Beobachtungsmöglichkeiten zur Linschen Dichtewellentheorie (Mitteilungen der Universitäts-Sternwarte zu Jena Nr. 130)

After summarizing the most important effects predicted by the density-wave theory the possibilities of observing these effects are discussed. The observation of structural effects in our own Galaxy is very difficult, mainly because of the inaccurate distances available. Only rough structures can be obtained. That is also true for observations near such points, in which the line of sight is tangential to the spiral arms. Observations of kinematical effects in our own Galaxy and of structural effects (kinematical ones are not discussed) in extragalactic spiral systems should yield some useful results.     

On 2D radiative transfer in solar granulation. The case of Fe I lines

The effects have been investigated of non-vertical radiative transfer on the formation of neutral iron spectral lines in inhomogeneous photosphere of the Sun. The non-vertical effects, as well as deviations from LTE, smooth the contrast of solar granulation in equivalent widths of solar absorption lines. For the central residual intensities of moderate and strong lines, on the contrary to weak lines, these effects enhance the granulation contrast. It was found, that the negative dependency of equivalent width on intensity in continuous spectrum decays due to the non-vertical effects for Fe I lines.     

What properties of star and galaxy evolution depend on metallicity Z?

The purpose of this discussion was twofold. On one side, we would like to establish a kind of catalogue of as many as possible effects of metallicity in stellar evolution, in the spectral evolution of galaxies and in the chemical evolution of galaxies. The other goal is to critically discuss some of the effects mentioned. Although the project was ambitious, it turned out to be successful and a relatively extensive list of metallicity effects could be established. The lively discussion was mainly focused on a few most critical effects. The conclusion is that the devil of the Z-effects enters everywhere in Astrophysics. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Observations of low-degree solar oscillations with few detector elements

The detection of low-degree solar oscillation modes with a specific low-resolution detector configuration is investigated. The detector is part of an instrument (the Luminosity Oscillations Imager) in the VIRGO package, to be flown on SOHO. Various problems such as p- and g-mode sensitivity, B and roll angle effects, modes isolation, cross-talk and guiding effects are treated for a given detector configuration. The computed sensitivity will enable the instrument to detect any type of modes for l < 6.B and roll angle effects can be compensated by using adequate filters for mode isolation. Guiding effects are small for p-modes. Also some other complex high-degree mode effects are treated.     

General relativistic effects in the γ-ray radiation from pulsars

General relativistic and quantum-mechanical effects in the γ-ray radiation from neutron stars are studied in this paper. For three values of the magnetic dipole moment, we calculated the upper limit of the escaping energy of the γ-photon as a function of the angle between the line of sight and the magnetic axis, with and without these effects. We conclude that for low magnetic moments, the quantum-mechanical effects are unimportant but the general relativistic effects are to reduce significantly the upper limit. For high magnetic moments, the two effects nearly cancel out and the net effect is small. We discuss the implications of these results on the γ-ray spectrum.     

Disconnection Events Processes in Cometary Tails

This contribution makes a review and compares the current competitive theories, based on triggering mechanisms, in order to explain the episodic phenomena of disconnection events (DEs), i.e., when the plasma tail appears disconnected from the cometary head, namely: the ion production effects, the pressure effects and the magnetic reconnection effects are analysed.     

The inversion of the real kinematic properties of coronal mass ejections by forward modeling

Kinematic properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) suffer from projection effects,and it is expected that the real velocity should be larger and the real angular width should be smaller than the apparent values.Several attempts have been taken to correct the projection effects,which however led to an inflated average velocity probably due to the biased choice of CME events.In order to estimate the overall influence of the projection effects on the kinematic properties of the CMEs,we perform a forward mod...     

