华南地区岩石圈电性特征及其地球动力学意义

岩石圈-软流圈界面（The Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary,LAB）是地球内部主要界面之一.大地电磁测深（Magnetotelluric,MT）是研究地球壳幔电性结构最有效的方法,利用长周期大地电磁测深数据可以较好地探测LAB.在SinoProbe-01-03课题的资助下,首次获得了华南地区4°×4°网度的高质量大地电磁测深数据.利用一维奥卡姆（Occam）算法反演了MT阻抗的反对角线元素所计算出的平均视电阻率.根据一维地电结构可以将华南地区岩石圈划分为五种类型：以湖南邵阳和贵州施秉为代表的克拉通型,以四川达州和彭州及湖北荆门为代表的构造边界型,以浙江湖州和广东云浮为代表的岩石圈中等改造型,以江西赣州、广东揭阳及福建霞浦为代表的岩石圈强烈改造型,以湖北英山为代表的造山带型.除湖南邵阳、贵州施秉及广东揭阳外,华南地区岩石圈厚度为60~145 km.本文研究表明华南地区岩石圈显示出南北两侧上抬、中部下凹、东部受不均匀改造的趋势,这一结果与之前发表的文献所揭示的华南地区岩石圈东薄西厚的典型特征是不同的.研究结果反映华南地区岩石圈稳定性较好,晚中生代以来的构造伸展作用对岩石圈的改造程度有限,可能主要以不同形式的软流圈底辟为主.     

Impairment of radio wave signal by rainfall on fixed satellite service on earth–space path at 37 stations in Nigeria

This study investigates the effect of rainfall on horizontally polarized radio waves for fixed satellite service at Ku, Ka and V bands for links to the recently launched Nigeria Communication Satellite one (NigComSat-1), for annual time availabilities of 99–99.99% in an average year for 37 stations in Nigeria. The results obtained at Ku-band downlink shows that 99.99% availability is possible in all the 37-stations in Nigeria. At Ka-band downlink the results also show that only 99.9% availability is practicable in all the 37 stations in Nigeria. At V-band downlink, 99.99% availability is also not possible in all the 37 stations in Nigeria. An availability level of 99.9% is only practicable in the North–West (NW) and North–East (NE) regions, where the attenuation is between 14 and 17.9 dB. Total fade out of signals during rainfall are probable in the South–South (SS), South–East (SE), South–West (SW) and Middle–Belt (MB) regions at 99.9% availability.     

南海北部珠江口—琼东南盆地地壳速度结构与几何分层

基于南海北部大陆边缘珠江口—琼东南盆地深水区实施的14条近垂直深反射地震探测叠加速度谱,利用Dix公式将叠加速度剖面转换为地壳层速度剖面,并利用时深转换方法构建了深度域地壳层速度模型,综合各地壳速度剖面分析了南海北部大陆边缘珠江口与琼东南盆地不同深度层次的P波速度变化趋势以及地壳几何分层特征.结果表明,琼东南盆地区可分为4～8 km沉积层（V_P为1.7～4.7 km/s）、4～10 km厚的上地壳层（V_P为5.2～6.3 km/s）、5 km〗左右的下地壳层（V_P为6.4～7.0 km/s）以及2～6 km厚的高速下地壳底层（V_P＞7.0 km/s）.V_P＞7.0 km/s下地壳高速层的存在被认为是岩石圈伸展、下地壳底部底辟构造或者是残存的原始华夏下地壳基性层的地震学指示;综合研究区地球物理探测成果构建了跨越华南大陆与南海北部陆坡区剖面莫霍和岩石圈底界图像,揭示出岩石圈上地幔在华南大陆与南海北部大陆边缘的减薄特征.     

Group-velocity tomography and lithospheric S-velocity structure of the South American continent

