佳木斯地块及东缘岩石圈电性结构特征

佳木斯地块及东缘是中国东北地区的重要地质构造单元. 为探测该地区地壳深部结构与构造关系,沿桦南—饶河实施了240 km的大地电磁测深的探测研究. 采用光滑模型二维反演方法对桦南—饶河大地电磁剖面的探测数据进行了二维反演和综合地球物理解释. 研究结果揭示了研究区断面域的电性结构：(1)剖面西段具有稳定的高阻特征且具有稳定的岩石圈厚度（约90km）,在十几公里深度范围存在壳内高导层,该区段对应佳木斯地块. (2)剖面中部具有明显的电性梯度带,该梯度带反映了佳木斯地块的东界位置及其深部的结构形态. (3)剖面东段电性特征揭示了佳木斯地块以东区段浅部为逆冲推覆体,深部为多个高阻块体和低阻条带相间的电性结构,这些高阻块体可能为早期俯冲的岩石圈残片.     

The Evolution of the Eastern Part of the Terek Mouth Area in the Period of the Caspian Sea Level Rise: Mapping Based on Aerospace Materials

The evolution of the eastern part of the Terek mouth area in the period of the current rise of the Caspian Sea level has been traced by aerial and space photographs made at different times. With the help of computer processing of the photographs, a set of maps have been compiled including maps of the eastern part of the Terek delta (including the former Agrakhan Bay and the Agrakhan Peninsula with a new delta) in 1978, 1991, and 1997, as well as a map of its dynamics in the period of its most radical changes (1978–1991). The response of the coastal environment to the sea level rise has been analyzed, and the correctness of the forecasts of changes in the coastal zone has been evaluated.     

Structure and evolution of the backstop in the eastern Nankai Trough area (Japan): Implications for the soon-to-come Tokai earthquake

Abstract We present data showing that the intra-oceanic shortening now occurring south of the eastern Nankai Trough that has produced the Zenisu Ridge has also been responsible for the formation of a previous ridge now buried below the continental margin. This ridge, that we refer to as Paleo-Zenisu, is presently adjacent to the backstop and its location coincides with the outer limit of the seismogenic decollement. The subduction of the paleo-Zenisu ridge below the wedge has led to its complete reorganization and has given its identity to the Great Tokai earthquake rupture zone. The formation of paleo-Zenisu and its consequent subduction has induced the tilting of the backstop toward the northwest since ca 2 Ma. This model suggests that the backstop and possibly the wedge are dextrally sheared because they are extruded southwestward in relation to the collision of the Izu-Bonin Ridge with Japan. We use the finite motion from Zenisu to paleo-Zenisu to derive both the subduction vectors along the Nankai Trough and the shortening vectors within Zenisu-Izu. The amount of shortening absorbed within Zenisu-Izu increases toward the northeast. The corresponding subduction vectors of the Zenisu platelet below the wedge decrease accordingly to the northeast from 50 to less than 20 mm/year and the Zenisu body rotates clockwise with a pole near 36° North, 139° East. This might explain the apparent longer repetition time of great earthquakes in the Tokai area. On the other hand, the 25-35 mm/year obtained for the rate of shortening along the Zenisu thrust indicates a high seismic potential there.     

新的机遇,新的挑战--关于"十五"工作的设想

地震科学经历近百年的发展,现已步入中年.文章介绍针对地震科学当前面临的主要问题,IASPEI采取的措施和努力的方向,其中强调了宽频带数字地震观测在地震研究中的作用.这些背景值得我们在编制"十五"规划时借鉴.     

新泽5井水位趋势下降分析

新泽5井水位1997年以来呈趋势下降动态,至2002年底下降幅度达970mm。为解释该趋势下降的原因,首先对深州市及其周边地区地热开采点的空间分布及地下热水开采量进行了详细调查,而后对华北油田采油和注水情况进行了了解。经调查研究表明,新泽5井1997年以来,水位的趋势下降,水位动态年变规律的改变,是井区及附近地区大量开采地下热水引起的。     

大地震专题信息系统SEIS的开发与应用

大地震专题信息系统(Significant Events Information System,SEIS)是一个针对单个大地震的综合性专题信息管理软件.通过其数据存储子系统保存数据,通过其数据管理子系统处理和管理数据,通过其数据服务子系统提供数据.较之国内外同类软件,具有信息的集成性、资料的区域性和数据的实用性等主要特点.随着SEIS系统在实际工作中的全面应用,大地震专题信息数据逐步实现了存储的规模化、管理的科学化与自动化以及服务的多样化,并积累了丰富的资料,提高了数据服务的质量.     

