Geochemical indicators of gold-rich zones in the La Josefina epithermal deposit,Deseado Massif,Argentina

The gold deposit at La Josefina, in the Deseado Massif of Argentina, is a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit with some features of the intermediate sulfidation style; the Au occurs in quartz veins and hydrothermal breccias hosted by acid pyroclastic rocks produced by Jurassic bimodal volcanism. Exploration for this deposit type uses geochemical data for vectoring to mineralized rocks. Although a general suite of elements with anomalous concentrations around low-sulfidation deposits is known, that suite varies amongst individual deposits, which should be studied individually. The aim of this study was to determine, in the La Josefina deposit, geochemical indicators of Au-rich rocks at different scales and to assess the effects of weathering on those indicators. To reach these objectives, a mineralized zone (hosting Au-rich veins) and a non-mineralized zone (hosting barren veins) were compared in terms of vein mineralogy, alteration minerals and geochemistry. These zones were also compared with estimated element concentrations of the protolith. Element concentrations in the mineralized zone were then plotted against distance to the Au-rich veins, separating the dataset into two subsets: one from strongly oxidized rocks and the other from weakly oxidized rocks, considering the degree of oxidation as indicative of relative degree of weathering. Based on alteration and vein mineralogy, we interpret that the mineralized zone was hydrothermally active before, during and after Au-mineralization, while the non-mineralized zone was active only before Au-mineralization. Therefore, differences in element concentrations between the estimated protolith and the non-mineralized zone represent geochemical changes produced before mineralization, whereas differences between mineralized and non-mineralized zones represent changes produced during and after mineralization. We conclude that in rhyolitic to rhyodacitic pyroclastic rocks of the study area, affected by predominantly argillic and silicic hydrothermal alterations, high concentrations of Au, Cu, Hg, V, Co and P, and low concentrations of Ba are probably the best deposit-scale geochemical indicators to distinguish Au-mineralized zones from non-mineralized zones. High concentrations of As, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr, Ni, MgO and Zn (as well as high values of chlorite-carbonate-pyrite index), and low concentrations of Be and CaO can also distinguish mineralized from non-mineralized zones. High concentrations of Au, Cu, Pb, As, Hg, and Co indicate Au-rich zones, independently of lithology and alteration, because they were introduced into the veins and host rocks together with Au. At detailed-scale, the concentrations of 15 elements vary with distance to Au-rich veins; therefore, those elements are considered potential indicators of proximity to Au-rich veins. Of those elements, Au, P, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ba and MgO are the strongest indicators of proximity to the Au-rich veins. In strongly oxidized rocks, some indicators of mineralized zones (Co, Mn, Pb, Zn and MgO) and some indicators of proximity to Au-rich veins (P, Au, Cu, Hg and Ba) should be used with caution or be avoided because weathering modifies their quality as indicators.     

普朗斑岩型铜矿床成矿元素多重分形特征及其矿化强度指示

成矿元素品位的变化受控于长期地质作用过程,具有较强的非线性特征,定量刻画其变化特征有助于深入理解成矿过程,并为找矿预测提供理论依据。运用多重分形去趋势移动均值（MFDMA） 法,分析云南普朗斑岩型铜矿床4号勘探线钻孔Cu元素品位的多重分形特征及其对矿化强度的指示意义。结果显示：所有钻孔Cu元素品位具有多重分形特征,且不同矿化等级的元素分布存在局部奇异性差异,多重分形强度随矿化强度等级减弱而增加;这些特征指示在钾硅化带—带内侧强矿化钻孔的高品位相对聚集,而带外侧角岩化—青磐岩化带的高品位相对分散;通过数据随机重排技术推测Cu品位多重分形结构奇异性差异是由其分布概率密度和长相关性共同作用引起,后者的作用贡献大于前者。     

