Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand,Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification method for determining the optimum threshold (maximum spectral angle) to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits: Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.     

基于ASTER光谱特征的科技廊带岩性填图:以新疆塔什库尔干地区为例

科技廊带填图是以解决关键地质问题为目的填图方式,但部分地区海拔高差大,交通不便,给填图工作造成巨大困难。遥感岩性解译可为填图工作提供重要参考。然而,当前主流的遥感岩性解译方法仍是基于地貌纹理等间接解译标志开展的。相对而言,矿物岩石光谱特征作为最为直接和准确的遥感岩性解译标志却少有实例报道。本文基于ASTER遥感影像和岩石光谱特征分析,对部分地区海拔高差较大的新疆塔什库尔干地区进行岩性解译工作,以检验其适用性。在野外工作对研究区岩性类型进行识别和鉴定的基础上,ASTER光谱分析成果影像可较准确显示区内主要岩性类型的地表出露。其中,ASTER热红外波段比可反映区内中高级变质岩、花岗岩类及碳酸盐岩的整体分布特征;在此基础上,ASTER可见光-近红外及短波红外波段比可准确鉴定与Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)-硅酸盐、Al-OH、Mg-OH等成分相关的矿物组成(如绿泥石、白云母及石榴子石等),从而对地表岩性出露进行更为细致的识别和分类。研究结果表明基于ASTER光谱特征的岩性填图方法在新疆、西藏等地区有天然的实用性,既可克服区内海拔高、交通不便等困难,又可准确指示地表关键岩性类型的出露情况,可作为科技廊带填图及地质研究工作的重要手段。     

Enhancement of hydrothermal alteration zones using the spectral feature fitting method in Rabor area, Kerman, Iran

Rabor exploration area is in southeast of Kerman province, south of Urumieh-Dokhtar volcanic belt. Since there are many evidences of porphyry copper mineralization in this belt, prospecting and exploration of the intact and undiscovered places, especially the southern part of this belt, seems necessary. In this paper, use has been made of the “spectral feature fitting” (SFF) method to process ASTER satellite data (in Rabor exploratory area as a case study) for the identification and enhancement of hydrothermal alteration zones related to probable porphyry copper mineralization. The method is based on the comparison of absorption features in the image and the reference spectra. The distribution map of the indicator clay minerals, such as kaolinite, muscovite, illite, montmorillonite, alunite, pyrophyllite, dickite, chlorite, and epidote in Rabor exploratory area has been prepared with the help of this method. Identification and enhancement of alteration zones and overlaying Pay-Negin ore index on every individual zone reveal the capability and high efficiency of the SFF method in processing ASTER satellite data and preparing the distribution map of alteration minerals. Field and laboratory studies have shown that main alterations in this area are phyllic and argillic. These studies confirm the results obtained from remote sensing in the area.     

Porphyry Copper Deposit Prognosis in the Middle Region of the Bangonghu–Nujiang Metallogenic Belt,Tibet, Using ASTER Remote Sensing Data

The B angonghu–N ujiang metallogenic belt is considered to be T ibet’s third copper belt after the Y ulong and G angdese copper belts. The D uolong gold‐rich porphyry copper deposit, located in the western part of the B angonghu–N ujiang belt was recently recognized as a superlarge prospect. The A dvanced S paceborne T hermal E mission and R eflection R adiometer (ASTER ) was used to characterize the D uolong porphyry deposit alteration area, and three methods, color enhancement, band ratio transformation, and spectral angle mapping, were utilized to extract the phyllic and argillic alteration zones, which are typically considered the most important predictors of porphyry copper. Seven prospecting areas, which match mapped alteration zones, were delineated in the D uolong deposit. In addition, an ASTER image of the eastern region of the B angonghu–N ujiang belt in the X iongmei area was used to extract alteration information, and an area with image characteristics similar to the D uobuza and B olong ore deposits was identified as a prospecting area. Numerous malachite outcrops were identified in the field, and both laboratory analysis and isotopic dating confirmed that the deposit had formed concurrently with the D uobuza deposit (119 M a). Geologic mapping at the 1:5000 scale was conducted in the area, and three types of ore‐bearing rocks were identified, indicating that this area has significant potential to host ore deposits. The discovery of the X iongmei copper mining area is significant for the B angonghu–N ujiang belt.     

