沟道松散堆积体冲刷启动机理与泥石流-拦挡坝相互作用研究

汶川地震后我国西部山区大量崩滑体堵塞泥石流沟道,形成堰塞坝,暴雨条件下极易溃决形成溃决洪水,剧烈冲刷侵蚀下游松散堆积体,形成或加剧泥石流灾害规模,对下游拦挡工程的破坏性极强。通过室内水槽试验,监测堆积体内和拦挡坝后相关土水、动力参数响应规律,分析松散堆积体冲刷侵蚀启动力学机制及其与拦挡坝相互作用机理,并推导出考虑孔隙水压力的泥石流冲击力计算公式。结果表明：(1)冲刷启动过程中堆积体以溯源侵蚀、侧蚀为主,体积含水率和孔隙水压力先增后减,基质吸力呈波动减小。(2)在泥石流冲击拦挡坝过程中,坝后出现两次冲击峰值,第一次拦挡坝泄水通畅,振动加速度为1.29 m/s²;第二次排水受阻,振动加速度为1.22 m/s²,同时泥位达到峰值95 mm。(3)泥石流对拦挡坝的整体冲击力由动、静两部分组成,静冲击力与坝后孔隙水压力呈正比,而动冲击力与流速的平方呈正比。研究成果可为震后泥石流沟道松散堆积体冲刷启动机理研究与防治工程优化提供理论与技术支持。     

利用数值模拟方法研究宏观丹霞地貌坡地的演化过程

由于红层岩性、节理发育状态、年代、构造运动特征、气候以及区域地质地理条件等的不同,丹霞地貌的形态在区域上有很大差别,其成因机制十分复杂.从丹霞地貌演化机制的宏观意义着眼,考虑岩性、节理、构造抬升速率及降雨等因素,基于地貌演化理论,利用数值模拟方法定量地展现了丹霞地貌坡地在构造抬升及流水侵蚀这两个主要的内外力作用下的动力学演化过程.地貌演化的幼年期和壮年期,流域输沙能力相对较大,主要表现为流水对基岩的侵蚀过程;直至演化的老年期,流域输沙能力相对较小,大量的风化物淤积,坡度变缓.同时,对不同岩性和垂直节理深度的计算结果进行了对比分析,砾石质地相对坚硬,计算得到的高程较大,表明岩性硬度越高,较容易形成陡壁,而岩性较软,易形成丘陵.垂直节理深度不同,坡地峰值几乎相同,但浅垂直节理较深垂直节理的谷值大,表明流水沿垂直节理进行下切侵蚀的程度不同,对景观的形成有着重要影响.数值模拟结果在物理上是合理的,有利于进一步定性地认识到岩层岩性、节理、构造抬升及流水侵蚀对丹霞地貌坡地演化的作用.     

岫岩陨石坑的成坑过程与形貌特征研究

利用陨石撞击形态学理论与撞击推演模型,基于遥感影像、数字高程模型,钻孔资料,区域地质图与野外观测等多元数据,对岫岩陨石坑的撞击形成过程与形貌特征等进行了研究.模拟计算表明,岫岩陨石坑撞击成坑瞬时直径为(1406±12)m,瞬时坑深为(497±4)m;撞击完成后最终坑的直径约为(1758±15)m,坑深为(374.5±3.5)m,角砾岩堆积透镜体厚度为(188.5±0.5)m,与前人钻孔揭示的数据基本一致.初步估算出形成岫岩陨石坑的陨石直径:若为铁陨石,直径为55 m左右;若为石陨石,直径为115 m左右.基于数字高程模型数据揭示了岫岩陨石坑的侵蚀与退化特征:坑深/坑径的比值为0.143,与Meteor撞击坑的特征值相似,从而定量地刻画了该坑属于简单坑的特征;坑缘轮廓的圆度值为0.884,表明该坑已受到了一定程度的风化与侵蚀作用.高分辨率SPOT彩色影像解译得到岫岩陨石坑坑内裂隙分布特征,放射状裂隙在NW-SE和WNW-ESE方位上表现出优选性,裂隙控制坑内水系的发育与演化.     

