坦桑尼亚水系沉积物地球化学特征及金资源前景

坦桑尼亚地形景观丰富,大部分地区基岩出露条件较好,水系发育。在坦桑尼亚开展国家尺度（1：100万）水系沉积物地球化学调查,首次查明了坦桑尼亚全国地球化学背景,明确了各元素分布区特定的地质地球化学意义。共采集4258件水系沉积物样品,采用ICP-MS、XRF等13种配套分析方法分析71种元素（化合物）的含量。分析结果表明,Au异常主要位于维多利亚湖区绿岩带内,在周边的活动带中存在富金地体的延伸。中温和中—高温成矿元素Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn和W、Sn、Mo、Nb、Ta异常主要分布在基巴拉锡成矿带、玛拉嘎拉西台地和新生代裂谷火山岩中;Ni、Co、Cr、V等元素异常主要分布于西部的玛拉嘎拉西台地、乌本迪带和新生代裂谷火山岩中,主要与基性—超基性岩体有关。共圈定金地球化学块体31处,金成矿远景区8处,采用地球化学块体法初步评价了金的资源潜力,为进一步在坦桑尼亚开展金矿及其他矿产勘查和基础研究提供了有利信息。     

The true sample catchment basin approach in the analysis of stream sediment geochemical data

The Sample Catchment Basin Approach (SCBA) is one of the techniques widely employed in the analysis of stream sediment geochemical data and delineation of anomalous catchments. However, this method fails to take into account the real catchment basin boundaries of each sample by incorporating only the incremental area between two adjacent samples. In other words, the SCBA incorrectly assumes that the geochemistry of every sample catchment within a drainage is independent from upstream sample catchment(s) feeding into this drainage. The chemical composition of sediment at the basin outlet originates from the whole basin upstream and not the incremental area as postulated in the SCBA. Consequently, the calculated background values for various lithologies and the background value for the element of interest at the basin outlet might be far from reality.This study used a True Sample Catchment Basin Approach (TSCBA), that reflects the true catchment boundary of every stream sediment sample, and in which all calculations are carried out on the premise that this boundary and the true area affect the composition of each sample. The results obtained from the application of both the SCBA and TSCBA to a gold endowed study area in western Iran clearly illustrated the superiority of the TSCBA over the SCBA. In addition, this study demonstrated the advantage of using the modified dilution correction equation of Mokhtari and Garousi Nezhad (2015), as compared to the existing Hawkes’s equation commonly used for dilution correction of residual values.     

黑龙江省卫星-安全地区水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及找矿方向

鹿鸣钼矿床位于黑龙江省卫星-安全地区,该地区水系沉积物发育.引入了常用的统计学方法,对鹿鸣钼矿床所在的卫星-安全地区水系沉积物地球化学特征与成矿关系进行了研究,得出结论:① Mo形成大型矿床的可能性最大;Au也有成矿的可能,但规模不会太大.② Mo与Sb、Cu、Pb、Zn、W属于同一因子,Mo经历了多期次成矿;Au与Ag及As属于同一因子.③ 通过对水系沉积物异常的研究,划分了4个成矿远景区,并新发现了钼矿体,印证了本区Mo的找矿前景良好.     

上黑龙江植被覆盖区水系沉积物金异常评价

研究区位于上黑龙江断陷和额尔古纳隆起两个次级构造单元。受断裂构造和岩浆活动的影响 ,Au在岩浆岩、变质岩、沉积岩、火山岩区分布及分配不均匀 ,变化趋势为沉积岩 >变质岩>火山岩 >岩浆岩。Au在水系沉积物中以化学作用形式搬运迁移 ,一般距离为 80 0～ 16 0 0m。金异常产出明显受断裂控制 ,并与燕山期岩浆活动密切相关。异常下限为 3 0× 10 - 9,是Au低背景值区。根据金异常地化特征、地质环境 ,采取水系加密法和土壤剖面法 ,结合路线地质调查 ,查证金异常的存在和追索金异常源     

地球化学分区方法在地球化学勘查中的应用——以胶东半岛乳山寨幅1∶5万水系沉积物测量为例

利用R型因子分析方法对胶东半岛乳山寨幅1∶5万水系沉积物测量数据进行了分析,提取出7个具有代表性的因子,绘制出地球化学分区图,并讨论了各分区的地质地球化学特征;将研究区内水系沉积物样本所体现的全部地球化学统计信息在一幅图中以区块的形式得以反映,通过对其判读分析各类分区特定的地质地球化学特征,同时结合圈定的综合异常,进一步缩小了找矿靶区,可为矿产勘查工作指明方向。     