桂东大瑶山地区铜金多金属矿床成矿系列及成矿模式

大瑶山地区铜金多金属矿床主要由斑岩型、夕卡岩型、断裂-蚀变岩型3种类型的矿床（点）组成,矿种以金为主,伴有铜、银、铅、锌等矿化,构成了一个较完整的成矿系列组合,可划分2个矿床成矿系列和4个矿床成矿亚系列.成矿作用与浅成-超浅成岩浆岩关系密切.岩浆活动为矿床的形成提供了热源和热液.断裂构造提供了运移通道并控制着矿体分布.震旦系-寒武系是主要矿源层.建立了矿源层、构造、岩浆活动“三位一体”的区域成矿模式.     

基于蚀变信息提取的西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带中段斑岩铜矿找矿预测

本文选取西藏班公湖-怒江成矿带西段多不杂斑岩铜矿为已知矿床,通过对采样样品实测波谱特征的分析,基于 ASTER 遥感数据,采用目前主要的蚀变信息提取算法——彩色增强、比值算法及光谱角制图算法,在班公湖-怒江成矿带中段开展蚀变信息提取及找矿靶区圈定研究,预测了一处成矿前景区域.通过对此预测区域的野外查证,发现大量的孔雀石露头,室内电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)分析得出铜品位在0.18%~1.95%之间,平均为0.51%.对该区域进行了激电测量工作,测量结果和遥感结果相互印证,表明此区域为一处斑岩铜矿成矿前景区.     

Assessment of the reliability of supervised classifications of Landsat-7, ASTER,and SPOT-5 multispectral data in rock unit discriminations of Jabal Daf-Wadi Fatima area,Saudi Arabia

Multispectral, multiresolution remotely sensed data were processed to emphasize geological interpretation of Jabal Daf-Wadi Fatima area. The investigated area is situated in the central western part of Saudi Arabia and geologically consists of igneous and metamorphosed rocks overlain by sedimentary sequence belonging to the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Three sets of digital satellite data, Landsat-7 ETM+, ASTER, and SPOT-5, were used in this study. The application of image processing techniques enables to identify and delineate the lithologic units and the structural features of the study area. The results of this study indicate that the confusion matrix of the three maximum likelihood supervised classifications of the three datasets shows that the Landsat ETM+ bands scored the best degree of average and overall accuracy (77 and 78%, respectively). This classification distinguishes most of the rock units for mapping in the investigated area. The supervised classification of ASTER and SPOT bands has lower degrees of accuracy than the classified Landsat data. The supervised classification of SPOT bands has a degree of average and overall accuracy of 66 and 67%, respectively, but it is the best for distinguishing the spectral signatures of the different members of Fatima Formation (lower, middle, and upper members). The statistical analyses of the confusion matrices of classifications and the interpretation of the produced classified thematic maps revealed that the classification accuracy does not necessary depend on the spatial resolution of satellite data. The data of the highest spatial resolution such as SPOT data are also very useful in emphasizing and classifying the rock units of a small outcrop area. The detailed geological map of Jabal Daf-Wadi Fatima area is interpreted in this work from supervised classified images of different resolutions as well as the structure map of this area. This study shows that it is preferable to use the supervised classifications of multiresolution data for rock unit discrimination in detailed field mapping.     