川藏公路四川段泥石流灾害研究与治理

大量现场调查和观测发现,川藏公路四川段的泥石流灾害集中分布在4个区域,即龙胆溪泥石流区、雅江泥石流区、波戈溪泥石流区和巴塘—金沙江泥石流区。波戈溪泥石流区和巴塘—金沙江泥石流区是境内泥石流灾害最严重的地区,流域面积超过20km^2的特大型泥石流有24条。自东向西,川藏公路四川段泥石流由水石流逐渐演变为稀性泥石流;复杂的地质构造环境、高山深谷地貌特征、强烈的地震活动、高强度的降雨和冰雪融水,构成泥石流灾害显著发育的环境条件。将公路沿线泥石流形成机理概括为4种,即降雨冲击机理、强度衰减机理、冲刷切割机理和沟床拖拽机理;2003年以来采用护岸结构、速流结构、抗冲击结构、拦渣坝、消能坎等技术实施了30余个大型泥石流灾害治理工程,治理效果显著。     

黄土高原地区侵蚀产沙的尺度效应研究初探

以黄河流域水文站的观测数据为基础, 对黄土高原地区产沙模数的尺度效应进行了分区研究. 研究表明, 不同分区的黄土、风沙、基岩的空间分布与组合关系不同、地形(坡度)不同, 其产沙模数随流域面积变化的趋势也不相同, 可以分为单调减小、单调增大、先增大而后减小、先减小而后增大等类型. 在对数据进行双对数转换后, 对上述尺度效应关系进行了线性和二次函数的拟合, 并分别针对这两种函数形式给出了校正方程. 依据所建立的校正方程, 将所有分区内各站点的产沙模数进行了1000 km2标准面积的校正以消除尺度的影响. 在此基础上使用Kriging插值法制作了消除尺度影响后的产沙模数图, 并将其与未进行尺度校正的产沙模数图进行了分析比较. 结果表明, 经尺度校正后, 重点侵蚀区域的位置大致相同, 但面积显著增大. 这主要是因为, 位于重点侵蚀区河流下游的站点经校正后, 其产沙模数有所增大.     

利用地震成像技术研究我国首个国际认可的陨石坑

20世纪80年代起,辽宁省岫岩县境内的一个环形构造由中国科学家从地质、地球化学推断为陨石撞击坑,后经地质钻探进行了证实.但该环形构造的深部整体特征仍有待用地震勘探方法来确认.为了对该环形构造的深部有个整体认识,利用三维地震成像方法首次对岫岩坑的地震波折射数据进行了研究,获得了该坑的三维速度结构.结果表明:该撞击坑从地表到深度100 m的速度层对应坑内上部107 m厚的湖泊相沉积物,深度100 m到300 m的速度层对应坑内下部厚度为188 m的角砾岩堆积透镜体.大约250 m深处的波阻抗界面与地质钻孔的260 m深处的陨石冲击分界面相对应.深度300 m到650 m的低速度层可能对应角砾岩堆积透镜体下面的下元古界变质岩系的程度较低的撞击裂隙层.坑中心深度约700 m周围以及向下出现的7.0 km/s以上的高波速可能是陨石撞击时所产生的高温高压使表层岩石达到熔融状态,改变了围岩的性质,致使围岩速度升高.     

低头坝养鱼对上下游局域栖息地和鱼类群落时空格局的影响

河流鱼类的群落特征会随栖息地环境的变化而发生变化.为了解鱼类群落对低头坝养鱼的响应程度,2013—2014年共6次调查了乌龙河(长江下游支流)两个可涉水河段样点(上游坝和下游坝)的环境因子、鱼类多样性及其群落结构.共采集到5目10科21属24种鱼类,以鲤形目鲤科最多,占总数的58.3%.通过解析时空动态变化与局域栖息地条件对鱼类群落的影响,发现季节因素对鱼类群落结构无显著影响,而鱼类群落所在空间位置(上游坝,下游坝)对群落结构差异具有较显著影响,其中上游中华鳑鲏(Rhodeus sinensis)、(Hemiculter leucisculus)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)、大鳍鱊(Acheilognathus macropterus),下游食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的多度决定了这种差异;而3个栖息地变量(溶解氧浓度、电导率和流速)均对鱼类群落特征具有显著性影响.栖息地环境差异对河流上、下游鱼类群落的影响较大,具体体现在下游样点鱼类的捕获重量、捕获数量、密度、多样性明显下降,推测利用低头坝养鱼是造成这些现象的重要原因.     