水系沉积物测量在西藏春哲地区找矿效果

西藏春哲地区位于冈底斯—念青唐古拉成矿带中的青都—则学铁铜多金属次级成矿带南部,具有较好的找矿前景。1∶5万水系沉积物测量结果显示,该区是铅、锌、银、钨、钼等矿产的有利成矿区。依据元素相关性、空间分布特征和主要指示元素种类,划分出以Pb、Zn、Cd、Ag元素为主、以W、Mo、Bi元素为主和以As、Sb元素为主的3类元素组合异常,并指出了各类组合异常内寻找的矿种和矿床类型,即矽卡岩型铁铜多金属矿和构造热液型铅锌矿。通过异常查证,发现了恰我铁钨多金属矿、勒翁铁多金属矿等2个中型矿床和多处矿点,找矿成果显著。其中,恰我铁钨共生矿为区域内首次发现的新类型矿产,对该区找矿具有较好的指导意义,亦显示研究区具有较好的找矿潜力。     

大乌苏地区水系沉积物测量地球化学特征及成矿预测

文章在1∶50 000水系沉积物测量的基础上,分析了大乌苏地区的地球化学特征。通过对成矿元素的分布特征及相关性分析、因子分析,认为寻找铁、钒、钛、金矿床或矿化体潜力较大;根据异常特征及成矿地质条件,认为该区的成矿类型是与花岗岩有关的金矿和与玛尼吐组火山岩有关的铁、钒、钛多金属矿,进而划分出4个成矿远景区,即乌鲁喀马河、希里尼河金成矿远景区和碧洲镇、库依希罕河铁、钒、钛多金属成矿远景区。     

Rare-earth element geochemistry as a tracer for clarifying the provenance of the stream sediments in Namhan River, Korea

In the last forty years, the rare-earth elements （REEs） have been used as a powerful tool for solving various geological and geochemical problems due to their unique and chemically coherent behavior. The river sediments are produced by weathering, transportation and deposition. Nesbitt suggested that the rare-earth elements had been mobilized and fractionated during supracrustal alteration of the Torrongo granite, southeastern Australia. Nevertheless, recently, our replicate estimation for REE patterns in sediments revealed that there is nearly no variation in REE patterns. This suggests that invariability of REE patterns in weathering and solidification can be used as a tracer for constraining the provenance of stream sediments. In order to trace the pathway of the river sediments geochemically, based on the REE geochemistry from the river sediments and rocks, we have monitored the REE abundance of stream sediments at branch rivers of the Namhan River in South Korea for three years. The branches studied are Bokhacheon, Shinduncheon and Yanghwacheon. The sediments were divided into coarse （〉300 μm） and fine fractions （〈300 μm）. As a result, we could observe that major element compositions were similar to each other regardless of particle size and sampling date. This suggests that it is difficult to deduce a geochemical difference between river sediments based on major element composition and particle size. The geochemical characteristics of surrounding soils were similar to those of fine river sediments. And the chondrite-normalized REE patterns of most of the fine and coarse sediments in combination with grain sizes and drainage area showed very close relationship with the surrounding rocks. However, some sites showed that there were large variations in REE patterns including total REE abundance and Eu anomaly due to feldspars. This variation trend of REE patterns suggests that changes might have happened in sediment supply for the drainage system in the study area due to floods or large-scale construction.     

A comparative study of stream water and stream sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district,Puerto Rico

To test the relative effectiveness of stream water and sediment as geochemical exploration media in the Rio Tanama porphyry copper district of Puerto Rico, we collected and subsequently analyzed samples of water and sediment from 29 sites in the rivers and tributaries of the district. Copper, Mo, Pb, Zn, SO₄^2?, and pH were determined in the waters; Cu, Mo, Pb, and Zn were determined in the sediments. In addition, copper in five partial extractions from the sediments was determined. Geochemical contrast (anomaly-to-background quotient) was the principal criterion by which the effectiveness of the two media and the five extractions were judged.Among the distribution patterns of metals in stream water, that of copper most clearly delineates the known porphyry copper deposits and yields the longest discernable dispersion train. The distribution patterns of Mo, Pb, and Zn in water show little relationship to the known mineralization. The distribution of SO₄^2? in water delineates the copper deposits and also the more extensive pyrite alteration in the district; its recognizable downstream dispersion train is substantially longer than those of the metals, either in water or sediment. Low pH values in small tributaries delineate areas of known sulfide mineralization.The distribution patterns of copper in sediments clearly delineate the known deposits, and the dispersion trains are longer than those of copper in water.The partial determinations of copper related to secondary iron and manganese oxides yield the strongest geochemical contrasts and longest recognizable dispersion trains. Significantly high concentrations of molybdenum in sediments were found at only three sites, all within one-half km downstream of the known copper deposits. The distribution patterns of lead and zinc in sediments are clearly related to the known primary lead-zinc haloes around the copper deposits. The recognizable downstream dispersion trains of lead and zinc are shorter than those of copper.     

