河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿床成矿流体及成矿机制探讨

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿位于燕辽成矿带东部,是近年来发现的中型钼铜矿床。辉钼矿呈细脉状、网脉状、浸染状、薄膜状赋存于长城系石英砂岩及白云岩中的矽卡岩带,钼矿化与硅化关系密切。矿体呈似层状、脉状和透镜状。矿床的形成经历了矽卡岩期和石英-硫化物期,铜和钼矿化主要形成于石英-硫化物期。研究表明,矽卡岩期矿物以发育液体包裹体为特征,石英-硫化物期石英中主要发育液体包裹体、含CO₂两相和三相包裹体。矽卡岩期成矿流体为高-中温(192~497℃)、中-低盐度(5.41%~16.53% NaCleqv)、中-低密度(0.59~0.92g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O体系。石英-硫化物期成矿流体为中-低温(主要变化于160~330℃)、低盐度(2.07%~15.17% NaCleqv)和中低密度(0.69~1.01g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ (±CH₄/N₂)型流体。石英的δD_SMOW为-128‰~-80‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOW值为9.6‰~14‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O值为-3.61%~5.30‰,表明成矿流体具有岩浆水混合大气降水的特征。硫化物的δ³⁴S变化于-0.9‰~5.7‰,平均值为2.9‰,表明成矿物质中硫来自深部岩浆。成矿时代为早侏罗世早期,成矿作用与花岗斑岩岩浆期后热液活动有关。     

云南哀牢山老王寨大型造山型金矿成矿流体地球化学

云南哀牢山金矿带是我国最重要的喜马拉雅期金矿带,而老王寨是其中最大的金矿。流体包裹体研究显示:老王寨金矿含金石英脉中流体包裹体类型主要为NaCl-H₂O型和CO₂-H₂O型,其均一温度为102~302℃, 峰值为160~180℃;流体盐度范围变化较大,介于2.5%~12.9% NaCleqv之间,峰值为6.0%~7.5% NaCleqv,显示老王寨成矿流体具有中低盐度和中低温度的特征。 氢氧同位素测定显示成矿流体δD_H2O=-115‰~-90‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O=5.2‰~6.8‰,显示其组成主要为岩浆水,可能与有机沉积物发生过同位素交换。流体包裹体碳同位素组成(δ¹³C为-6.5‰~-3.9‰)基本落在幔源碳变化范围之内,说明其中CO₂可能来自地壳深部,甚至上地幔。综合成矿地质特征和成矿流体的证据,提出老王寨金矿为喜马拉雅期造山型金矿。     

云南个旧卡房矿田锡-铜矿床成矿作用过程探讨:成矿流体约束

云南个旧是世界上最大的锡多金属矿区,卡房矿田是其中一个主要的铜矿区。卡房铜矿主要的矿床类型有:变玄武岩型层状铜矿和接触带型铜矿,本文主要对前者进行了流体包裹体测试及同位素地球化学分析,并对比研究了接触带型铜矿的同位素地球化学特征。流体包裹体研究显示,卡房矿田变玄武岩型层状铜矿的成矿流体,属于岩浆流体体系演化的一部分,成矿作用分为三个阶段:石英-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-方解石-黄铜矿-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱa)和石英-方解石阶段(Ⅱb)。从Ⅰ-Ⅱa-Ⅱb成矿流体的温度(平均从363.9℃至283.2℃至185.0℃)显著降低,流体盐度(平均从20.18% NaCleqv至12.59% NaCleqv至11.97% NaCleqv)缓慢降低,流体密度(平均从0.854g/cm³至0.863g/cm³至1.001g/cm³)基本不变。显微激光拉曼光谱分析显示流体包裹体的挥发份主要为H₂O及少量CH₄,液相中主要成分为H₂O及少量CO^2-₃。氢、氧同位素研究(δD_H2O值介于-98‰~-79‰;δ¹⁸O_H2O值介于-0.82‰~7.09‰)显示,成矿流体主要以岩浆水为主,在成矿流体上升过程中与地层中的大气降水相混合。硫同位素分析结果表明,卡房矿田变玄武岩型铜矿中硫化物的硫(δ³⁴S值介于-0.86‰~3.8‰)来源于三叠纪变玄武岩,而花岗岩浆和变玄武岩共同为卡房接触带型铜矿(δ³⁴S值介于-3.2‰~6.2‰)提供了成矿所需的大部分硫。     