基于GIS的云南普朗斑岩铜矿床三维成矿预测

文章根据云南普朗斑岩铜矿床地质特征以及矿区72个见矿钻孔中8145个岩芯样品的铜含量分析数据,采用GIS空间分析技术和利用邻近距离统计分析方法,优化和提取了矿床定位预测所需点位的数据信息(包含三维空间坐标及其对应的铜含量数值)。在此基础上,选用反距离权重内插法,在比例尺1:10000的尺度上,确定了该矿区铜元素在海拔3171～4319m不同高度的空间分布状况,并利用3D-GIS的规则六面体成像技术和邻近采样点插值法,建立了该铜矿床含矿岩体(铜含量不小于0.2%)和铜矿体(铜含量不小于0.3%)的三维模型,确定含矿岩体和铜矿体的形态为"锥状体"。最后,在综合分析云南普朗铜矿床特征及其保存条件和剥蚀状况以及钻探资料和矿床三维空间特征的基础上,确定矿床的南西侧具有较好的找矿潜力,认为矿床的东、北两侧深部是有利的成矿远景区。     

海南岭壳铜(银-金)矿床地质特征及找矿方向

岭壳铜(银-金)矿床赋存于白垩纪岭壳村组流纹质角砾凝灰熔岩和早白垩世花岗闪长岩中.目前已发现11条铜(银-金)矿(化)体,矿体的产出严格受断裂破碎带控制,与成矿关系密切的围岩蚀变呈现出自东(20线)向西的钾化→绢云母化→强高岭石化、绿泥石化蚀变分带,矿化相应呈现从铜(金)向铜(银)的过渡.根据其对称性的蚀变分带,应加强20线以东的地质找矿;根据成矿元素分形和统计研究发现,Au,Ag矿化具有专属性,即在流纹质凝灰熔岩中寻找Cu,Ag矿,而在花岗闪长岩中以寻找Cu,Au矿为主.     

Self-similar fractal analysis of gold mineralization of Dayingezhuang disseminated-veinlet deposit in Jiaodong gold province,China

The mineralization degree in drifts in the Dayingezhuang disseminated-veinlet gold deposit in Jiaodong gold Province, China, can be categorized into non-mineralized, weakly mineralized, moderately mineralized and intensely mineralized ranks based on the number of the gold grades greater than cut-off. The grades sampled equidistantly and continuously along different drifts at − 140 m, − 175 m and − 210 m levels of the deposit are systematically calculated via the self-similar fractal model. The grade distributions often show bifractal characteristics, including two or three non-scale ranges. It shows that with the increase of mineralized rank, the fractal dimension of the second non-scale range decreases and the corresponding threshold becomes greater. The dimension decrease comes from the increase of proportion of the wider microfracture in the ore-controlling structure system; and the threshold increase is a result from the magnitude elevation of the microfractures from the extension-shear zone to compression-shear zone. The smaller fractal dimension means the proportion of the higher gold grades increases, suggesting the thickness of the orebody is proportional to its mean gold grade.     

The geochemical multi-fractal characteristics and mineralization of the Dehelongwa copper-gold deposit

The spatial distribution of ore-forming elements is the result of interaction and influence among multiple factors in the process of mineralization, and is the specific embodiment of non-linearity and coupling of mineralization. The fractal theory has such functions as to characterize non-lineariry and coupling, and can find out the deterministic law from the complicated coupling process. The primary geochemical fractal distribution of metallogenic elements such as Cu and Au possesses the characteristics of multi-fractal distribution in the Dehelongwa copper-gold deposit. Copper follows 2-d fractal distribution, and Au follows 3- or 4-d fractal distribution. The primary geo- chemical fractal distribution has a certain similarity on the same prospecting line, and this similarity is not obvious among different prospecting lines. The secondary geochemical fractal distribution of Cu and Au is higher in similar- ity, and simpler than the primary geochemical fractal distribution. These results show that the mineralization of Cu and Au is out of sync and also is inconsistent in this deposit, and the mineralization of Cu mainly experienced two mineralization stages, while the mineralization of Au experienced three to four mineralization stages. Besides the mineralization of Cu and Au shows a certain direction and along the strike of vertical orebodies it is relatively bal- anced. While along the strike of the ore bodies the mineralization of Cu and Au shows a significant difference. The hypergenic geologic process has a certain effect on the balance of spatial distribution of Cu and Au. From these it can be seen that the mineralization process of this deposit is well characterized by the geochemical fractal distribu- tion of Cu and Au.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿微量和稀土元素地球化学特征