藏北多龙矿集区荣那斑岩铜矿找矿突破的实践

荣那铜矿是中铝矿产资源有限公司近年在斑岩型铜矿找矿方面取得的一项重大突破。矿床产于班公湖—怒江缝合带北侧岛弧带中。公司在找矿初期重视基础地质研究,加强对地调和矿调成果的二次解剖,借鉴国内外斑岩铜矿区域分布规律,结合1∶5万磁法异常,明确多龙矿集区重点找矿方向;根据前期勘查成果,结合1∶5万水系沉积物测量成果,确定荣那、拿若为重点验证区。通过总结国外斑岩铜矿蚀变模式、矿化模式和勘查模式,选择有效的激电勘查方法圈定重点验证地段。结合隐伏斑岩体系矿化中心为中低阻、负磁异常、中等极化率,外围发育黄铁矿化壳形成近似环状中高阻、正磁异常、中高极化率异常,最终确定外围正磁、中高极化环形异常系荣那矿床与青磐岩化带有关的黄铁矿化壳引起,负磁、中等极化率异常为矿化中心部位,通过选择合理网度进行钻探验证实现找矿突破。荣那矿床勘查过程中的理论思考,区域-矿田物化探异常的综合分析、有效方法的投入和验证工程的部署充分体现了科学研究与生产的有机结合。     

化探在山西省刁泉大型银金铜矿床发现中的作用

在晋东北刁泉发现规模较大、元素组合较好的Ag-Pb-Au-Cu-Zn水系沉积物异常的基础上,通过1∶10000的土壤地球化学测量和地质补勘工作,探明刁泉铜矿床为大型银、金、铜矿床。     

柴北缘双口山荒漠戈壁景观区1∶5万“HS-9-4”弱小化探异常的矿化发现及意义

双口山荒漠、戈壁景观区位于我国柴北缘重要成矿带上。该景观区1∶5万水系沉积物测量发现"HS-9-4"综合异常弱小、零散、峰值低;元素空间套合性差,无规律性;多元素仅有1级异常分带。根据其本身自然地理景观,经"衬度异常法"与常规方法对比,发现"HS-9-4"弱小异常值得重视,对该异常开展了查证工作,最终在异常区发现了多处与金相关的矿(化)体及线索,为下一步地质工作提供了可靠依据。     

祁连西段德勒诺尔-石板墩地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿远景

1∶5万水系沉积物测量作为一种重要的地球化学普查手段,现已被广泛应用。此次在祁连西段德勒诺尔-石板墩地区开展1∶5万水系沉积物测量,旨在圈定异常,通过对异常的检查和评价,圈定找矿靶区,进而划分成矿远景区,并作出成矿预测。本次1∶5万水系沉积物测量,采样粒级选择-10~80目,分析项目为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Sn、Mo、Bi、Cr、Ni、Co、Ti、Mn、Ba等18种元素。根据样品分析测试结果,圈定了1115个单元素异常、3类组合异常、26处综合异常。笔者对圈定的单元素异常特征和组合异常特征进行了研究,对26处综合异常进行了检查评价,根据查证结果对异常进行了分类与排序。在综合分析异常特征和区域成矿地质条件的基础上,划分了7个成矿远景区,优选出以W、Pb、Ag、Cu、Ni为主的成矿远景区5处,初步评价了其成矿潜力,并对其找矿远景进行预测,指出了在德勒诺尔-石板墩地区寻找矽卡岩型钨矿床、岩浆型铜、镍硫化物矿床、沉积型铅锌银矿床的优势区域。     

四川大岩子Pt-Cu矿床水系沉积物中的地球化学异常特征及外围找矿预测

大岩子-清水河地区的 1∶5万 Pt- Pd水系沉积物测量表明,大岩子 Pt- Cu矿床的指示元素有 Pd、Pt、Au、Cu、Ni、As、Ag、Cd、F、Hg、Pb、Zn、S和 Se,地球化学异常具有水平分带的特征,即从矿床向外的异常元素依次为 Pd、Pt、Au- Cu、Ni- As、Ag- Cd、F、Hg- Pb和 Zn.试验研究表明, 1∶5万水系沉积物测量是找寻 Pt、Pd矿床的有效方法.推测西王庙周围有 Pt、Pd矿的找矿远景.     