Experimental investigation of shock metamorphic effects in a metapelitic granulite: The importance of shock impedance contrast between components

Shock recovery experiments were performed at 12.5, 25, 34, 40, and 56 GPa at 25 °C, and at 18 and 25 GPa at 400 °C, on a high‐grade, migmatitic, garnet‐cordierite metapelite from the Etivé aureole, Scotland. Objectives for this study were to (1) characterize shock effects in a complex polymineralic rock with a significant proportion of hydrous ferromagnesian minerals, both as a function of variable shock pressure and preshock temperature, and (2) to explore the effects of shock impedance contrast between component minerals on the respective abundances and distribution of these features. At any shock pressure, the order of decreasing intensity of shock metamorphic effects in component phases is: cordierite (Crd)→biotite (Bt)→plagioclase (Pl)→K‐feldspar (Kfs)→quartz (Qtz)→garnet (Grt)→orthopyroxene (Opx). Samples shocked to pressures below 40 GPa (25 °C) were typically characterized by marked heterogeneous distribution of shock effects on both intragranular and intergranular scales. Shock heterogeneity is mainly attributed to shock impedance contrast between contiguous phases, and manifests as shock amplification locally where shock impedance contrast is greatest, and shock suppression where impedance contrast is least. The heterogeneous distribution of shock metamorphic effects in both experiments and natural rocks is a signature of extreme disequilibrium at the submillimeter scale. The heterogeneous distribution of shock metamorphic effects mitigates against the use of shock effects in minerals exclusively as regional shock pressure barometers, and ought to be augmented by additional constraints on shock pressure from numerical models.     

Non-adiabatic effects in the solar p-mode oscillations

Non-adiabatic effects associated with radiative loss and convective transfer add small imaginary parts to solar p-mode eigenfrequencies. An asymptotic approximation is developed to study the non-adiabatic effects. For the outermost layer where the approximation is not valid, an exact solution of the equation of non-adiabatic oscillation which results in an cigenfunction equation, is used. The inclusion of the non-adiabatic effects reduces the discrepancy between the theory and observations particularly for frequencies above 3.1 mHz.     

Researches in China on the Effects of Tides on the Earth Rotation

In this paper the tidal phenomena on the Earth are concisely specified, including solid tides, ocean tides and atmospheric tides due to the luni-solar tide-generating force, and the Earth pole tide due to the motion of the Earth's rotation axis (polar motion); as well as their effects on the Earth rotation. The outcomes of scientific researches of Chinese astronomers on these topics are described in some detail. These researches deal with the mechanisms responsible for tidal effects on the earth rotation, and on the measurements of the Earth rotation parameters. Finally, the effects discovered by Chinese researchers on the measurements of the period and change in period of pulsars are discussed. These effects are very small in magnitude but not negligible.     

Relaxational effects in radiating stellar collapse

Relaxational effects in stellar heat transport can in many cases be significant. Relativistic Fourier–Eckart theory is inherently quasi-stationary, and cannot incorporate these effects. The effects are naturally accounted for in causal relativistic thermodynamics, which provides an improved approximation to kinetic theory. Recent results, based on perturbations of a static star, show that relaxation effects can produce a significant increase in the central temperature and temperature gradient for a given luminosity. We use a simple stellar model that allows for non-perturbative deviations from staticity, and confirms qualitatively the predictions of the perturbative models.     

国内天文地球动力学中的潮汐研究

简要说明了天文地球动力学范畴内所研究的潮汐现象，包括由日月引潮力引起的固体潮、海洋潮、大气潮和由于地球自转轴的极移引起的极潮，以及这些潮汐对地球自转和地球自转的测量产生的效应。重点阐述中国天文学界在这一领域里的研究成果。这些研究涉及潮汐影响地球自转的机制，也就是各种潮汐效应与极移、自转速率变化和章动的关系，包括构建这类关系的理论模型，分析潮汐对它们的影响，利用中国古代丰富的天象记录计算地球自转的长期减慢，计算弹性或滞弹地球的洛夫数，依据某一地球模型计算潮汐效应或章动序列等等。研究也涉及在测量地球自转参数的不同技术中各种潮汐效应对测量结果产生的影响及其改正，并涉及与潮汐有关的观测方法的优化和数据处理过程的改进。最后介绍了中国学者所发现的脉冲星的周期和周期变率测量中的潮汐效应，尽管它们的量级甚微，但不容忽视。     

Estimation Of Seeing Quality Using Low-Resolution Solar Image Data

Modulation transfer functions (MTFs), generated as a by-product of the analysis of low-resolution solar images taken for the Global Oscillation Network Group, were used to estimate the quality of seeing at its six sites. These MTFs, after approximate correction for the effects of the instrumental point spread function, were fitted with physically-motived functional forms representing the effects of seeing and scattering. It was found that the estimates of seeing quality were relatively robust to the effects of scattering, but were severely biased by effects caused by changes in instrumental focus. Relative trends in seeing quality are preserved on time scales shorter than a few months and it is found that local topography dominates the observed trends in daytime seeing quality.     

