“Warm” dichothermal layer in the Sea of Okhotsk

The field data show that the ventilation of waters in the Sea of Okhotsk occurs the year round as a cyclic process and consists of several phases. During the initial phase, the shelf waters enter the offshore subsurface layers. Later, they appear at intermediate depths and spread southward as cold intrusions mixing with surrounding waters on their way. During the last phase of the cycle, the shelf waters do not penetrate the deep-sea layers, and in the vertical structure of temperature field near the northeast coast of Sakhalin, a local phenomenon of “warm” dichothermal layer is observed.     

A Note on the South China Sea Shallow Interocean Circulation

1. IntroductionThe South China Sea (SCS) has many channelsconnecting with the outer oceans/seas (Fig. 1). Thewidest and deepest channel is the Luzón Strait, whichis the main entrance to the SCS from the WesternPacific Ocean, having a sill depth of about 2500 m.On the north, the Taiwan Strait connects with theEast China Sea, with a sill depth of about 70 m. Inthe vicinity of Mindoro Island, there are a numberof channels connecting the SCS with the Sulu Sea.The main channel is the M…     

Peculiar Temporal Structure of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon

ＰｅｃｕｌｉａｒＴｅｍｐｏｒａｌＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａＳｕｍｍｅｒＭｏｎｓｏｏｎＢｉｎＷａｎｇ①ａｎｄＲｅｎｇｕａｎｇＷｕＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｙ，ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＨａｗａｉ，ＵＳＡＲｅｃ...     

The 30–60-day Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea during May–September

This study investigates the structure and propagation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature(SST) variability in the South China Sea(SCS) on the 30–60-day timescale during boreal summer(May–September). TRMM-based SST, GODAS oceanic reanalysis and ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis datasets from 1998 to 2013 are used to examine quantitatively the atmospheric thermodynamic and oceanic dynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation. Power spectra show that the 30–60-day SST variability is predominant, accounting for 60% of the variance of the 10–90-day variability over most of the SCS. Composite analyses demonstrate that the 30–60-day SST variability is characterized by the alternate occurrence of basin-wide positive and negative SST anomalies in the SCS, with positive(negative) SST anomalies accompanied by anomalous northeasterlies(southwesterlies). The transition and expansion of SST anomalies are driven by the monsoonal trough–ridge seesaw pattern that migrates northward from the equator to the northern SCS. Quantitative diagnosis of the composite mixed-layer heat budgets shows that, within a strong 30–60-day cycle, the atmospheric thermal forcing is indeed a dominant factor, with the mixed-layer net heat flux(MNHF) contributing around 60% of the total SST tendency, while vertical entrainment contributes more than 30%. However, the entrainment-induced SST tendency is sometimes as large as the MNHF-induced component, implying that ocean processes are sometimes as important as surface fluxes in generating the30–60-day SST variability in the SCS.     

The South China Sea Monsoon Experiment(SCSMEX) Implementation Plan

ＴｈｅＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａＭｏｎｓｏｏｎＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔ（ＳＣＳＭＥＸ）ＩｍｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎＰｌａｎＤｉｎｇＹｉｈｕｉ（丁一汇），ＣｈａｏＱｉｎｇｃｈｅｎ（巢清尘），ＺｈａｎｇＹａｎ（张雁），ＧａｎＺｉｊｕｎ（甘子钧）①ａｎｄＺｈａ...     

Sensitivity Study of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon in 1998 to Different Cumulus Parameterization Schemes

In this study, the improved high-resolution regional climate model of the China National Climate Center （RegCM_NCC） is used to examine the sensitivity of the simulated circulation and rainfall during the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） period during 1998 in an effort to compare to other cumulus param- eterization schemes. The investigation has indicated that the model is capable of simulating the seasonal march of the SCSSM and that the results were very sensitive to the choice of cumulus parameterization schemes. It seems that the Kuo cumulus parameterization scheme simulates the process of the SCSSM onset reasonably well, which can reproduce the onset timing and dramatic changes before and after the onset, especially the upper- and lower-level wind-fields. However, there are still some discrepancies between the simulations and observations. For example, the model can not completely simulate the intensity of the rainfall or the location of the western Pacific subtropical high as well as the feature of the rapid northward propagation of seasonal rain belt.     

Interannual and Interdecadal Variations in Heat Content of the Upper Ocean of the South China Sea

The vertically averaged temperature (TAV) from surface to 100 m depth of the South China Sea for the period 1959-1988 is analyzed. The results indicate that there is a significant long-term variability from interannual to interdecadal scales in the heat content in the upper ocean. The heat content of the upper ocean of the South China Sea increases evidently in the El Nino year. TAV anomaly in the ocean was negative from the end of 1950’s to early l970’s, and then changed to positive. The changes of TAV of the ocean are closely related to ENSO events, the Asian winter monsoon and the tropical atmospheric circulation anomalies.     