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿的微量和稀土元素能为铀矿勘查提供地球化学标志。以东胜铀矿层位侏罗系及其中铀矿化为对象,针对砂岩型铀矿石、铀矿化砂岩和围岩几类地质体进行元素地球化学对比研究。东胜砂岩型铀矿微量元素地球化学特征表明,Pb、Mo与U关系极为密切,它们在铀矿石中最富集,铀矿化砂岩中次富集,砂质和泥质围岩中不富集;Pb和Mo可以作为东胜铀矿床矿化的指示元素,Pb、U和Mo蛛网图上构成的"W"式样可作为东胜地区砂岩铀矿化的指示模型。铀矿石、铀矿化砂岩、砂岩以及泥岩表现出相似的REE地球化学特征和配分模式,推断其具有统一的物源、沉积环境和构造背景。部分铀矿石明显富集HREE,显然在沉积成岩后期经历了(热液)改造作用。东胜铀矿化经历了沉积成岩和热液改造作用两个成矿阶段。     

新疆东天山地区延西铜矿床的地球化学、成矿年代学及其地质意义

延西铜矿床位于新疆东天山觉罗塔格地区北部的哈尔里克-大南湖岛弧带内,是延东-土屋斑岩型成矿带的西延部分。矿床的赋矿地层主要为石炭系企鹅山群,被含矿斜长花岗斑岩侵入。矿床中的主要岩石类型为安山岩、闪长玢岩以及斜长花岗斑岩,安山岩和闪长玢岩具有同源性及岛弧火山岩的特点,是主要的赋矿围岩;斜长花岗斑岩具有埃达克质岩石的特征,与成矿作用直接相关,其形成晚于安山岩、闪长玢岩。本文测得延西铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年龄为326.2±4.5Ma,可以代表其成矿年龄,与土屋-延东铜矿床322.7±2.3Ma的辉钼矿Re-Os年龄基本相同;包括延西铜矿床在内的土屋-延东斑岩型铜矿带成矿时代与成岩时代基本一致或稍晚。延西铜矿床具有斑岩型铜矿床的矿化和围岩蚀变特征,与土屋-延东斑岩型铜矿带内其它矿床均为中石炭世同源岩浆演化的产物,具有相似的成矿作用过程,成矿物质均为岩浆来源,这些矿床可能为同一岩浆活动在不同部位发生矿化的产物。延西铜矿床以及土屋-延东斑岩型铜矿带形成于东天山觉罗塔格地区晚古生代的挤压岛弧背景,应与哈尔里克-大南湖晚古生代岛弧的形成相伴,可能与康古尔塔格大洋板块向北部哈尔里克-大南湖岛弧的俯冲有关。     

斑岩型铜矿床地球化学勘查中岩石化学指标

依据江西城门山和内蒙古乌努格吐山2个斑岩型铜矿床试验资料,探讨了用于斑岩型铜矿床勘查的岩石化学指标。结果表明,常量化学组分MgO、CaO和Na2O等在斑岩型矿化体中的含量显著低于其在中酸性岩中的丰度值,w(Na2O)/w(K2O)、w(CaO)/w( MgO)值随Cu矿化强度增强有规律地变化,可以有效指示斑岩型矿化体的存在及其矿化强度。此项成果丰富了地球化学勘查指标。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统:--来自斑岩矿床和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床的Re-Os同位素年龄证据

