Structural pattern of eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa and its formation process

The structural pattern of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa consists of two series of structures with different styles. One series compiles the earlier ductile contrac-tional and lateral-slip deformation system, formed by nearly north-south shortening within the syntaxis, left-lateral and right-lateral slipping along its western and eastern boundaries respectively. They were possibly produced by the indentation of the Indian continent into Asian continent after India-Asia collision. The peak deformation-metamorphic ages in these structures are 62-60 Ma, -23 Ma and -13 Ma. The other series is composed of ductile-brittle normal faults distributing concentrically and dipping toward the outsides of Namjagbarwa Peak. They were probably the collapse structures caused by rapid uplift in a later time and the beginning ages for the normal faulting are about 7.3-6.3 Ma.     

Gravity anomaly, lithospheric structure and seismicity of Western Himalayan Syntaxis

A compiled gravity anomaly map of the Western Himalayan Syntaxis is analysed to understand the tectonics of the region around the epicentre of Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 (Mw = 7.6). Isostatic gravity anomalies and effective elastic thickness (EET) of lithosphere are assessed from coherence analysis between Bouguer anomaly and topography. The isostatic residual gravity high and gravity low correspond to the two main seismic zones in this region, viz. Indus–Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ) and Hindu Kush Seismic Zones (HKSZ), respectively, suggesting a connection between siesmicity and gravity anomalies. The gravity high originates from the high-density thrusted rocks along the syntaxial bend of the Main Boundary Thrust and coincides with the region of the crustal thrust earthquakes, including the Kashmir earthquake of 2005. The gravity low of HKSZ coincides with the region of intermediate–deep-focus earthquakes, where crustal rocks are underthrusting with a higher speed to create low density cold mantle. Comparable EET (∼55 km) to the focal depth of crustal earthquakes suggests that whole crust is seismogenic and brittle. An integrated lithospheric model along a profile provides the crustal structure of the boundary zones with crustal thickness of about 60 km under the Karakoram–Pamir regions and suggests continental subduction from either sides (Indian and Eurasian) leading to a complex compressional environment for large earthquakes.     

Large-scale cenozoic tectonics of Central and South-central Asia: Products of continental collision

Three basic tectonic units, the Eurasian continent, the Rigid Boundary Zone and the Indian continent, are recognized. The Rigid Boundary Zone is identified with aseismic lineaments on an epicenter map of the Himalayas and their vicinity. The origin of the Himalayan syntaxes, their re-entrant character, and the observation that most of the Himalayas are made up of rocks belonging geologically to the Indian peninsular shield, are explained by deformation of the Indian continent within this Rigid Boundary Zone since the continental collision. The focal mechanism solutions of six earthquakes in the Indian Peninsula support the inference derived from the model that the high stresses generated by the continental collision may be very extensive spatially, and that the entire Indian Peninsula may be under a state of left lateral shear along NNE vertical planes.     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis is located on the leading edge of Indian-Eurasian plate collision, and the uplift rate of Namche Barwa area is higher than that of the peripheral zones, which is considered as the core position of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis(Uplift Center).It is indicated according to the recent regional earthquake observation results that, the seismic activity is poor in the area of Namche Barwa, but with strong seismic activity in its southeast region. In order to study the current geodynamical characteristics of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the elevation frequency distribution and hypsometry curve of Namche Barwa area, its northwest and southeast as well as the northeast Assam area is analyzed using DEM data. It is shown according to the result that, the Namche Barwa area is in the mature stage of erosion and the regional tectonic uplift and denudation are in the highly balanced status. Influenced by plateau-climate weather effect, the denudation of this area is relatively poor, which indicates that the uplift of the Namche Barwa area is relatively slow at present. The geomorphology in the northwest and southeast as well as in northeast Assam is in young evolutionary phase, belonging to erosive infancy, and the geomorphology of northeast Assam is closer to the early stage of infancy. The geomorphic evolution stage on northwest side reflects that the regional erosion is poor and it still belongs to plateau-climate area; Influenced by south subtropical monsoons, there is rich rainfall in the area from southeast Namche Barwa to Assam area, and this area still belongs to erosive infancy, even the geomorphic development degree of northeast Assam is lower as it suffers from strong erosion effect, which means that the tectonic uplift in east Namche Barwa is very intensive, and the northeast Assam has the highest uplift rate. It is considered according to the research that, under the mode that India Plate moves towards the north at present, the core position of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis(Uplift Center)moves towards the southeast, and the new core position may be located in northeast Assam, where there is intensive regional tectonic uplift with high potential of great earthquake.     