固体不极化电极现场实验研究

本实验是针对以下两个问题进行的:一是深度实验.在同一位置,将电极埋于不同的深度,观察电极埋设在不同深度时,对电场的观测基本没有影响;二是灌水实验.利用自来水和饱和食盐溶液直接灌入电极坑内,观察得知,电极长时间浸泡在水中或盐水中,对电极无明显影响.本实验得出的结论是:在电极埋设完成后,一定要灌水,第一次灌水对电极的影响很大,以后的灌水对电极的影响比较小;给一对电极中的一个电极灌水,对电位差有较大影响;同时给一对电极灌水,对电位差则无明显影响;在一对电极之间灌水,对电位差亦无明显影响.     

汶川Ms8.0级地震后龙门山构造地貌及地表侵蚀过程研究——以湔江海子段河为例

汶川Ms8.0级地震驱动的构造抬升作用和滑坡、泥石流剥蚀作用如何影响龙门山的地貌生长是目前争论的焦点。本文运用GIS技术,定量计算了湔江流域的坡度、地形起伏度、面积—高程积分等地貌参数,根据这些参数的计算结果,对湔江流域的构造地貌特征进行了量化分析;以汶川Ms8.0级地震重灾区湔江海子河右岸流域的滑坡、泥石流为例,并且利用野外实测资料、卫星照片及数字高程资料等,对于汶川地震驱动的构造抬升与滑坡、泥石流的表面侵蚀过程进行研究,获得以下初步认识:(1)湔江流域的映秀—北川断层以北地区地貌处于"壮年期",坡度、地形起伏度大;(2)汶川Ms8.0级地震后该地区发生了严重的同震滑坡及震后滑坡、泥石流灾害,海子河右岸流域的同震抬升量为5 339×104m3,同震滑坡量为3 852×104m3,同震抬升量大于同震滑坡量,地貌出现生长现象;(3)地震产生的泥石流量应略大于1 000×104m3,同震滑坡物质的30%转化为了泥石流量,因其海子沟右岸陡峻的坡度,绝大部分的泥石流冲入海子河,成为河道沉积物;(4)以目前湔江海子河流水搬运能力,在能够完全搬运出同震滑坡物质的前提下,同震滑坡物质搬运出龙门山至少需要283.2 a,表明在一个地震周期内,龙门山的同震滑坡物质可以搬运出龙门山;(5)准周期性相当震级地震引起的构造抬升及其均衡反弹作用也是龙门山的形成有重要作用的因素之一。     

“6·28”矮子沟特大泥石流灾害成因研究

通过对四川凉山矮子沟流域的勘查,结合遥感解译及矮子沟流域的地质活动历史,分析“6·28”矮子沟泥石流的影响因素,在此基础上分析了矮子沟泥石流的成因。“6·28”矮子沟泥石流是在地震、人类活动及干旱影响下,受强降雨激发,坡面及支沟先发生泥石流,支沟泥石流堵塞主沟泄洪通道,强降雨使堵塞体瞬间溃决形成较大山洪,山洪的强大揭底作用使沟床松散固体物质启动,沿途不断有岸坡坍塌补给,中下游段有大块石加入,规模不断增大而形成。采用形态调查法计算的泥石流流量为925．91m3／s,泥石流总量为57．4×104m3,一次固体物质总量为27×104m3。通过对矮子沟流域的物源、地形及流域的气候特征研究,得出初步结论：近期泥石流的规模和频率都会降低,但在极端干旱、地震和强降雨的偶然联合作用下,依然可能发生大规模的泥石流灾害。     