笔者通过对冈底斯成矿带驱龙、厅宫斑岩铜矿区和甲马、知不拉等矽卡岩型铜多金属矿区的辉钼矿样品进行的Re-0s法同位素定年研究,获得驱龙、厅宫、甲马和知不拉等矿区的精确成矿年龄。4件驱龙斑岩铜矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(15.75±0.42)Ma～(16.23±0.90)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(15.99±0.32)Ma;7件厅宫斑岩铜矿矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(15.5±0.3)Ma～(16.3±0.3)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(15.49±0.36)Ma;在矽卡岩型铜多金属矿区中,7件甲马矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(15.4±0.2)Ma～(15.5±0.2)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(15.18±0.98)Ma;5件知不拉矿区辉钼矿样品的Re-Os模式年龄介于(16.88±0.28)Ma～(17.06±0.27)Ma之间,等时线年龄为(16.90±0.64)Ma。斑岩铜矿区和矽卡岩型铜多金属矿区所获得的年龄数据基本一致,其年龄明显晚于中生代弧间盆地和碰撞型花岗岩的发育时间,同时矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床在空间上亦分布于斑岩铜矿床的外围。因此笔者认为甲马和知不拉等铜铅锌矿床与冈底斯成矿带新生代晚期大规模成矿形成的斑岩铜钼矿床属于统一的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统,是由深源花岗质岩浆的岩浆-热液系统在不同的围岩介质条件成矿的产物。     

Application of number–size (N-S) fractal model for separation of mineralized zones in Dareh-Ashki gold deposit, Muteh Complex, Central Iran

The goal of this study is to separate different mineralized zones in Dareh-Ashki gold deposit located in Muteh Complex, Central Iran, by using number–size (N-S) fractal model. The N-S log–log plot shows seven geochemical populations and four Au-mineralized zones. Based on obtained results, Au thresholds are 0.17, 0.32, 6.3, and 12.6 ppm which represent weakly, moderately, highly, and extremely mineralized zones in terms of Au grades, respectively. Au values lower than 0.17 ppm illustrate wall rocks. Main mineralization stage of gold commences from 6.3 ppm in this deposit. The moderately mineralized zone with Au values between 0.32 and 6.3 ppm has occupied the biggest part of the studied deposit. However, highly (with Au values between 6.3 and 12.6 ppm) and extremely (higher than 12.6 ppm) mineralized zones have small extension. Correlation between geological model and results from N-S fractal model reveals that the gold mineralized zones specifically the moderately mineralized zone are situated in green schist units.     

Alteration, zoning model, and mineralogical structure considering lithogeochemical investigation in Northern Dalli Cu–Au porphyry

Dalli Cu–Au porphyry deposit was occurred in the igneous diorite, quartz diorite porphyry (QDP), and volcanic rocks such as porphyritic amphibole andesite, andesite (AND), dacite, and pyroclastics during the late Miocene to Pliocene. Regolith investigations and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer images were used to identify the anomalous areas. According to lithogeochemical survey (from boreholes and trenches) in Northern Dalli Cu–Au porphyry, the potassic, chlorite, sericite, propylitic, and argillic alterations have been found and mineralization was basically associated with potassic and quartz–sericite alterations. The alteration is dominantly moderate quartz chlorite?±?sericite magnetite with 1–10 mm wide quartz?±?magnetite veinlets. The elevated copper–gold values are correlated with density of stockworking and mineralization. The intensity of the mineralization is high in the contact of QDP and AND with increases in pyrite and chalcopyrite values. Malachite, native Cu, and bornite were used to identify supergene, transition, and hypogene zone. In addition, molybdenum increased near to the center of granodiorite intrusion. And besides, from depth to surface in DDH03 and wall rock to mineralization zones, a sequence of Mo→Cu (Au)→Au (Cu) was recorded and the mineralization temperature cooled down (from high to low). The alteration is characterized by specific pattern and structure in Dalli Cu–Au porphyry deposit. The alteration model was followed from the modified Lowell and Gilbert model. The porphyry is stockworked by quartz veins and by quartz magnetite veins. Vein distribution and ore mineralogy vary between the different alteration zones. Due to the formation of an iron cap in the supergene, especially in the southern hills, supergene grade was higher than hypogene zone. Also, hematite, as a dominant Fe oxide in DDH03 borehole with minor limonite, jarosite, and goethite created thickness about 150–270 m in supergene zone; finally, this finding show a possibility of an extensive mineralization.     