中国台湾以东地区地震矩张量研究及其构造意义

本文利用长周期Ｐ波波形反演方法，推断了１９８６年１０月至１９９１年期间发生在中国台湾岛东部及其附近海域中８次中强地震的矩张量．矩张量解揭示了发生在这一区域边界处的地震震源性质的规律性变化：沿西部边界的主旋错动，沿北部边界的右旋错动，西北角花莲地区的逆冲断错及显著的体积收缩分量．这一结果表明，台湾地区是菲律宾海板块与欧洲大陆板块边界中的一特殊地段，海洋板块的俯冲在这里受阻．随着菲律宾海板块向西北方向的相对运动，在花莲地区发生了强烈碰撞．     

印度板块与欧亚板块在兴都库什-帕米尔地区相互俯冲的动力作用分析

兴都库什-帕米尔地区是印度板块与欧亚板块相互碰撞的强烈变形区域,也是中国大陆与周边板块动力传递的关键部位,明确该地区两大板块俯冲接触的几何形态和动力作用对研究区域动力环境具有实际意义.本文首先基于Hayes等在2009和2010年提出的Slab1.0的研究思路,利用地震参数准定量地给出两大板块在兴都库什-帕米尔地区碰撞接触的几何形态.结果表明,印度板块在兴都库什地区呈现自南往北的俯冲;欧亚板块在帕米尔地区呈现由北往南的俯冲;同时在兴都库什和帕米尔之间存在俯冲交汇区,在该区印度板块以北西方向、欧亚板块以南东方向相互俯冲.其次基于哈佛大学提供的震源机制解,对不同接触部位进行了应力张量反演,结果显示在兴都库什俯冲区域主要表现为逆冲性质,帕米尔弧西段主要表现为走滑性质,且均具有较好的一致性;而在俯冲交汇区域,走滑、逆冲性质并存,表现为震源机制一致性紊乱.结合两大板块接触的几何形态和区域应力场反演结果,认为印度板块在兴都库什地区主动往北俯冲,而欧亚板块在帕米尔地区被动往南东-南向俯冲,形成两大板块的相互俯冲.本文从几何形态和应力场反演分析两大板块在兴都库什-帕米尔地区碰撞的动力作用方式,可为该区域地球动力学相关研究提供基础资料.     

Seismic analysis of the Xiluodu reservoir area and insights into the geometry of seismogenic faults

The Xiluodu (XLD) reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and the largest in the Jinsha River basin. The occurrence of two M > 5 earthquakes after reservoir impoundment has aroused great interest among seismologists and plant operators. We comprehensively analyzed the seismicity of the XLD reservoir area using precise earthquake relocation results and focal mechanism solutions and found that the seismicity of this area was weak before impoundment. Following impoundment, earthquake activity increased significantly. The occurrence of M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes within five years of impoundment also appear to be closely related to rapid rises and falls in water level, though this correlation weakened after five years because earthquake activity was far from the reservoir area. Earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area are clustered; near the dam (Area A), small faults are intermittently distributed along the river, while Area B is composed of multiple NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and a thrust fault and Area C is composed of a NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip main fault and a nearly EW-trending right-lateral strike-slip minor fault. The geometries of the deep and the shallow parts of the NW-trending fault differ. Under the action of the NW-trending background stress field, a series of NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults and NE-trending thrust faults in critical stress states were dislocated due to the stress caused by reservoir impoundment. The two largest earthquakes in the XLD reservoir area were tectonic earthquakes that were directly triggered by impoundment.     