The lithosphere of the South American continent has been studied little, especially in northern Brazil (the Amazonian region). A 3D lithospheric S-velocity model of South America was obtained by first carrying out Rayleigh and Love wave group-velocity tomography, and then inverting the regionalized dispersion curves. Fundamental mode group velocities were measured using a Multiple Filtering Technique. More than 12,000 paths were examined and about 6000 Rayleigh- and 3500 Love-wave dispersion curves with good quality were retrieved. Checkerboard tests showed that our dataset permits the resolution of features 400-800 km across laterally in the central part of the continent from crustal to upper mantle depths. Our results confirm previous tomographic results and correlate well with the major geological provinces of South America. The 3D S-velocity model confirms both regional features of SE Brazil from P-wave travel-time tomography and continental-scale features of central and western South America from waveform inversion, e.g., lowest velocities in the Andean upper mantle; three parts of the Nazca plate with flat subduction; strong low-velocity anomalies in the upper-mantle depth beneath the Chaco basin. Furthermore, our 3D model revealed new features in the South American continent: (1) high velocities in the lower crust were consistently found in regions with high Bouguer or free-air anomalies; (2) the NE-SW trending TransBrasiliano shear zone was delineated by a NE-SW low-velocity belt at lithospheric depths; (3) the eastern Amazonian craton appears to have thicker lithosphere than the western craton; (4) in areas of Archean nuclei located in the northeastern Guaporé shield and southeastern São Francisco craton, high velocity anomalies were found down to 150 km.     

TEC measurements and modelling over Southern Africa during magnetic storms; a comparative analysis

This paper presents the results from a study designed to investigate the ability of a newly developed neural network (NN) based model to follow total electron content (TEC) dynamics over the Southern African region. The investigation is carried out by comparing results from the NN model with actual TEC data derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and TEC values predicted by the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2007) model during magnetic storm periods over Southern Africa. The magnetic storm conditions chosen for the study presented in this paper occurred during the periods 16–21 April 2002, 1–6 October 2002, and 28 October–01 November 2003. A total of six South African GPS stations were used for the validation of the two models during these periods. A statistical analysis of the comparison between the actual TEC behaviour and that predicted by the two models is shown. In addition, ionosonde measurements from the South African Louisvale (28.5°S, 21.2°E) station, located close to one of the validation GPS stations used, are also considered during the Halloween storm period of 28–31 October 2003. The generalisation of TEC behaviour by the NN model is demonstrated by producing predicted TEC maps during magnetic storm periods over South Africa. Presented results demonstrate the ability of NNs in predicting TEC variability over South Africa during magnetically disturbed conditions, and highlight areas for improvement.     

Paleomagnetism of Late Cretaceous Poços de Caldas alkaline complex,Southern Brazil

The paleomagnetism of the Late Cretaceous Poços de Caldas alkaline complex (46.6°W, 21.9°S) was investigated through 42 oriented cores from seven sites. Six sites, reversed relative to the present magnetic field of the Earth, yield a pole at 127°W, 82°S (dp = 8°,dm = 13°). This pole is located close to other Late Cretaceous poles for South America obtained by Creer [1] from untreated paleomagnetic samples. The results are significantly different from those for the nearby Early Cretaceous Serra Geral basalt but close to the Triassic pole for South America. The polar wandering path for South America for the Mesozoic seems to be more complicated than anticipated. The available paleomagnetic information may not yet be precise enough to determine the time of opening of the Atlantic.     

鲁中、南应变场和地壳的最新运动

本文通过对两期二等三角网测量结果的计算,分析了沂沭裂谷附近-鲁中鲁南的应变状态,力学性质和最近二十年来地壳的水平运动.结果是:(1)该区水平应变场的平均参数为:主压应变轴是 N51E;最大剪应变的方向为 N6E 和 N84W;从而得出该区应变场的力学模型;(2)该区地壳水平形变的特征是:以灌云-临沂-曲阜为转换带的典型左旋图象.从而讨论了鲁中、南未来可能发震的危险部位.      

Global aridification in the second half of the 20th century and its relationship to large-scale climate background

The variation in surface wetness index (SWI), which was derived from global gridded monthly precipi- tation and monthly mean surface air temperature datasets of Climatic Research Unit (CRU), from 1951― 2002 over global land was analyzed in this paper. The characteristics of the SWI variation in global continents, such as North America, South America, Eurasia, Africa, and Australia, were compared. In addition, the correlation between the SWI variation of each continent (or across the globe) and the large-scale background closely related to SST variations, which affects climate change, was analyzed. The results indicate that the SWI variation shows distinct regional characteristics in the second half of the 20th century under global warming. A drying trend in the last 52 years occurred in Africa, Eurasia, Australia and South America, most obviously in Africa and Eurasia. North America shows a wetting trend after 1976. A 30-year period of dry-wet oscillation is found in South America and Australia; the latest is in a drying period in two regions. The results also revealed that global warming has changed the dry-wet pattern of the global land. South America and Australia have a drying trend despite in- creases in precipitation. This indicates that increases in surface air temperature cannot be ignored in aridification studies. Global dry-wet variation is closely related to large-scale SST variations: the drying trend in Africa and Eurasia and the wetting trend in North America are correlated with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); the interdecadal oscillation of SWI in South America and Australia is consistent with the interdecadal variation in Southern Oscillation Index (SOI).     

A PLAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HYDROLOGY

Summary

Evaporation comparisons for Symon's evaporation tanks (6 feet square and 24 inches deep, sunk into the ground) and American A-type tanks as determined at 34 stations throughout South Africa are discussed.

Recently a series of observations to investigate relationships between evaporation from Symon's tanks and that from large water surfaces in South Africa were carried out. The latter varied from 40 acres to 3,200 acres in size, with depths from a few inches to 131 feet. The techniques used in measurement are briefly described and results of the determinations presented.     

A comparison study of summer-time synoptic-scale waves in South China and the Yangtze River basin using the TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis daily product

Summer-time synoptic-scale waves in South China and the Yangtze River basin are quantified and compared by means of analyzing the 6-year (1998―2004) TRMM Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) daily product. An innovative 3-dimensional spectrum analysis method is applied. The results indicate that synoptic-scale waves appearing in South China prominently propagate westward within a zonal wavenumber range of 9―21 and a frequency range of-0.12―-0.22 cycles day-1, while those in the Yangtze River basin primarily move eastward with the same characteristic wavenumbers of 9―21, but within a frequency range of 0.2―0.29 cycles day?1. Zonal and meridional distributions, and seasonal variations of these waves are further explored and compared. It shows that summer-time synoptic-scale waves in the South China result from the northward migration and oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the western Pacific, whereas the ones in the Yangtze River basin are generally related to the synoptic troughs within the westerly flow, originating from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Palaeomagnetism of the Msissi norite (Morocco) and the Palaeozoic reconstruction of Gondwanaland

Palaeomagnetic results are reported from eight sites in an Upper Devonian basic intrusion (the Msissi norite) in southeast Morocco. Specimens from one site are suspected of having been affected by lightning, but results from the other seven sites indicate the presence of a less-stable component, probably of viscous origin. The pole position corresponding to the stable component(0.5°S, 25°E, A₉₅ = 16.5) is interposed between the Middle Cambrian/Ordovician pole and the Lower Carboniferous pole on the African polar wander curve. When the southern continents are reassembled on the Smith/Hallam reconstruction of Gondwanaland the new Moroccan Devoniån pole is in excellent agreement with the corresponding portion of the main Australian polar-wander curve. This places additional constraints on the possible date of fusion of the separate Southeast Australian plate with the rest of Gondwanaland, postulated recently on palaeomagnetic grounds by M.W. McElhinny and B.J.J. Embleton (1974). The combined African/Australian polar-wander curve is compared with the South American curve, and two possible interpretations of available data are discussed, one involving possible relative tectonic motion between South America and the rest of Gondwanaland during the Lower and Middle Palaeozoic, and the other, favoured here, requiring a reassessment of the ages of several South American pole determinations.     

南海前新生代残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究

为了对南海海域的前新生代残留盆地分布有个整体而全面的认识,本文开展了南海残留盆地宏观分布的综合地球物理研究.通过岩石物性分析,综合重、磁、震等地球物理方法,利用正演与反演方法,分区计算并求取了南海的重力基底和磁性基底埋深,得到了中生界及前中生界残余厚度,给出了整个南海前新生代残留盆地的宏观格架与残余厚度分布特征并讨论了...     

Research on the 1879 South Wudu M8. 0 Earthquake and Its Co-Seismic Fracture

INTRODUCTIONAstrong earthquake struck between Wudu and Wenxian in Gansu Province on July1,1879,another catastrophic earthquake hittingthe southeastern mountainous area of the province ever sincethe1654TianshuiM8.0earthquake.After an elapse of126years,this massive earthquake has fadedfrommemoryastime goes onandthe humanand natural environment changes.However,the historicaldocumentation about the earthquake is abundant,including official documents of the Qing Dynasty,local newspapers and…     

Blocking Episodes in the Southern Hemisphere: Impact on the Climate of Adjacent Continental Areas