新疆哈密红石铜矿区300m中段原生晕地球化学特征及成矿预测

新疆哈密红石铜矿位于东天山大南湖-头苏泉岛弧带北段的卡拉塔格地区,为浅成低温热液脉型铜矿床。在矿床深部300m中段开展1:100原生晕地球化学剖面测量,选择Ag、Cu、Mo、Zn、As、Sb、Hg、Au、Pb、W、Ba、Bi、Sn等13种元素进行测试分析,查明与矿有关的地球化学特征,预测成矿有利地段。研究通过R型因子分析,识别Sb-Hg-As-Au前缘晕指示元素组合、Ag-Cu-Mo-Zn近矿晕指示元素组合、Ba-Bi尾晕指示元素组合,以及Se-Zn-Pb等元素共同代表岩浆期后中高温热液活动阶段,显示出该矿床具有多期、多阶段成矿的特征;依据C.B.格里戈良分带指数原理,建立（Sb×Hg）D/（Ba×Bi）D矿体定量预测指标,并结合矿化-蚀变特征,圈定1处成矿有利重点地段和1处成矿有利一般地段,分别为300m中段25线~19线成矿热液角砾岩筒的深部或周边,以及300m中段13线~7线1、6、9号脉矿（化）带的深部和周边;验证孔ZKY2101揭露了角砾岩筒深部的矿化情况,取得良好效果。     

西藏驱龙超大型斑岩铜(钼)矿床: 发现、特征及意义

驱龙斑岩铜(钼) 矿床位于冈底斯东段火山岩浆弧与日多盆地的弧-盆转换部位, 受盆缘控盆、控岩构造控制, 形成于汇聚造山向伸展走滑转换的瞬时过渡环境(15~ 16Ma), 是冈底斯东段新发现的最具找矿潜力的超大型斑岩铜(钼) 矿床, 也是该带斑岩矿床勘查的重大突破.该矿床成矿流体为饱和及过饱和盐水-蒸气沸腾流体, 蚀变具有以斑岩体为中心、面状、环带分布特征, 矿化分为3期5阶段, 硬石膏化及绢英岩化与铜矿化关系密切.并对一些今后必须加强研究的关键性科学问题进行了探讨.      

Delineation of mineralization zones in porphyry Cu deposits by fractal concentration–volume modeling

The purpose of this study was to identify the various mineralization zones especially supergene enrichment and hypogene in two different Iranian porphyry Cu deposits, based on subsurface data and by using the proposed concentration–volume (C–V) fractal method. The Sungun and Chah-Firuzeh porphyry Cu deposits, which are situated in NW and SE Iran, respectively, were selected for this study. Straight lines fitted through log–log plots showing C–V relations for Cu were employed to separate supergene enrichment and hypogene zones from oxidation zones and barren host rocks in the two deposits and to distinguish a skarn mineralized zone from the hypogene zone in Sungun deposit. In the proposed C–V fractal method, the identification of mineralization zones is based on power–law relationships between Cu concentrations and the volume of rocks hosting porphyry Cu mineralization. Separate subsurface data from the two deposits were analyzed by C–V fractal method and the results have been compared with geological models which included alteration and mineralogical models. The comparison shows that the interpreted zones based on the C–V fractal method are consistent with the geological models. The proposed C–V method is a new approach to defining zones in a mineral deposit and there was no commercial software available to perform the relevant calculations; therefore, a fractal concentration–volume (FCV) software was designed by the authors to achieve this goal.     

西天山南段柳树沟地区海相火山岩型铜矿床控矿条件及成因

柳树沟地区铜矿主要为裂隙式铜矿,铜矿体和铜矿化体严格限定于柳树沟-夏尔萨拉火山岩带内,受控于多级断裂构造.铜矿化地表分布范围广,矿化分散.通过火山岩、不同级别断裂构造及火山构造系统的研究,结合火山岩本身特征、矿石矿物特征以及铜矿石石英脉流体包裹体特征,提出了柳树沟铜矿的矿床类型为海相火山岩型铜矿床,并指出了找矿方向.     