2002年3月阿富汗两次破坏性地震概述

2002年3月3日和25日在阿富汗兴都库什地区分别发生里氏7.2级和6.2级破坏性地震，造成生命和财产的严重损失。文章概述了这两次地震的情况，内容包括震源参数、震源机制解、震灾情况、救援和发震背景。     

帕米尔-兴都库什地区中源地震的空间分布和震源机制解特征

利用国际地震中心（ISC）提供的1964至2003年的高精度地震资料,给出了帕米尔－兴都库什地区中源地震带更完整、更明确的几何形态.兴都库什中源地震带（H带）和帕米尔中源地震带（P带）的倾向和最大深度沿走向有变化,可以进一步划分为HW段（H带西段）、HE段（H带东段）、PSW段（P带西南段）、PM段（P带中段）和PNE段（P带东北段）.H带在170～190 km 深度附近存在地震空区,其下方地震带的倾角明显大于上方,接近垂直.同时,空区下方的地震带沿东西方向成连续的倒“V"字形,两个分支的交角接近垂直.西段分支属于HW段,较浅,没有双层结构;东段分支属于HE段,较深,有双层结构.中源地震的震源机制解规律明显.兴都库什地区主要以近垂直的T轴和近水平的垂直于地震带走向的P轴为特征.帕米尔地区的震源机制解由西南到东北逐渐由P轴近水平并沿地震带走向,转变为B轴近水平并沿走向,直至T轴近水平并沿走向.同时,P轴方向由西向东逐渐转为恒定地与地震带的走向相垂直.最后,我们讨论了这一地区地震活动可能的动力学成因.     

横跨喜马拉雅造山带的构造运动转换与变形分配

喜马拉雅造山带包含喜马拉雅弧和东、西构造结3个基本部分,它们是大陆碰撞后印度板块继续向北移动,并向西藏高原下俯冲产生的构造变形系统.该系统的重要地质特征之一,是同时存在多种不同样式、不同或相反性质的地壳变形,例如地壳南北向缩短与东西向伸展,高原隆起与山间盆地下沉,与造山带走向大致平行的向北倾斜或向南倾斜的逆断层,东西向...     

云南漾濞6.4级地震公共建筑的震害特征

2021年5月21日云南漾濞发生6.4级地震,成为继2014年6.5级鲁甸地震和6.6级景谷地震之后云南省内时隔7年的又一次震级大于6级的破坏性地震。漾濞地震虽然与鲁甸地震在震级、震源深度和震源机制等方面均较相似,但漾濞地震震中附近的地面运动强度远不及鲁甸地震,且漾濞县的抗震设防烈度远高于鲁甸;相应地,漾濞地震对抗震设防建筑造成的破坏也远轻于后者。本文首先通过比较这三次地震震中附近的强震记录的反应谱,并结合公共建筑的震后应急评估结果,说明漾濞地震和鲁甸地震中公共建筑破坏程度的显著差异。进而以位于漾濞县城的两栋钢筋混凝土公共建筑为例,介绍此次地震中砌体填充墙和吊顶等典型非结构构件的震害。     

基于InSAR分析2015年尼泊尔MW7.8地震形变场特征及断层滑动分布反演

2015年4月25日尼泊尔发生了M_W7.8地震, 本文基于震前、 震后两景Sentinel-1A雷达影像, 采用D-InSAR两轨差分干涉法提取了此次地震的同震形变场。 结果显示, 同震形变场位于喜马拉雅造山带—主边界逆冲断裂(MBT)和主前锋逆冲断裂(MFT)附近, 形变场整体表现为自西北向往东南方向延伸近150 km的纺锤形包络状, 以大面积隆起抬升形变为主, 视线向最大隆升形变达1.18 m, 抬升区北侧存在一小沉陷区, 以InSAR观测值定位同震最大形变中心。 基于均匀介质弹性半空间模型(Okada模型)与InSAR观测数据反演了断层滑动分布。 反演结果表明该地震属于典型逆冲型地震, 发震断层为主喜马拉雅逆冲断裂(MHT), 同震破裂从主喜马拉雅逆冲断裂(MHT)向上沿着主前锋逆冲断裂(MFT)传递。 基于InSAR同震形变场局部形变细节, 结合震区地质背景、 断裂分布及断层运动特征, 获得了同震破裂拟出露地表迹线。     

