古大青山煤田晚古生代砾岩的沉积特征

大青山煤田晚古生代地层中有 1 4层沉积砾岩。其中,晚石炭世地层中赋存 8层,二叠世 6层。通过对这些砾岩层的野外测量、室内岩矿鉴定等综合分析研究,查明晚石炭世的砾岩几乎全是稳定的单成分砾岩,石英砂岩和燧石质砾石的含量高达 93 %以上,砾石最大扁平面均向南倾,倾角在 5° - 1 0°之间,与砾岩伴生的粗粒石英砂岩发育大型低角度双向交错层理,萨胡环境判别参数等特征表明晚石炭世砾岩为滨海环境下的产物。二叠世的砾岩则主要是复杂成分的砾岩,尤其是早二叠世晚期及晚二叠世初期形成的 2层砾岩中砾石种类达 1 5种,以中酸性火山岩和火山碎屑岩砾石为主,并含较多量的变质岩和中酸性侵入岩砾石,砾岩层各种特征表明二叠世砾岩为河流相产物。大青山煤田晚古生代沉积砾岩的形成与北部造山带的隆升密切相关,它们是前陆盆地的沉积产物。     

牛庄洼陷沙三中亚段浊积岩储层成岩作用及主控因素分析

东营凹陷牛庄洼陷沙三中亚段浊积岩储层以长石细砂岩、岩屑细砂岩及粉砂岩为主,结构成熟度及成分成熟度均较低.浊积岩样品的显微特征及成岩矿物的组合关系分析结果表明:该区的浊积岩储层目前主要处于晚成岩A期到B期的过渡阶段,成岩现象包括压实压溶作用、石英的次生加大作用、碳酸盐矿物胶结作用、溶解作用和粘土矿物转化作用等,这些作用过程受矿物与孔隙流体之间的相互作用控制.影响成岩作用的主要因素是岩石性质、沉积微相、水介质的性质、超压、高温以及烃类的早期注入.     

Texture, mineralogy, and rock strength in horizontal stress-related coal mine roof falls

Geologic structures can represent planes of preferential weakness that, by dismembering the roof beam, may contribute to the failure of roof spans. However, beam deflection and roof failure also occur in rocks where no visible geologic discontinuities are present. This suggests that roof failure may depend on rock strength, which in turn depends on intrinsic textural properties inherent to the rock. In this study, rock samples were collected from horizontal stress-related roof fall material in coal mines for petrographic characterization and compressive strength testing. Brittle, stress failure-prone rock types include thinly interlaminated siltstone and shale, and black shale that had been lightly recrystallized. Samples exhibit a narrow range of density values between approximately 2.5–3.0 g/cm³ but exhibit a wide range of unconfined compressive strength values, between approximately 20–70 MPa. Results of laboratory observations suggest that for samples of coal mine immediate roof shale, compressive strength is not well correlated with density, grain size, sutured grain boundaries, or quartz content. These results for shale are generally at odds with the results of similar studies for sandstone. The great variability of strength, texture, and mineralogy documented in these samples may be an indication of their complexity and the need for specialized methodology in the study of shale strength.     

陕北侏罗纪煤田三角洲平原沉积环境及其岩石力学特征

三角洲平原沉积环境是陕北侏罗纪煤田煤炭资源的主要形成环境之一,为获得不同环境煤层顶板岩石力学参数特征,进一步探究沉积环境与岩石力学特征之间的关系,首先从区域沉积环境分析入手,然后运用岩心精细描述、沉积构造分析、地球物理测井分析等技术,识别微相、划分顶板沉积微相类型及其组合特征;之后对不同沉积环境中不同位置、不同岩性的岩石进行系统地分层采样和测试分析;最后综合分析煤层顶板各沉积微相的岩石力学特征。结果表明,煤层直接顶板以泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主,形成于三角洲平原亚相中的沼泽、湖泊沉积微相,局部见粉砂岩、细粒砂岩形成于分流河道和天然堤微相;基本顶主要以中-细粒砂岩为主,形成于分流河道沉积微相;沉积环境不仅控制煤层顶板岩性分布而且控制岩石力学参数及其含水层富水性的分布,其中,湖泊、沼泽相泥岩顶板区是顶板支护的重点部位,多期分流河道砂岩叠置顶板区是未来矿井防治水以及探放水的重点区域。