戈壁浅覆盖区花岗岩中锂铍伟晶岩的ASTER遥感识别技术 ——以新疆镜儿泉地区为例

锂铍金属是国家战略关键金属资源,花岗岩-伟晶岩型是锂铍矿床的重要类型,是锂铍矿找矿的重要目标体,遥感是寻找与发现花岗岩与伟晶岩的有效方法。但是,对于花岗岩体中的伟晶岩,由于其与花岗岩在光谱信息差异微小而不易识别。为了解决此问题,文章选择东疆戈壁覆盖的镜儿泉花岗岩开展锂铍伟晶岩的遥感识别研究,采用的数据与方法包括:谷歌地球/奥维等遥感图片的分析、WORLDVIEW遥感的增强处理与ASTER遥感的岩性识别与提取,结果显示谷歌地球/奥维遥感图片与WORLDVIEW遥感图片对镜儿泉花岗岩中伟晶岩脉的识别效果不好。为了识别锂铍伟晶岩,文章采用了一种岩性微弱信号增强技术对ASTER遥感数据进行识别,经过处理后的图像可以清楚地识别出伟晶岩脉体、并于野外查证时发现了一处新的锂铍伟晶岩脉体。结果表明利用岩性微弱信号增强技术进行岩性识别是花岗岩中锂铍伟晶岩找矿一种新的有效方法。     

安徽庐枞地区铁-铜矿成矿规律与找矿

构建庐枞地区燕山期Fe、Cu、Au成矿系列,根据成矿构造背景和含矿岩浆岩特点,将其划分为3个成矿亚系列:以矽卡岩型Cu、Mo、Au矿为主的亚系列,以矽卡岩型Fe及Fe、Cu矿为主的亚系列和以玢岩铁矿为主的火山--次火山岩型铁矿亚系列。该区具较大找矿远景的靶区有:①沙溪铜(金)找矿靶区;②清水塘—岳山铁、锌找矿靶区;③井边—巴家滩铜矿找矿靶区。其中,井边—巴家滩地区成矿地质条件良好,深部存在斑岩型铜矿的可能性较大,具有寻找大型斑岩型铜矿的找矿远景,应对该区进行深入研究和普查评价工作,以实现庐枞盆地内部铜矿找矿的突破。经预测,应对泥河、罗河和龙桥等大型超亿吨铁矿外围进行勘探,以达到建立20～25亿吨大型钢铁基地的目标。     

基于重、磁、电法的多宝山矿集区隐伏斑岩体识别与深部找矿实践

斑岩体的存在是斑岩型铜矿重要的特征，查明隐伏斑岩体对于斑岩铜矿找矿预测有着重要的意义。文章以多宝山矿集区的岩石标本物性特征为基础，对重力、磁法、广域电磁法资料进行了处理和分析，根据矿化蚀变中心一般位于斑岩体顶部和矿化蚀变具有电阻率显著降低的特征，从已知到未知，对多宝山铜矿、铜山铜矿和争光金矿的隐伏花岗闪长斑岩体进行了识别，进而推断出矿体位置。根据电性异常特征推测：多宝山铜矿可以扩大外围找矿部署，铜山铜矿矿体有往下延伸的趋势，隐伏斑岩体南侧可能存在大型矿体；争光金矿深部可能存在斑岩型铜矿。多宝山铜矿、铜山铜矿、争光金矿同属斑岩型铜矿系统，多宝山矿集区具“上金下铜”的成矿特征。钻孔揭示了铜山矿区隐伏斑岩体南侧矿体的存在，新增资源量达到大型矿床规模。证实了方法的有效性，同时也显示出矿集区矿产资源潜力巨大。     

Detection of chromite bearing mineralized zones in Abdasht ophiolite complex using ASTER and ETM+ remote sensing data

Podiform chromite ore deposits in ultramafic parts of ophiolite rock complexes can be detected using remote sensing data. This study focuses on the discrimination of chromite bearing mineralized zones using Landsat TM and Advance Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite data in Abdasht ophiolite complex, south of Iran. Several image processing methods, including Log residual, Decorellation Stretch, Band ratio and Mixture-Tuned Matched-Filtering (MTMF) have been evaluated for lithological mapping using Landsat ETM and ASTER data. The outcome showed that TIR band ratios of ASTER can discriminate quartzite, carbonate and mafic–ultramafic rocks in the ophiolite complex. Log residual, Decorollation Stretch and MTMF methods were more capable than previous published ASTER methods specifically for lithological mapping at a regional scale. New geological map of Abdasht region was produced based on the interpretation of ASTER image processing results and field verification. Consequently, the proposed methods demonstrated the ability of ASTER and Landsat ETM data to provide information for detecting chromite host rock (serpentinized dunites) that is valuable for chromite prospecting in study area. Additionally, the techniques used in this study are subtle for exploration geologist and mine engineering to identify high-potential chromite-bearing zones in the ophiolite complex, minimizing costly and time-consuming field works.     