Bed scour by debris flows: experimental investigation of effects of debris‐flow composition

Debris flows can grow greatly in size by entrainment of bed material, enhancing their runout and hazardous impact. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of debris‐flow composition on the amount and spatial patterns of bed scour and erosion downstream of a fixed to erodible bed transition. The experimental debris flows were observed to entrain bed particles both grain by grain and en masse, and the majority of entrainment was observed to occur during passage of the flow front. The spatial bed scour patterns are highly variable, but large‐scale patterns are largely similar over 22.5–35° channel slopes for debris flows of similar composition. Scour depth is generally largest slightly downstream of the fixed to erodible bed transition, except for clay‐rich debris flows, which cause a relatively uniform scour pattern. The spatial variability in the scour depth decreases with increasing water, gravel (= grain size) and clay fraction. Basal scour depth increases with channel slope, flow velocity, flow depth, discharge and shear stress in our experiments, whereas there is no correlation with grain collisional stress. The strongest correlation is between basal scour and shear stress and discharge. There are substantial differences in the scour caused by different types of debris flows. In general, mean and maximum scour depths become larger with increasing water fraction and grain size, and decrease with increasing clay content. However, the erodibility of coarse‐grained experimental debris flows (gravel fraction = 0.64) is similar on a wide range of channel slopes, flow depths, flow velocities, discharges and shear stresses. This probably relates to the relatively large influence of grain‐collisional stress to the total bed stress in these flows (30–50%). The relative effect of grain‐collisional stress is low in the other experimental debris flows (<5%), causing erosion to be largely controlled by basal shear stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED SCOUR IN A 90° CHANNEL BEND

1 INTRODUCTION Scouring in the bend ways leads to deep sections at the toe of the outer bank of the bend. The presenceof secondary currents and the greater depths at the outer bank cause high velocity along the outer bank.The high velocity and shear stres…     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BED SCOUR IN A 90°CHANNEL BEND

The special feature of bend flow leads to scouring of the bed and bank. Various parameters like flow depth, flow velocity or discharge, geometry of bend and characteristics of bed material may affect the scour process. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of some important parameters on bend scour under clear water condition. Experiments were conducted in a 0.6m wide and 0.7m high flume with 90 degree bend. The lateral variations of bed slope were studied. The maximum depth of scour was correlated to densimetric Froude number, relative bend radius and relative depth of flow.     

Experimental assessment and prediction of temporal scour depth around a spur dike

Spur dikes are river training structures that have been extensively used worldwide for towards enhancing flood control and the stability of embankments and riverbanks.However,scour around spur dikes can be a major problem affecting their stability and hydraulic performance.The precise computation of temporal scour depth at spur dikes is very important for the design of economical and safe spur dikes.This study focuses on experimentally assessing the temporal variation of scour depth around a vertical wall spur dike and identifying the parameters,which mostly influence spur dike performance for a channel bed surface comprised of sand-gravel mixtures.In the current study,the authors did physical experiments in a flume based study to obtain new data,aimed at deriving a new predictive model for spur dike scour and comparing its performance to others found in the literature.It was found that the dimensionless temporal scour depth variation increases with an increase in(i)the threshold velocity ratio,(ii)the densimetric Froude number of the bed surface sediment mixture,(iii)the flow shallowness(defined as the ratio of the approach flow depth,y,to the spur dike’s transverse length,l),and(iv)the flow depth-particle size ratio.It is also concluded that the temporal scour depth variation in the sediment mixture is influenced by the non-uniformity of sediment and decreases with an increase in the non-uniformity of the sediment mixture.A new mathematical model is derived for the estimation of temporal scour depths in sand-gravel sediment mixtures.The proposed equation has been calibrated and validated with the experimental data,demonstrating a good predictive capacity for the estimation of temporal scour depth evolution.     