30-60-day Oscillations of Convection and Circulation Associated with the Thermal State of the Western Pacific Warm Pool during Boreal Summer

This study focuses on the characteristics of the 30-60-day oscillation (MJO) associated with the interannual variability of the thermal state in the western Pacific warm pool. The composite results show that the amplitude of MJO convection over the tropical western Pacific tends to intensify (reduce) in the WARM (COLD) case. The negative correlations between MJO convection in the WARM and inthe COLD cases are examined to be significant over most of the Asian-Pacific region. The evolutions of MJO convection and lower circulation, on the one hand, exhibit larger differences between the WARM and COLD cases, but on the other hand, display a unique feature in that a well-developed MJO cyclone (anticyclone) is anchored over the Asian-Western Pacific domain at the peak enhanced (suppressed) MJO convection phase over the western Pacific warm pool, either in the WARM or in the COLD case. This unique feature of MJO shows a Gill-type response of lower circulation to the convection and is inferred to be an inherent appearance of MJO. The context in the paper suggests there may exist interactions between MJO and the interannual variability of the thermal state in the western Pacific warm pool.     

A Case Study of Warm Sector Rainbands in North China

This article investigates in detail the structure, genesis and development of parallel-type warm sector rainbands from radar observations. By comparing these observations with diagnostic results from temperature, pressure, moisture and wind data, which are both actually observed and numerically generated by a mesoscale model, and the theory of symmetric instability, it is found that the conditional symmetric instability might be responsible for the formation and development of these rainbands.     

Observational Study on the Onset of the South China Sea Southwest Monsoon

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The study on the interannual variation and the mechanism of the south china sea monsoon

l.Intr0ductionTheonset0ftheSouthChinaSea(SCS)monsoonisasignofthecomingoftheAsianmonsoon.Inaverage,theonsetoftheSCSmonsoonisinthemiddleofMay,butitsstrengthandtheonsetdatediffergreatlyfromoneyeartoanother.TheanomaliesoftheSCSmon-soonhighlydePendonnotonIytheprecipitationinSCS,butalsotheanomaliesofthecircu-lationintheworld.WhyisthemonsoononsetearliestinSCS?Whatisthemechanismoftheonsetanditsvariation?Thisisascientificproblemthatisinterestedinbymeteorologistsbothathomeandabroad.TaoandChen…     

南海西南季风多时间尺度变化及其与海温的相互作用

利用NCEP再分析资料和OLR、SST观测数据, 研究了南海地区西南季风的多时间尺度变化特征, 对比分析了强弱西南季风年大气环流的差异.南海西南季风的强弱变化与海表面温度 (SST) 之间存在显著的相互作用, 年际或以上时间层次变化主要表现为南海西南季风强弱与东太平洋海温、南海-阿拉伯海海温存在显著负相关.对月季时间层次, 东太平洋海温变化对西南季风强度变化的影响仍起重要作用, 南海-阿拉伯海海温与西南季风之间相互作用不但表现为西南季风对海温的作用 (西南季风强 (弱) 导致后期海温降低 (升高)), 同时海温变化对西南季风也起相当重要的作用, 前期海温正 (负) 距平有利于西南季风增强 (减弱).     

西太平洋暖池海温和山西盛夏降水关系研究

利用1961—2016年山西盛夏(7—8月)平均降水和同期NOAA重构海温资料,分析了山西盛夏降水分别与赤道中东太平洋海温和西太平洋暖池海温相关性的变化。结果表明:山西盛夏降水和赤道中东太平洋海温之间呈现稳定的显著负相关;和西太平洋暖池海温呈现正相关,并在20世纪70年代末到80年代初之后相关性加强,通过了0.05显著性检验。进一步分析表明,这种西太平洋暖池海温对20世纪80年代以来山西盛夏降水指示意义加强的事实,主要体现在赤道中东太平洋海温偏冷的背景下。西太平洋暖池海温异常通过影响与山西盛夏降水密切相关的大气环流、季风槽位置和东亚夏季风,导致山西盛夏降水异常。盛夏赤道中东太平洋海温偏冷时,西太平洋暖池海温偏暖(冷),通过遥相关引起中高纬度大气欧亚—太平洋型遥相关(EUP)和负太平洋—日本(PJ)波列,通过影响季风槽位置偏西偏北(偏东偏南),引起西太平洋副热带高压偏北(南)和季风指数偏小(大),导致山西盛夏降水偏多(少)。     