基于核主成分支持向量机的火成岩QAPF分类——以青海格尔木地区为例

利用核主成分(KPCA)较强的非线性特征提取能力对Hyperion高光谱数据进行降维及光谱特征提取,将特征信息作为支持向量机(SVM)建模样本的观测数据,建立KPCA-SVM回归模型,利用该模型进行研究区岩石氧化物百分含量反演。同时,依据国际地质科学联合会提出的QAPF火成岩分类方案对区内火成岩进行了岩性划分。研究结果表明:KPCA降维后的高光谱数据反演氧化物含量的效果良好;而基于QAPF模型的火成岩划分结果也十分理想,分类结果对已有地质图进行了有效的补充。KPCA-SVM理论模型为利用高光谱遥感数据进行岩性分类提供了一种快速可行的方法。     

基于ASTER数据和反射光谱分析的烃类微渗漏信息提取

选取陕西省榆林气田地区为研究区, 利用ASTER数据多波段的优势, 在研究区开展了基于波段运算和主成分分析的二价铁、黏土矿化以及碳酸盐矿化等烃类微渗漏蚀变信息提取, 圈出4个有效靶区; 并利用ASTER数据的热红外波段进行基于分裂窗简化算法的温度反演得到研究区的温度图像以验证靶区的有效性, 温度反演结果中高温异常区和靶区范围基本吻合; 最后对USGS光谱库中常见蚀变矿物光谱、研究区实测光谱以及原油光谱进行综合分析, 进一步验证靶区有效性, 多种方法相结合以提高烃类微渗漏蚀变信息提取精度。      

利用ASTER提取德兴斑岩铜矿遥感蚀变分带信息

在遥感光谱分析的基础上,结合德兴斑岩铜矿矿床地质特征,利用ASTER遥感数据提取了德兴斑岩铜矿的遥感蚀变分带信息.德兴斑岩铜矿蚀变分带根据蚀变矿物特征来分析,主要的蚀变矿物为白云母、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、白云石;根据光谱特征,采用比值、斜率、相关吸收和主成分分析4种提取方法提取各蚀变矿物的信息,并采用叠加法对各蚀变矿物信息进行叠加,从而形成各个蚀变分带的遥感信息.各蚀变分带的遥感信息总体特征比较明显.最后,根据矿床成矿模式对蚀变分带信息进行了分析.     

Prospecting for new gold-bearing alteration zones at El-Hoteib area,South Eastern Desert,Egypt, using remote sensing data analysis

Gold has been mined in the Eastern Desert of Egypt since the time of the Pharaohs, yet the geological settings of such ore deposits and how certain deposits link to each other are still not fully understood. The application of remote sensing in identifying variations in surface mineralogy, structural elements, and lithologic contacts can help in identifying such relations. Signatures collected from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data is used to map the hydrothermal alteration zones of El-Hoteib area, which is located to the northwest of Iqat and Al-Fawi gold mines and prospective for gold. SPOT5 data is used to highlight the preliminary structural lineaments in the area. Band ratioing and principal component analysis techniques are used to refine the different lithologic units in the area. A simplified Crósta technique has been applied to the ASTER data to identify both the location and spatial extent of the different alteration zones around the Iqat-Al-Fawi area. A new gold-bearing alteration zone is detected to the north of Gabal El-Hoteib. It is structurally controlled by E–W to WNW–ESE structures with evidence of reactivation of such trends during the Quaternary. Ore microscopy examination, induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fire assay analysis revealed the presence of gold associated with excess zinc in most samples.     