Tesseral resonance effects on satellite orbits

Resonance effects on satellite orbits due to tesseral harmonics in the potential field have been studied by many authors. Most of these studies have been restricted to nearly circular 24-hour orbits and to the deep resonance regime, where there is exact commensurability between earth rotation and orbit period. Resonance effects have also been noted, however, on eccentric synchronous and subsynchronous orbits and on orbits with far from commensurate periods. These have received much less attention; the object of this paper is to study the whole spectrum of orbits with respect to resonance effects.     

The relativistic factor in the orbital dynamics of point masses

There is a growing population of relativistically relevant minor bodies in the Solar System and a growing population of massive extrasolar planets with orbits very close to the central star where relativistic effects should have some signature. Our purpose is to review how general relativity affects the orbital dynamics of the planetary systems and to define a suitable relativistic correction for Solar System orbital studies when only point masses are considered. Using relativistic formulae for the N body problem suited for a planetary system given in the literature we present a series of numerical orbital integrations designed to test the relevance of the effects due to the general theory of relativity in the case of our Solar System. Comparison between different algorithms for accounting for the relativistic corrections are performed. Relativistic effects generated by the Sun or by the central star are the most relevant ones and produce evident modifications in the secular dynamics of the inner Solar System. The Kozai mechanism, for example, is modified due to the relativistic effects on the argument of the perihelion. Relativistic effects generated by planets instead are of very low relevance but detectable in numerical simulations.     

Self-creation theory of gravitation. A self-similar approach

The magnetorotational instability (MRI) in axisymmetric rotating dusty plasmas with viscous effects is investigated by means of a three-component model MRI with a vertical weak magnetic field. Starting from the three-fluid equations and Maxwell’s equations, I derive the general linear dispersion relation governing local MRI. The dust rotational flow is assumed to have the same angular velocity as ions and electrons. The dispersion relation of two special cases, without viscosity and dust effects respectively, is discussed in detail by taking into account the high-frequency approximation in order to make the perturbation frequency larger than the ion cyclotron frequency. The numerical results demonstrate that both the viscosity and dust effects can prevent the MRI growth, and the dust-induced effects are shown to be especially significant.     

Infrared spectra of carbonaceous chondrites and the composition of intertellar grains

Gravitational instability of an infinitely conducting hydromagnetic composite rotating plasma is considered to include simultaneously the finite Larmor radius effects and the frictional effects with neutrals. It is found that Jeans' criterion of instability holds good in the presence of rotation, finite Larmor radius and collisions with neutrals. The particular cases of the above effects on the waves propagated along and perpendicular to the magnetic field have been discussed. The effect of rotation is to decrease the Larmor radius by an amount depending upon the wave number of perturbation.     

电离层对GPS测距的影响

利用单层电离层改正模型就GPS卫星高度角对测距的影响作了探讨。研究表明，通常采用的单层电离层改正模型中电离层高取均值对低高度角卫星测距的改正是不适应的，利用单层电离层模型改正时应顾及电离层高的变化。最后利用1986年武汉地区实测TEC数据进行了计算并将结果和IRI－90模型计算结果作了分析比较。     

On the antenna beam shape reconstruction using planet transit

The calibration of the in-flight antenna beam shape and possible beamdegradation is one of the most crucial tasks for the upcoming Planck mission. We examine several effects which could significantly influence the in-flight main beam calibration using planet transit: the problems of the variability of the Jupiter’s flux, the antenna temperature and passing of the planets through the main beam. We estimate these effects on the antenna beam shape calibration and calculate the limits on the main beam and far sidelobe measurements, using observations of Jupiter and Saturn. We also discuss possible effects of degradation of the mirror surfaces and specify corresponding parameters which can help us to determine these effects.