青海祁漫塔格地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量方法技术及应用成果

青海省祁漫塔格地区位于柴达木盆地西南缘,是青海东昆仑成矿带西部的重要组成部分。近10年来祁漫塔格地区完成20385km2的1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作,实现了祁漫塔格地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作的全面覆盖,提供了大批可供进一步开展工作的化探综合异常和找矿靶区,为祁漫塔格地区矿产资源评价工作提供了翔实的地球化学资料。经异常查证,区内已发现了夏日哈木、铜金山、拉陵高里河沟脑等多金属矿床及一批找矿信息,已证实具有小型-超大型规模,使祁漫塔格地区成为重要的矿产勘查地区。近年来祁漫塔格地区1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作进展及找矿成果表明,1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作对于重要成矿带上矿床的发现具有重要作用,有力推动了祁漫塔格地区矿产资源调查评价工作的开展。     

基于含量排列法的地球化学异常结构剖析--以浙西北地区Cu水系沉积物测量为例

以浙西北地区1∶20万Cu水系沉积物测量为例,通过含量排列法对由分形求和法所圈定的地球化学异常区进行了内部结构分析,认为无标度区掩盖了异常场的内部结构。借鉴前人提出的含量排列法,将异常区数据从小到大按顺序等间距自然排列,并用三段直线( L1、L2、L3)进行拟合,L1为一级异常,L2、L3被归入二级异常。结果发现,一级弱异常基本不含矿,但仍有个别矿点落入该区;二级异常近似代表了矿致异常,与区域断裂、岩浆活动中心在空间上具有更显著的相关性,从中强调了岩浆源区、构造背景转换和断裂交汇的控矿意义,由此圈定出了一些重点异常作为下一步成矿预测工作的首选靶区。     

应用多重分形法确定老挝窑房地区水系沉积物异常下限

文章阐述了传统的统计学方法与分形含量-求和法求取异常下限的理论模型及步骤,并利用Q-Q图直观地判定了老挝丰沙里省窑房地区水系沉积物中Au,Cu,Pb,Zn元素在地球化学场中不满足正态分布或对数正态分布,而是满足两个层次的分形分布,从而利用最小二乘法拟合各个层次的直线方程求出分维数D,直线相交处对应的ri为各元素的异常下限。地球化学异常场分维数的大小可代表地球化学过程的强烈程度;分形方法圈定的异常范围较大、较连续,利于圈定隐伏、半隐伏矿体形成的弱异常,在红层建造的地层中效果更为显著。     

利用子区中位数衬值滤波法识别弱小异常——以内蒙古绰源地区1/5万水系沉积物测量为例

随着地表矿日趋减少,可供查证的"高、大、全"异常越来越少,找矿重点也由找地表露头矿向半隐伏矿、隐伏矿的方向转移.因此,弱小异常的识别就显得尤为重要.作者尝试地运用子区中位数衬值滤波法(SAMCF)对内蒙古绰源地区1/5万水系沉积物测量成果进行处理,通过与传统方法对比,发现此方法既可突出强异常及压抑背景噪音的影响,又可强...     

物化探方法在辽宁省西丰县成平钼矿勘查中的应用效果

以辽宁省西丰县成平钼矿的发现为例,详细阐述了化探(水系、土壤)测量在确定本区找矿靶区、成矿类型和寻找矿(化)体的富集地段过程中所发挥的重要作用,以及激电中梯测量在反映本区地下金属硫化物的相对富集程度和花岗岩体内的硅化强弱程度时的应用效果。这说明充分运用物化探方法可以取长补短,减少了异常解释中的多解性,使得异常的解释更加趋于合理,并取得了良好的找矿效果。     

热带雨林景观土壤测量采样深度与样品粒级试验研究——以加纳国雅卡锰金矿为例

加纳国雅卡锰金矿床位于著名的阿散蒂金矿带上。在该成矿带进行土壤测量采样深度、样品粒级试验以及方法技术的适应性和有效性研究,可为下一步开展大面积土壤地球化学测量提供技术依据,从而圈定可靠土壤地球化学异常。本文采用的工作方法为土壤垂向剖面法,选择有代表性的地段进行试验研究,结果显示在已知矿上方获得了明显的土壤地球化学异常。通过实验研究,选取土壤测量采样深度60～80 cm,截取样品粒级-4～+20目,获得了可靠、明显的土壤地球化学异常。研究证明该方法具有显著的地球化学找矿效果。