吉林省海沟石英脉型金矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

海沟金矿床地处夹皮沟-海沟成矿带东南端,为典型的石英脉型金矿。该矿床产于海西期花岗杂岩体中,由多条含金石英脉组成。成矿过程可分为4个阶段:Ⅰ. 钾长石-石英脉阶段;II. 乳白色石英-(少)黄铁矿-(少)金阶段;III. 多金属硫化物-石英-金阶段;IV. 碳酸盐-石英-黄铁矿阶段。流体包裹体研究表明,海沟金矿各阶段流体包裹体存在一定差异,早期成矿阶段(第Ⅱ阶段)以H₂O-NaCl包裹体(Ⅰ类)为主,偶见含子晶包裹体(Ⅳ类);主成矿阶段(第Ⅲ阶段)以CO₂-H₂O-NaCl包裹体(II类)为主,并含有少量纯CO₂包裹体(III类);成矿后阶段(第Ⅳ阶段)以H₂O-NaCl包裹体(Ⅰ类)为主。早期成矿阶段、主成矿阶段、成矿后阶段均一温度范围分别为227~497℃、189~427℃、130~267℃,对应盐度分别为0.53%~10.23% NaCleqv、0.35%~9.23% NaCleqv、0.18%~3.27% NaCleqv。早期成矿阶段和主成矿阶段包裹体均一温度、盐度相对较高,成矿后阶段包裹体均一温度、盐度明显降低;在空间上,主成矿阶段矿床深部包裹体的盐度较矿床浅部偏高。拉曼和气相色谱结果显示,包裹体气相成分以H₂O、CO₂、N₂、CH₄、C₂H₆为主,并含有少量H₂S,成矿流体为低盐度的H₂O-CO₂-NaCl±CH₄流体;包裹体液相离子成分主要为Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-,个别包裹体中含有少量Mg²⁺、F^-离子。主成矿阶段不同类型、不同相比包裹体均一温度相近,显示不混溶特征。流体减压引起的不混溶作用可能是海沟金矿金沉淀的主要原因。     

西藏弄如日金矿流体包裹体研究

弄如日金矿床位于青藏高原南部冈底斯-喜马拉雅构造区的冈底斯构造岩浆带东段,是该成矿带上首次发现的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。本文在详细的野外矿床地质研究基础上,通过对各期与成矿密切相关的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温分析、包裹体成分的LRM分析和包裹体中子矿物相的SEM/EDS分析等,对与矿化有关的成矿流体的特征、演化以及金的迁移与沉淀机制进行了讨论。通过研究流体成矿过程包括:形成黄铁矿-石英组合的早期阶段,发育以含子矿物的三相包裹体为主,均一温度集中于256~335℃,盐度29.7%~38.9% NaCleqv;形成毒砂-富砷黄铁矿-石英组合的主成矿阶段,发育富CO₂包裹体,均一温度集中于230~357℃,盐度1.81%~9.74% NaCleqv,CO₂密度为0.16~0.29g·cm^-3;形成辉锑矿-石英、雄黄-石英和碳酸岩脉组合的晚期阶段,发育水溶液包裹体,均一温度集中于134~245℃,盐度1.91%~8.95% NaCleqv。与金成矿有关的流体为中温、低盐度的富CO₂、CH₄、N₂、Na⁺流体体系,成矿流体温度、压力降低造成了流体不混溶,使CO₂相与水溶液相分离是造成金沉淀的主要机制。     