The failure of the National Science Foundation to protect Antarctica

In this issue of the Marine Pollution Bulletin, and earlier in Science magazine (Massey, 1992), the National Science Foundation (NSF) described its efforts to clean up the Antarctic environment and to implement the recently adopted Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. Although NSF has taken modest steps to address certain environmental impacts from its operations in Antarctica, it misrepresents its past actions and exaggerates the extent of its commitment to environmental protection in Antarctica under the new Protocol.     

Three evolutionary stages of the collision orogenic deformation in the Middle Yangtze Region

A discussion of collision orogenic deformation has been made for the Middle Yangtze Region. Based on its deformation assemblage orders, three developing stages are classified successively as compression thrust uplift, strike-slip escape rheology and tension extension inversion. The collision orogenesis of the studied region has been divided into three developing periods of initial, chief and late orogeny. Based on the data from Wugong Mts., Jiuling Mts. and Xuefeng Mts., for each stage, its variation of stress and strain axes, the conversion of joint fractures and their relative tectonic evolution are described, models are plotted and corresponding explanations are made for the rock chronology dating value in the same tectonic period.     

Sediment discharge of the Yellow River (China) and its effect on the sedimentation of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea

The Yellow River is noted for its small water discharge and huge sediment load, which amounts to about11 × 10⁸ tons every year, contributing 17% of the world's fluvial sediment discharge to the ocean. This has a profound effect on the sedimentation of the Bohai and the Yellow Sea. Changes of the outlet in the modern delta every 10 y result in frequent changes in the recession and progradation of the deltaic coastline both in space and time, and is the main reason why the Yellow River has not succeeded in building a bird-foot delta like the Mississippi. Owing to the huge sediment input from the Yellow River, the sedimentation rate of the Bohai is very high, about 0.6 m ka⁻¹, but it is unlikely that the Bohai will be filled up in a few thousand years. In the late Quaternary period, the Yellow River extended its course across the Yellow Sea at least 4 times and probably discharged its heavy load into the Okinawa Trough during the last glacial maximum (15,000 B.P.).     

On the crustal structure and evolution of southeastern Africa and the adjacent Indian Ocean

In the Indian Ocean, the problem of where to put the island of Madagascar in any continental reconstruction has been particularly enigmatic. Much independent geophysical work has recently been carried out in this area, and it is timely to collate and review the existing data. New ideas concerning the interpretation of the regional gravity field of southeastern Africa are presented, which, together with the other data indicate that Madagascar has probably always been in its present position relative to the African mainland.     

丹徒苏18井水位微动态特征

根据井区区域地质构造及水文地质环境,研究丹徒苏18井的水位动态特征,着重分析气压、固体潮、降雨荷载效应与水位变化的关系。因近年井区周边观测环境有所改变,进而探讨环境改变后降雨荷载对水位观测产生的影响。     

The Tragedy of the Karama Dam Project/Jordan

The Karama Dam, with a capacity of 55 Mio m³, was constructed in 1995 on Wadi Mallaha in the Jordan Valley area in order to store water for irrigational uses. The dam was constructed in spite of experts' warnings that this dam geologically, hydrogeologically, seismically, and from the points of view of salinity of its water, its management and the water resources to fill it is totally irrelevant, and that the dam will fail to fulfill its purposes. Now after 9 years of its construction the dam fails to collect water because there are no sources available to fill it. The water the farmers were deprived of to partially fill the dam to demonstrate its success became in the dam reservoir highly saline (20 000 μS/cm). Reservoir bottom collapses due to dissolution of salts took place and large water amounts were lost to the underground. Not a single drop of water from the dam has been of any use for any purpose until now. Equipment to pump water for irrigational uses has been corroding, and the government is paying the depreciation, capital, and running cost of a fiasco project.     