This work presents an updated climatology of blocking episodes for the Southern Hemisphere between 1960 and 2000, based on data from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Five contiguous areas of blocking activity are considered; Southeastern Pacific, Southwestern Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Oceania. The impact of the three most important areas of onset blocking episodes (Southeastern Pacific, Atlantic and Oceania) upon the climate of the adjacent continental areas (South America and Australia) was evaluated. Composites of the meteorological variables (temperature and precipitation) were obtained for periods of diagnosed blockings. The impact of the blocking episodes over the climate of South America and Australia is highlighted whenever anomaly fields of temperature and precipitation are significant at the 5% and 10% levels, respectively. Impacts of Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic blockings are observed on the temperature field over several regions of South America. Significantly higher (lower) temperatures than climatology occur in southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, and lower (higher) than climatology in the extreme south of South America for the Southeastern Pacific (Atlantic) blocking episodes. Precipitation over South America is also affected by the Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic blockings in different ways. The Southeastern Pacific blocking has higher impact on precipitation in summer (dry conditions in northeast Brazil) and spring (wet conditions in central and southern Brazil), while the Atlantic blocking affects precipitation in autumn and winter (wet conditions in parts of central and southern Brazil). The blocking cases over Oceania affect southeastern Australia with normal to higher than climatological precipitation and with negative temperature anomalies in that region. Finally we provide a detailed analysis of a South Atlantic blocking episode, which occurred between the 4^th and the 8^th of June 1997. This event shows clearly the split of the jet stream into two branches (subtropical and polar) surrounding the anticyclonic sector, and satellite imagery revealed the presence of transient systems in the periphery of the blocking anticyclone responsible for high values of precipitation in the southeastern sector of South America.     

Single zircon LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of Weishan granite (Hunan, South China) and its petrogenetic significance

It is well-known that South China experienced suc- there are also the Indosinian granitoids in Jiangxi, cessively two important tectonic movements during Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and so on[4], most of Mesozoic time, i.e. Indosinian and Yanshanian move- them, in the mass, are fairly concentrated in Hunan ment[1], which yield widely-distributed granitoids and Province, in which the Indosinian granites outcrop abundant mineral resources[2]. Therefore, the geologic over an area of ca. 5000 k…     

华南地震区地震带划分的新研究

对华南地区地震带的划分提出了一个新方案。认为北东东向断裂是控制华南地震区地震活动的主要断裂,同时东部有北西向巴士系裂交汇,迭加。     

Late Paleozoic brachiopod faunas of the South Kitakami Belt, northeast Japan, and their paleobiogeographic and tectonic implications

Abstract    Late Paleozoic (Middle Devonian, Early Carboniferous and Middle Permian) brachiopod faunas of the South Kitakami Belt, northeast Japan, are closely related paleobiogeographically to those of the Xinjiang–Inner Mongolia–Jilin region, northwest–northeast China. This relationship suggests that the South Kitakami Belt was part of the trench or continental shelf bordering the northern and eastern margins of North China (Sino-Korea) during the Middle Devonian to Middle Permian times. Among the three models on the origin and tectonic development of the South Kitakami Belt, the strike–slip model is most consistent, but both the microcontinent model and the nappe model have considerable inconsistencies with the above paleobiogeographic and paleogeographic evidence.     

Paleogeography of the North and South China blocks during the Cambrian

Paleomagnetic results demonstrate that during the Cambrian the South China block was close to the equator. We suggest that it was adjacent to North Australia. This reconstruction juxtaposes Cambrian marine basins in South China and Australia, explaining the affinity between Cambrian trilobites from the two areas, as well as the existence of phosphorite deposits in the Early and Middle Cambrian in Australia and in South China. The stratigraphic similarity between the late Precambrian Sinian System in South China and the Adelaide System in Australia, and the continuing fossil affinities from Cambrian through Ordovician of both areas suggest that the proposed geographic configuration lasted from the late Precambrian (800 Ma) to Early Ordovician (470 Ma). Paleomagnetic results from the Cambrian of North China indicate that it was in the southern hemisphere at that time. Based on the paleontological evidence, we suggest that the North China block was close to Tibet, Iran and northern India during the Paleozoic.     

华南近海台风突然增强的初秋季节锁相

使用美国台风联合中心(JTWC)的最佳路径资料对近50年(1961-2010年)海南岛至台湾岛之间的华南近海台风路径和强度做统计分析,得到台风增强的季节锁相时段.经过大气变量的物理分解,海陆分布热力强迫的季节风场揭示出:盛夏时节,东亚副热带季风槽位于沿江江南,华南近海盛行西南季风;中秋时节,东亚副热带季风槽南退到南海中部,对华南近海台风的增强没有影响;在夏末秋初的转换季节,东亚副热带季风槽正好位于华南近海,有些台风进入华南近海季风槽中就有可能增强,形成所谓的季节锁相.