Influence of large woody debris on sediment scour at bridge piers

Large woody debris(LWD) reduces the flow area,deviate the flow and increases the velocity in correspondence of the bridge pier,therefore increases the maximum scour hole depth and accelerates sediment removal.Logs and drifts accumulated on bridge piers are of different dimensions.According to logs characteristics and river morphology,drift accumulations can either extend downstream the bridge pier or they can accumulate totally upstream.This paper aims to analyze the effect of drift accumulation planimetry on bridge pier scour.The experimental investigation has been carried out at the PITLAB hydraulic centre of Civil Engineering Department,University of Pisa,Italy.Drift accumulation was characterized by different relative longitudinal lengths,flow area occlusions,length of longitudinal drift and downstream planimetrical positions relative to the pier center.The experimental investigation has been carried out in clear-water conditions.Several pier sizes,channel widths and sediment materials have been tested.Maximum scour hole in presence of drift accumulation have been compared to the maximum scour hole for an isolated pier.Finally,data were compared with previous literature findings,which highlight the effect of the downstream extension of drift accumulation on bridge pier scour.New relationships have been proposed to predict the effect of drift accumulation on bridge pier scour,both in terms of relative maximum scour and temporal scour evolution.     

IMPACTS OF DIMENSION AND SLOPE OF SUBMERGED SPUR DIKES ON LOCAL SCOUR PROCESSES - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

1 INTRODUCTION In alluvial streams bed scour often occurs if the sediment load is less than the transport capacity of the flow. Two types of scour are identified, namely local scour and channel bed scour. Channel bed scour can be further classified accord…     

Local scour around two side-by-side cylindrical bridge piers under ice-covered conditions

In the current study, 108 flume experiments with non-uniform, cohesionless sediments have been done to investigate the local scour process around four pairs of side-by-side bridge piers under both open channel and ice-covered flow conditions. Similar to local scour around bridge piers under open channel conditions and a single bridge pier, it was observed in the experiments that the maximum scour depth always occurred at the upstream face of the pier under ice-covered conditions. Further, the smaller the pier size and the greater the spacing distance between the bridge piers, the weaker the horseshoe vortices around the bridge piers, and, thus, the shallower the scour holes around them. Finally, empirical equations were developed to estimate the maximum scour depth around two side-by-side bridge piers under both open channel and ice-covered flow conditions.     

Local scour around bridge abutments under ice covered condition- an experimental study

The local scour around bridge abutments has been an active research topic for many decades. But very few studies have been conducted regarding the impacts of ice cover on the local scour phenomenon aro...     

LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE ABUTMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION The protrusion of a bridge abutment or a spur dike into the main channel creates a disturbance and obstruction to the otherwise equilibrium state of sediment transportation in an alluvial river. The flow accelerates and separates at the upstream face of the abutment as it moves past the obstacle, creating a vortex trail that moves downstream in a direction approximately perpendicular to the structure. The result is that the bed around the structure is eroded locally. The l…     

Modelling time varying scouring at bed sills

In this paper a modelling approach is presented to predict local scour under time varying flow conditions. The approach is validated using experimental data of unsteady scour at bed sills. The model is based on a number of hypotheses concerning the characteristics of the flow hydrograph, the temporal evolution of the scour and the geometry of the scour hole. A key assumption is that, at any time, the scour depth evolves at the same rate as in an equivalent steady flow. The assumption is supported by existing evidence of geometrical affinity and similarity of scour holes formed under different steady hydraulic conditions. Experimental data are presented that show the scour hole development downstream of bed sills due to flood hydrographs follow a predictable pattern. Numerical simulations are performed with the same input parameters used in the experimental tests but with no post‐simulation calibration. Comparison between the experimental and model results indicates good correspondence, especially in the rising limb of the flow hydrograph. This suggests that the underlying assumptions used in the modelling approach are appropriate. In principle, the approach is general and can be applied to a wide range of environments (e.g. bed sills, step‐pool systems) in which scouring at rapid bed elevation changes caused by time varying flows occurs, provided appropriate scaling information is available, and the scour response to steady flow conditions can be estimated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.