西藏邦铺钼(铜)矿床含矿二长花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

邦铺斑岩型钼(铜)矿床位于甲玛铜多金属矿床北东约30 km处,与钼(铜)成矿有关的岩体主要为二长花岗斑岩,次为花岗闪长斑岩及闪长(玢)岩.通过对二长花岗斑岩体进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试,获得了含矿母岩的年龄,二长花岗斑岩的26颗锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(16.23±0.19)Ma(MSWD...     

新疆阿舍勒铜多金属矿床原生地球化学特征

以地表及钻孔岩石测量资料为基础,研究阿舍勒铜多金属矿床的原生地球化学特征,查明主要指示元素及其三度空间分布规律,建立有效的地球化学找矿评价指标.研究表明,阿舍勒矿区地层、岩石的微量元素含量显着高于成矿带和区域背景,其含量从区域→成矿带→矿区呈递增趋势;该矿床的地表原生异常沿矿化带呈“面型”展示;指示元素原生分带具有火山块状硫化物矿床上Zn下Cu的双层结构模式     

成矿元素巨量聚集的混沌机制——斑岩型和构造蚀变岩型矿床例析

成矿元素含量的变化受控于成矿系统内部的动力学过程,具有较强的随机性与混沌特征,对其变化特征的定量刻画有助于深入理解成矿过程,并为找矿预测提供理论依据。本文以三江普朗斑岩型铜矿的Cu元素与胶东大尹格庄构造蚀变岩型金矿的Au元素品位序列为研究对象,运用混沌时间序列分析法中的相空间重构技术、吸引子的关联维及最大Lyapunov指数解析了Cu与Au元素品位序列的分布特征。结果显示:斑岩型铜矿强矿化和中矿化Cu元素品位的饱和关联维介于4.42与9.69之间,饱和嵌入维介于25与28之间,最大Lyapunov指数介于0.0021与0.0661之间,弱矿化勘探线Cu元素关联维没有出现饱和现象,最大Lyapunov指数随着嵌入维的增大,由正数变为负数;构造蚀变岩型金矿的强矿化勘探线Au元素的关联维为3.18,饱和嵌入维为23,最大Lyapunov指数为0.0082,而中矿化和弱矿化勘探线Au元素的关联维没有出现饱和现象,且随着嵌入维的增大,最大Lyapunov指数由正数变为负数,表明斑岩型中-强矿化地区的Cu元素和构造蚀变岩型强矿化区域的Au元素品位序列具有混沌动力学特征,而弱矿化地区的Cu元素及中弱矿化地区的Au元素品位序列则具有更强的随机性特征;同时,具有混沌特征的斑岩型铜矿的饱和嵌入维和关联维及最大Lyapunov指数的均值都大于蚀变岩型矿床,说明斑岩型铜矿比蚀变岩型矿床的元素具有更强混沌特性与更复杂的控制因素,如温度、硫化作用、流体不混溶、蚀变叠加等。     

Correlation between geological units and mineralized zones using fractal modeling in Zarshuran gold deposit (NW Iran)

In this study, the relation between ore grade and geological characteristic has been studied as a principle and also important conceptual in Zarshuran gold deposit in NW Iran. The main subject in this study was identifying a correlation among the ore grade populations and rock types which could be used in other steps of local estimation in the deposit concentration–number (C–N) fractal model and logratio matrix. The C–N log–log plot reveals six geochemical zones defined by Au?<?0.02 ppm as non-mineralized zone and Au?>?0.02 ppm as mineralized zones. According to geological logging and field geology inspection, black gauge, jasperoid, fault gauge and breccia, and carbonaceous rocks are considered as main rock types which contain major Au mineralized zones. The correlation between geological and fractal modeling by logratio matrix shows that there is a good correlation between geological assumed host rocks and C–N fractal modeling. Black gauge rock type with 93.48 % of overall accuracy shows a significant correlation with supergene zone of fractal model, and jasperoid with 92.5 % and carbonaceous rock type with 52.90 % have a decent correlation with highly and lowly mineralized zone of fractal model relatively. Black gauge, jasperoid, and fault gauge and breccia have an approximately near cooperation in this zone for mineralization.