On the onset of the south china sea summer monsoon in 1998

1.IntroductionChinesescientistshavepointedoutsincethe1980sthattheAsiansummermonsooniscomposedoftheSouthAsian(Indian)monsoonsystemandtheEastAsianmonsoonsystem,whichhavetheirparticularcharacteristicsrespectivelybutalsointeractoneachother;andtheAsiansummermonsoonbreaksoutintheSouthChinaSea(SCS)regionatfirst,thenspreadsnorthwestwardandnorthwardrespectively,finallytheSouthAsiansummermonsoonandtheEastAsiansummermonsoonaresetup(TaoandChen,1987;JinandChen,1985;Zhuetal.,1986).Muchattentionhasbe…     

菲律宾以西海域的高温暖水与南海夏季风爆发

为了揭示高温暖水在中国南海（文中简称南海）夏季风爆发中所起的作用,依据欧洲中期天气预报中心发布的第5代全球大气海洋再分析资料,发现气候平均意义下印度洋—太平洋暖池中30℃以上高温暖水会在5月出现移位：5月上旬高温暖水出现在孟加拉湾中部,而到下旬消退并移位到南海南部。通过分析局地天气尺度的海洋-大气相互作用过程,揭示了上述高温暖水月内移位的物理机制：在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发后,逐渐增强的潜热释放和减少的短波辐射会导致孟加拉湾高温暖水的面积逐渐缩小;与此同时,在副热带高压影响下,南海菲律宾岛西南高温暖水出现,并因其面积逐渐增大,并与泰国湾的高温暖水共同构成了南海南部的高温暖水。研究发现南海季风爆发几乎都出现在上述高温暖水移位之后,因此孟加拉湾中部和南海南部海表温度的差由正转负可以作为南海季风爆发的先兆。

     

基于海温异常的南海夏季风爆发的可预报性分析

定义了综合评估南海地区大气对海温异常等外强迫响应的指数,并以此作为中间变量提出了利用前期海温异常预报南海夏季风爆发早晚的方法,进一步分析了基于海温异常的南海夏季风爆发的可预报性。分析表明:基于前期海温的异常,对于以日为单位预报对象的定量的南海夏季风爆发日期来说,基本没有可预报性;而对于定性的南海夏季风爆发早晚的预测,则可预报性大为提高。其预报时效可以提前至前期秋季的11月份。     

Regional and synoptic-scale features associated with inactive periods of the summer monsoon over south china(1)

This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall data over Hong Kong Meteorological parameters provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1985-1990 are examined. Daily values of each parameter for the six years are then composited each day for the period of 5 days before to 1 day after the break. It is found that several days before the break, changes opposite to those occurred during the onset and active periods begin to take place. This suggests that a feedback mechanism is present which tends to restore the atmosphere to a more stable state. This mechanism may be initiated by the formation of convective clouds during the onset and active periods. These clouds then reduce the solar radiation to the ground, leading to a gradual drop in the temperature. This drop, together with the cooling of the atmosphere due to the large amounts of rainfall, causes the pressure over the SC region to become higher, which in turn induces a westward extension of the subtropical ridge. The decrease in temperature over SC may also shift the location of the heat source to the west, which leads to a concomitant westward shift of the convergence of the southerlies and results in less moisture-laden air reaching the SC region. The atmosphere then becomes unfavourable for heavy convection and therefore a break starts.     

南海海平面高度年循环的特征

根据 ＴＯＰＥＸ／ ＰＯＳＥＩＤＯＮ－ＥＲＳ高度计提供的海平面高度异常资料和并行海洋气候模式（ＰＯＣＭ）模拟海平面高度资料，分析了南海海平面高度年循环特征。结果表明：ｌ月，３月和５月海平面高度的异常值分别与７月，９月，１１月的异常值相反。ｌ月（７月），深水海区与吕宋海峡的海平面高度为负（正）异常，在大部分陆架区和南海的西和南部，海平面高度为正（负）异常。在３月（９月），除海平面高度异常的量级已减少，且较小的ＳＳＨ正异常（负异常）出现在南海的中部以外，海平面高度异常的分布型与 １月（７月）类似； ＳＳＨ的年循环的最大振幅出现在吕宋岛的西北海域；风的季节变化是南海ＳＳＨ季节变化的主要原因。     

夏季风期间南海南部海区海-气通量交换浅析

海洋考察资料分析表明，夏季风期间南海南部海区海洋输向大气的热通量倍增，热通量的增、减过程与对流天气密切相关，季风潮天气过程中的热通量值居各天气过程之首，某些时段感热通量会出现大气向海洋的反向输送过程，地理环境使同一天气过程影响下海区内各通量的水平分布明显不均，海洋输向大气的热通量明显影响500hPa以下各层大气。