地震波形的分形判别与特征提取

研究地震波的复杂性和它的自相似性以及计算地震道时间序列分数维等一系列特征问题,能得出地震波在复杂构造及断点位置的一系列特征,能轻易地实现地震道异常点的计算机自动拾取。对更深入地研究地震波和更准确地解释地震资料,会有很大的帮助。本文提出了计算地震道分数维的一般方法。实验表明地震道时间序列的分数维在异常点会具有不同的数值,其变化点能够定量指示出异常的准确位置。这对更精确的研究时间剖面上断点及不同地质构造变化有着非常重要的意义。     

中国大陆与周边板块边界强震活动的互动关系探讨

分析中国大陆与周边板块边界、尤其是西部地震“大三角”地区强震活动的关系认为,中国大陆与周边板块边界带的强震活动之间存在互动关系,而不完全是后者对前者的触发作用。进而根据中国大陆地震构造环境、大尺度地壳运动变形动态与强震活动状况,研究和探讨了这种“互动关系”可能的构造动力机理和我国大陆未来地震活动的发展趋势。     

杭州西湖底泥疏浚工程的生态效应

杭州西湖一直被富营养化问题所困扰。迄今为止,先后采用了多种工程措施进行治理。通过对杭州市政府1999-2002年对西湖实施的底泥疏浚工程前后沉积物中营养物质含量、水质以及水生生物群落各主要类群等方面的研究,评价了此次工程对减轻西湖的营养盐内负荷、控制湖泊富营养化的效果,探讨该工程的生态风险及对西湖水生生态系统重建的影响。研究结果表明：疏浚工程降低了西湖各层沉积物中的有机物、氮和磷含量,尤其是沉积物表层10cm中的有机质、总氮和有机磷含量均有明显的下降;疏浚后西湖水体与富营养化相关的主要指标均有不同程度的改善;水体中浮游植物密度、生物量有不同程度的降低,群落中蓝藻比例下降;浮游动物群落的种类有所增加;疏浚后底栖大型无脊椎动物群落快速恢复;疏浚后的水生生物群落指示水体富营养化程度有所减轻。     

Characteristics of the vertical structure of the atmospheric turbulence in the Tibetan Plateau

Science China Earth Sciences - The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has unique atmospheric dynamics and thermal structures that originate from its giant terrain and complex climate. High vertical-resolution...     

震级频度与古登堡-里克特关系式偏离的前兆意义

地震震级频度的古登堡-里克特关系式(简称G-R关系式)一直是许多地震学问题研究的重要前提之一, 然而实际分布常常与这一关系式有一定的偏离。 文中利用已有的对含有凹凸体、 挤压雁列破裂及Ⅲ型剪切破裂等三种类型的岩石实验结果, 对接收到的声发射事件序列分别进行了分段地震震级频度的G-R关系式拟合, 重点考察了每一时间窗内表征实际地震震级频度与这一关系式偏离程度的线性拟合系数r值的变化。 研究结果表明, 含有凹凸体、 挤压雁列破裂的岩石声发射序列在加压－破裂过程中, 分段扫描分别计算得出的r值在标本失稳前出现数字下降的现象, 表明临近岩石失稳, 实际地震震级频度与G-R关系式偏离程度有加大的趋势; 而含Ⅲ型剪切破裂的岩石在标本失稳前, 声发射序列r值数字下降的现象不明显。 部分实际震例也表明, 在一些中强地震前也存在着这种偏离。 研究结果可能对利用区域地震活动资料探求部分类型的中强地震前可能存在的前兆信息具有一定的参考意义。     

A new approach to the problem of the lunar libration

Modern techniques permit a new approach to the solution of the problem of the lunar physical libration. The equations which express the phenomenon can be reconstructed and solved with the use of computers, while higher accuracy in its detection has been achieved with the development of a new observational method.     

Resolvability of the interval between inversions using marine magnetic anomalies based on the Rao-Cramer inequality

It has been indicated that the Rao-Cramer inequality can be used to estimate the resolvability of intervals with opposite geomagnetic field polarity based on marine anomalies and for measurement planning. Specifically, it has been elucidated that the width of a detected interval of one polarity is determined more exactly than its center.