基于ASTER遥感图像的东昆仑造山带岩性信息提取研究

应用ASTER数据,通过主成分分析和矿物指数等岩性信息提取方法,对东昆仑造山带温泉水库地区进行了岩性信息的遥感识别与提取。研究结果表明,主成分图像和矿物指数图能很好地反映岩石物质组成信息。元古宇结晶灰岩、二叠系灰岩、中三叠统闹仓坚沟组砂岩以及上三叠统八宝山组碎屑岩等分布面积较大的岩石地层单位在ASTER图像上可以识别出来。ASTER图像对基岩裸露区岩性信息进行提取是行之有效的方法,特别是碳酸盐岩及具有不同SiO₂含量的沉积岩和火山岩; 但对厚度较小的岩性识别及岩石蚀变还需要进一步研究。      

内蒙古达茂旗北部岩浆活动与铜、金成矿作用

内蒙古达茂旗北部岩浆岩分布广泛,以加里东期和华力西晚期为主。加里东期侵入岩以闪长岩、石英闪长岩及斜长花岗岩为主;华力西晚期侵入岩以闪长岩、石英闪长岩、黑云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩及钾长花岗岩为主。经研究发现,铜矿化多与闪长岩、石英闪长岩及花岗闪长岩有关;金矿化多与石英闪长岩、斜长花岗岩及黑云母花岗岩有关;铜、金矿床(点)均产于岩体内或其外接触带的火山岩中,暗示铜、金矿(点)的形成与岩浆活动密切相关。进一步研究发现本区铜、金矿化主要受华力西晚期岩浆活动控制。通过对研究区成矿地质背景的讨论及与斑岩型铜、金矿床地质特征的对比,指出本区具备寻找斑岩型铜、金矿床的潜力。     

Carlin-type Gold Prospects in Surigao del Norte, Mindanao Island, Philippines: Their Geology and Mineralization Potential

Abstract. Three calcareous sedimentary rock-hosted Carlin type-like gold prospects were mapped in a mineral production sharing agreement area of Philex Gold Philippines Inc. in Taganaan municipality, Surigao del Norte province in Mindanao island in the Philippines. They occur along a 20–25 km long trend of known epigenetic gold and porphyry copper deposits that lie close to several splays of the Philippine Fault Zone. The gold district forms part of the Late Cretaceous Eastern Mindanao Range that hosts early Paleogene and late Pliocene to Quaternary intrusive rocks.
Gold is invisible in the jasperoid outcrops in Lascogon, Napo, and Danao prospects. The jasperoids occur in lenses of marls belonging to the Taganaan Marl Member that is associated to a turbiditic member of the Middle Miocene Mabuhay Formation. The marl lenses include gently dipping interbedded silty limestones and calcareous shales. The "invisible gold" mineralization in silicified calcareous rocks resembles Carlin-type deposits. Based on the mapped igneous and sedimentary rocks, a possible heat source for the gold mineralization is either or both of the two main phases of intrusion, Mabuhay An-desite or Alipao Andesite Porphyry. Forty-eight rock samples, fifteen stream sediment samples, and one soil sample were critical in delineating the general features of the potential Carlin-type prospects. The gold grades of jasperoids in the three prospects range from trace amounts to 20 g/t Au. Regional studies of gold and porphyry copper mineralization in the Surigao del Norte mineral district are important in delineating ore targets for drilling in the three prospects.     

陕西省山阳县池沟地区斑岩成矿特征、成矿规律及找矿预测

池沟地区小斑岩体广泛发育,岩体多呈北东向展布的申珠状小岩株或岩枝产出,属燕山期高钾钙碱性系列Ⅰ型花岗岩,具(似)斑状特征.区内出现有与燕山期岩浆活动有关的斑岩型铜矿、斑岩型钼矿、矽卡岩型铜矿、构造蚀变岩型金矿等4种类型金属矿化.蚀变、化探异常及矿化均围绕斑岩体呈(环)带状分布,由岩体往外依次出现钼、铜、金矿化的分带性,...     

内蒙古苏尼特右旗毕力赫大型斑岩型金矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

内蒙古苏尼特右旗毕力赫大型斑岩型金矿的发现在华北板块北缘尚属首例.为了查明该斑岩型金(铜)矿化发生的时间,作者采集了斑岩体内6件辉钼矿样品进行铼-锇同位素测试,获得等时线年龄为(272.7±1.6)Ma(MSWD=0.57).毕力赫晚古生代金矿成矿地质事件的厘定,为华北板块北部晚古生代汇聚板块构造体系提供了新证据,促使...