Microearthquake studies in Egypt carried out by the geological survey of Egypt

Extensive microearthquake studies have been conducted in Egypt as a joint project between scientists from the Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA) and U.S. scientists. At this stage, a great part of the data has been analyzed and two intensively active areas have been located: one in the Abu Dabbab area of the Eastern Desert, the second at the mouth of the Gulf of Suez near Gubal Island (Daggett et al., 1980). Both sites have been reported to be the epicenters of large earthquakes in 1955 and 1969, respectively. A few scattered earthquakes have also been located in the northern part of the Red Sea, some of which lie along its median axis (Daggett et al., 1986) adding to evidence for the medial opening of the northern Red Sea. After the occurrence of an earthquake (M = 5.5) in the Aswan region on 14 November 1981, continuous recording of the many aftershocks was carried out by EGSMA for about seven months from December 1981 to July 1982, when the temporary network was replaced by a network of telemetered seismographs installed and operated by Helwan Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics in cooperation with scientists from Lamont and Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO). The majority of epicenters are concentrated in the vicinity of G. Marawa about 65 km upstream of Aswan Dam, along the E-W Kalabsha fault. The observed focal mechanism is consistent with a right-lateral strike-slip motion on the Kalabsha fault. Analysis of Aswan microearthquakes has been done by EGSMA in cooperation with scientists from California Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG).     

Stress pattern in two seismogenic sources in Nepal-Himalaya and its vicinity

The composite stereographic projection of orientations of the compression and tension axes using thirty-nine fault-plane solutions of earthquakes from two active seismogenic sources of Nepal and adjoining areas were examined and the nature of stress pattern and their influence on tectonics in the region have been studied. The seismogenic source located in Eastern Nepal region, which has been the site of 1934 Bihar-Nepal great earthquake of M 8.4, is presently experiencing N-S to NE-SW directed compressive stresses. The inferred pattern of compression axes in Western Nepal region suggests a shallow compressive stress, dipping N-S to NE-SW. Approximately similar nature of the stress regime is observed in Western and Eastern regions of Nepal, separated by nearly 700 km; it shows N-S to NNE-SSW direction of compression and underthrusting of the Indian Plate beneath the Himalaya at a shallow angle. Present study indicates that the stress is being released along the strikes of some of the transverse faults present in the region since the compressive stress exerted by the northward movement of the Indian Plate is approximately perpendicular to the Himalayan collision belt. Unilateral stress pattern generated by the northward movement of the Indian Plate in the central part of the Himalaya reveals that the present day collision occurs roughly perpendicular to the local strike of the Himalaya.     

Morphotectonics of the Iberian Peninsula

A morphotectonic interpretation of the relief of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) is presented based on an analysis of its gross forms. Several geological–geophysical and geomorphological methods were used in order to build up a morphostructural sketch. Three main categories were established using the approach of Rantsman (1979): Territorial Units (1-megablock, 9-macroblocks, 34-mesoblocks, 1.374-blocks and 2.523-microblocks); Morphostructural Alignments (2-first, 8-second, 20-third and 1-fourth rank; and 43 knots between Morphostructural Alignments (second-fourth rank). The main seismic activity is concentrated on the first- and second-rank lineaments, and some important epicenters are located near the lineament intersections. The origin of the earthquakes in the vicinity of such knots can be explained by the forcing/pushing of macroblocks westwards. The existence of earthquakes along the lineaments may be explained by tension. From the present study it appears that earthquake occurrence in the IP is due principally to stress concentrations around morphotectonic zones. A seismotectonic interpretation of the IP is also presented. On this map three zones are distinguished (A, B, C), each of them with a different active level and dimensions.Received: 25 November 2000     

中、缅、印交界地区的地震分布特征及震源机制解的研究

利用1965——1981年mb4.0的580个地震,研究了中、缅、印交界地区的地震空间分布特征,得到地震主要在阿萨姆块体周围及凹向块体的断裂带上成带或成群分布;在缅甸北部大约由20N到26N存在倾斜地震带,其倾向由南到北逐渐由东转向南东东,其倾角由30变为50;地震带厚度为20——30km;作了38个地震的机制解,机制解表明,在缅甸北部、阿萨姆块体及其相邻地区压力轴为北东方向且近于水平,反映了印度板块以北东方向挤压欧亚板块.      