阿尔泰南缘克兰盆地的脉状金-铜矿化及其流体演化

阿尔泰山南缘泥盆纪克兰火山-沉积盆地蕴藏有丰富的VMS锌铅铜多金属矿床。自晚泥盆世至早二叠世末, 阿尔泰山南缘为NE-SW向强烈挤压的构造环境, VMS矿石受到变形变质改造,脉状金铜矿化发育。金(铜)石英脉主要有2种产状:(1)白色-灰白色(硫化物)顺层石英脉(QI), 产于韧脆性剪切带发育地段,呈细脉状或透镜状产于绿泥片岩、黑云片岩中;(2)斜切黄铁矿化蚀变岩、层状铅锌矿和变质岩产状的黄铜矿-黄铁矿石英脉(QII),与晚期的脆性构造有关。金(铜)石英脉的流体包裹体发育,按室温下相态特征有3类。第I类为含子矿物的高盐度包裹体(L-V-S型),子晶为NaCl, 有时为KCl,包裹体呈孤立或无序分布,代表变质早期流体特征。一般NaCl子晶先消失(210~357℃),包裹体的最终均一温度369~512℃,其捕获温度与变质相的相平衡计算温度相当,反映了变质早期中高温热液活动的特征。第II类是富CO₂ 包裹体,包括单相的碳质流体包裹体(L _CO2、L _CO2-CH4或L _CO2-N2)和两相富CO₂包裹体(L _CO2-L _H2O)2个亚类。碳质流体包裹体是常见类型,有时与L _CO2-L_H2O型伴生,在较晚期的黄铜矿-黄铁矿石英脉中表现为原生特征,而在较早的石英脉中常表现为次生特征。萨热阔布的碳质流体可分为纯CO₂包裹体和CO₂-CH₄体系包裹体,纯CO₂包裹体的固体CO₂熔化温度(T_m,CO2)为 -60~-56.5℃,CO₂部分均一温度(T_h,CO2) 变化于-23~+31℃;密度一般为0.85~0.89g·m^-3。CO₂-CH₄包裹体的T_m,CO2＜-57℃,可低达-78.1℃,T_h,CO2低达-33.7~-17.7℃, 其密度高达1.01~1.07g·m^-3。VMS矿床中晚期叠加的黄铜矿石英脉中碳质流体包裹体可分为贫CH₄-N₂和富CH₄-N₂的CO₂-CH₄-N₂包裹体,贫CH₄-N₂的碳质包裹体T_m,CO2=-63.3~-57℃,T_h,CO2=-27.5~+29.7℃;富CH₄-N₂的CO₂-CH₄-N₂包裹体T_m,CO2=-83.4~-65.5℃,T_h,CO2=-56.0~+16.9℃。铜金石英脉中与碳质流体共生的L_CO2-L_H2O型包裹体均一温度T_h,total=205~370℃,略低于第I类高盐度包裹体的T_h,total=369~512℃。据CO₂流体高温高压相图估算包裹体的捕获压力至少为110~300MPa。金(铜)石英脉的主体在相当于445~566℃的高温条件下形成的,而金铜矿化则是在高于205~370℃、110~330MPa的中高温中深条件下发生的。流体包裹体的δ¹⁸O为7.54‰~11.84‰ (QI)和3.82‰~7.82‰ (QII), δD为-84.7‰~-98.2‰(QI)和-75.8‰~-108.8‰ (QII)。结合地质特征和流体研究,说明成矿热液来源与区域变质及相关的岩浆活动有关。     

东秦岭秋树湾铜钼矿流体包裹体和稳定同位素特征及其地质意义

秋树湾铜钼矿是东秦岭钼矿带上典型的受斑岩体控制的矽卡岩-斑岩角砾岩筒复合型矿床,矿体赋存于成矿母岩花岗岩及矽卡岩和角砾岩筒中。根据矿物共生组合、矿石组构、围岩蚀变及脉体的穿插关系,可划分为早(Ⅰ)、中(Ⅱ)、晚(Ⅲ)3个矿化期,再将Ⅰ期细分为干矽卡岩-钾长石化-石英阶段(Ⅰ₁)、爆破角砾岩阶段(Ⅰ₂)、湿矽卡岩阶段(Ⅰ₃)、磁铁矿阶段(Ⅰ₄);Ⅱ期分为斑岩型铜(钼)矿阶段(Ⅱ_b)和石英硫化物阶段(Ⅱ_s);Ⅲ期为方解石、重晶石、石英阶段(Ⅲ)。流体包裹体可划分为S型含子矿物多相包裹体、L型纯液相包裹体、C型含CO₂三相包裹体、W型气液两相包裹体、G型纯气相包裹体5种类型。按时间先后顺序,成矿流体的温度、盐度、氧化还原环境具有规律性的演化特征。均一温度范围: Ⅰ期为222~406℃,Ⅱ期为152~315℃,Ⅲ期为119~189℃;盐度w(NaCl_eq): Ⅰ期介于4.2%~36.5%,Ⅱ期为3.3%~34.8%,Ⅲ期为4.2%~11.9%。激光拉曼光谱及群体包裹体成分分析结果表明,第Ⅰ期流体以H₂O、CO₂、CH₄、H₂S为主,表现为还原环境;第Ⅱ期流体以H₂O、CO₂、N₂、O₂、SO₄^2-、Cl^-、F^-为主,为氧化环境,暗示流体源于岩浆。流体包裹体岩相学及包裹体测温表明,流体由早期的高温、高盐度、含CO₂的H₂O-NaCl-CO₂体系的岩浆流体在成矿Ⅰ期发生沸腾作用和相分离,伴随着流体沸腾、CO₂逸失、温度下降、大气水的加入、盐度下降等过程,导致大量金属硫化物沉淀。在成矿Ⅱ、Ⅲ期成矿体系趋于开放,流体存在大气降水混入,逐渐演化为晚期的低盐度、中低温度、贫CO₂的流体体系。H、O、S同位素结果表明有地幔流体参与成矿作用。     

阿尔泰晚古生代超高温麻粒岩流体特征及其意义

北疆阿尔泰造山带南缘晚古生代超高温麻粒岩存在高铝斜方辉石+夕线石+石英和尖晶石+石英等超高温特征矿物组合,其退变质作用主要以典型的降压反应矿物堇青石的形成为标志。对其中新发现的石榴子石及石英流体包裹体开展显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析,结果表明:基质中的石英以及被石榴子石包裹的石英中孤立分布的原生流体包裹体成分为近纯CO₂(部分含少量的N₂),均一温度在10.1~29℃之间,其对应的密度在0.631~0.861g/cm³。石榴子石中的原生和假次生CO₂包裹体费米峰差在104.1cm^-1左右,低于石英中CO₂包裹体的费米峰差(~104.7cm^-1),暗示其密度低于石英中的CO₂包裹体。由CO₂流体包裹体密度所得到的等容线从P-T轨迹退变质阶段的下方穿过结合区域地质背景,我们初步认为阿尔泰超高温麻粒岩的形成与幔源岩浆底侵有关。基性岩浆的底侵不但提供了异常高的地温梯度,同时其所释放的大量CO₂降低了水活度,使得变质作用峰期的特征矿物得以保存。低密度的CO₂流体指示了阿尔泰超高温麻粒岩沿顺时针P-T轨迹紧随超高温峰期变质之后快速抬升降压,捕获的同变质流体包裹体因腔体体积增大而密度降低的一种退变质过程。     

藏南折木朗造山型金矿成矿流体地球化学和成矿机制

折木朗金矿位于青藏高原雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段的南侧,矿体受大型脆-韧性剪切带的次级断裂控制。系统的显微测温和激光拉曼测定显示折木朗金矿矿石中存在3类流体包裹体: NaCl-H₂O溶液包裹体(类型Ⅰ);含CO₂盐水溶液包裹体(类型Ⅱ),此类包裹体又分为两相(Ⅱa)和三相(Ⅱb)2个小类;Ⅲ纯气相包裹体。折木朗金矿床中流体包裹体显微测温显示该矿成矿流体的盐度范围为2.31%~7.39% NaCleqv,平均值为5.33%% NaCleqv,峰值为4.0%~7.0% NaCleqv;均一温度的范围为164.5~273.1℃,峰值为220~240℃,平均值为221.0℃。相对应的密度范围为0.82~0.93g·cm^-3,峰值为0.84~0.90g·cm^-3,平均值为0.88g·cm^-3。折木朗金矿床成矿流体具有富含CO₂、低盐度、低密度、中低温度的特征,与造山型金矿成矿流体相似。此外,同位素测定显示成矿流体的氢氧碳同位素组成分别为δD_H2O=-36.7‰~-107.5‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O=4.1‰~5.5‰,δ¹³C=-9.6‰~-11.5‰,说明成矿流体主要为变质水,但有地幔流体的加入。综合成矿地质特征和成矿流体的证据,提出折木朗金矿为陆陆碰撞造山型金矿。     

小秦岭东桐峪金矿床的流体包裹体研究

东桐峪金矿床位于小秦岭金矿田的中西部,其含金石英脉受韧性剪切构造带的控制。该矿床的构造-成矿过程可划分为4个阶段:Ⅰ黄铁矿-乳白色石英脉阶段;Ⅱ灰白色石英-黄铁矿阶段;Ⅲ石英-多金属硫化物阶段;Ⅳ石英-碳酸盐阶段。相对于小秦岭地区的其他金矿床,东桐峪金矿床的流体包裹体研究资料相对缺乏。文章表明,该矿床内的流体包裹体类型主要为CO₂-H₂O包裹体和水溶液包裹体,见少量纯液相CO₂包裹体。显微测温表明,Ⅰ阶段的构造-成矿流体以中温、富CO₂等挥发分为特征,包裹体均一温度为221~392℃,盐度w(NaCl_eq)为5.5%~7.9%,密度为0.84~0.93 g/cm³;Ⅱ阶段和Ⅲ阶段以CO₂-H₂O±CH₄流体为主,包裹体均一温度为205~350℃(Ⅱ阶段)和224~271℃(Ⅲ阶段),盐度w(NaCl_eq)集中于5.1%~7.1%,密度为0.83~0.96 g/cm³;Ⅳ阶段的流体演化为中-低温、低盐度的盐水溶液体系,包裹体均一温度为175~185℃。文章对该矿床各成矿阶段的压力进行了估算,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段的流体最小捕获压力分别为123~160 MPa、160~170 MPa、170 MPa左右。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。