Coulomb stress change due to 2005 Kashmir earthquake and implications for future seismic hazards

We calculate static stress change due to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake (M = 7.6). We suggest that the earthquake caused significant increase in stress in the Indo-Kohistan seismic zone (IKSZ) region, lying to the NW of the rupture and moderate increase in the adjacent Himalayan region, lying to the SE of rupture. Thus, these regions have been brought closer to the failure. On the other hand, the Salt Range region lies in the stress shadow of the earthquake, implying that future earthquakes in this region will be inhibited. We find that this earthquake may not be compared with typical Himalayan earthquake, and hence, rupture features of this earthquake may not be directly applicable to the earthquakes of the Himalayan region.     

2008年6月10日内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗M5.2地震的震源机制、震源深度和发震构造

2008年6月10日14时5分,内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗发生M5.2地震,该地震处于大兴安岭梯度带北段,是内蒙古东北部地区近年来发生的最大地震。基于内蒙古地震台网观测资料,使用TDMT方法、CAP方法、PTD方法和sPn-Pn等方法测定此次地震的震源机制解和震源深度。结合已有数据资料,分析震源区域地震的时空分布特征和构造应力特征,并探讨该地震的发震构造。此次地震震源深度较浅,位于上地壳,结合震源机制解结果、地震分布特征和构造背景分析认为,此次地震为右旋走滑类型,走向NNE,主压应力方向为SWW。     

COSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURES AND SEISMOGENIC MUJI FAULT OF THE 25 NOVEMBER 2016 ARKETAO MW6.6 EARTHQUAKE IN NORTHERN PAMIR

The M_W6.6 Arketao earthquake,which occurred at 14:24:30 UTC 25 November 2016 was the largest earthquake to strike the sparsely inhabited Muji Basin of the Kongur extension system in the eastern Pamir since the M 7 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake.The preliminary field work,sentinel-1A radar interferometry,and relocated hypocenters of earthquake sequences show that the earthquake consists of at least two sub-events and ruptured at least 77km long of the active Muji dextral-slip fault,and the rupture from this right-lateral earthquake propagated mostly unilaterally to the east and up-dip.Tectonic surface rupture with dextral slip of up to 20cm was observed on two tens-meter long segments near the CENC epicenter and 32.6km to the east along the Muji Fault,the later was along a previously existing strand of the Holocene Muji fault scarps.Focal mechanisms are consistent with right-lateral motion along a plane striking 107°,dipping 76° to the south,with a rake of 174°.This plane is compatible with the observed tectonic surface rupture.More than 388 aftershocks were detected and located using a double-difference technique.The mainshock is relocated at the Muji Fault with a depth of 9.3km.The relocated hypocenters of the 2016 Arketao earthquake sequence showed a more than 85km long,less than 8km wide,and 5~13km deep,NWW trending streak of seismicity to the south of the Muji Fault.The focal mechanism and mapping of the surface rupture helped to document the south-dipping fault plane of the mainshock.The listric Muji Fault is outlined by the well-resolved south-dipping streak of seismicity.The 2016 Arketao M_W6.6 and 2015 Murghob M_W7.2 earthquakes highlight the importance role of strike-slip faulting in accommodating both east-west extensional and north-south compressional forces in the Pamir interior,and demonstrate that the present-day stress and deformation patterns in the northern Pamir plateau are dominant by east-west extension in the shallow upper crust.     

澜沧7.6级地震形变带

澜沧7.6级地震形变带主要以地震裂缝带的形式出现,未发现有类似耿马7.2级地震的地震断层。裂缝主要沿木戛断裂带和大塘子断裂带分布,构造地裂缝的性质有左旋和右旋。对构造地裂缝实测资料及现场的综合分析认为:澜沧7.6级地震的主压应力方向应为近南北向至北北东向,地震时断层活动主要以右旋为主,左旋地裂缝是在断层突发性的右旋错动下的产物