Effects of contour hedgerow intercropping on nutrient losses from the sloping farmland in the Three Gorges Area, China

Eutrophication is recognized as one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir.Contour hedgerows have been used as a major soil and water conservation measure in this area.Accordingly,a two-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of contour hedgerow intercropping on nutrient loss from sloping farmland in this area.Four treatments were applied:(1) Maize + Soybean,(2) Maize,(3) Maize + Alfalfa,and(4) Maize + Hemerocallis citrina Baroni.Results indicated that nutrient loss in the control treatment(Maize) was serious,especially the average loss flux of total nitrogen(2245.8 mg) and total phosphate(2434.2 mg) in a typical rainfall event.However,the nutrient losses by runoff in the other three treatments with contour hedgerow intercropping showed significant reduction.Compared with the control treatment,the total nitrogen loss in the Alfalfa and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni decreased by 80.9% and 85.0%,respectively,and the total phosphorus loss in the two treatments decreased by 91.2% and 92.5%,respectively.Therefore,it is concluded that nutrient losses could be reduced by using contour hedgerows in the Three Gorges Region.Reducing runoff volume and sediment loss was the main mechanisms of contour hedgerow intercropping to reduce nutrient loss.     

三峡重庆地区形变场及构造应力场研究

首次利用三峡重庆地区GPS、钻孔应变及数字地震资料,综合研究该地区水平形变场及构造应力场。结果表明,各站点相对丰都龙河站运动速率在0～3 mm/a,呈现一定的右旋特征;整个区域表现为压性特征,区域主压应变方向为NW向及NE向;最大剪应变等值线在渝西南、渝东北及与渝东南分别出现高梯度带,与主要地震活动区域相对应。     

Effects of moss-dominated biocrusts on soil detachment by overland flow in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China

Biological soil crusts(biocrusts) are important landscape components that exist in various climates and habitats. The roles of biocrusts in numerous soil processes have been predominantly recognized in many dryland regions worldwide. However, little is known about their effects on soil detachment process by overland flow, especially in humid climates. This study quantified the effects of moss-dominated biocrusts on soil detachment capacity(Dc) and soil erosion resistance to flowing water in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area which holds a subtropical humid climate. Potential factors driving soil detachment variation and their influencing mechanism were analyzed and elucidated. We designed five levels of coverage treatments(1%–20%, 20%–40%, 40%–60%, 60%–80%, and 80%–100%) and a nearby bare land as control in a mossdominated site. Undisturbed soil samples were taken and subjected to water flow scouring in a hydraulic flume under six shear stresses ranging from 4.89 to 17.99 Pa. The results indicated that mean Dc of mosscovered soil varied from 0.008 to 0.081 kg m~(-2) s~(-1), which was 1.9 to 21.0 times lower than that of bare soil(0.160 kg m~(-2) s~(-1)). Rill erodibility(Kr) of mosscovered soil ranged from 0.0095 to 0.0009 s m~(-1), which was 2 to 20 times lower than that of bare soil(0.0187 s m~(-1)). Both relative soil detachment rate and Kr showed an exponential decay with increasing moss coverage, whereas the critical shear stress(τc) for different moss coverage levels did not differ significantly. Moss coverage, soil cohesion, and sand content were key factors affecting Dc, while moss coverage and soil bulk density were key factors affecting Kr. A power function of flow shear stress, soil cohesion, and moss coverage fitted well to estimate Dc(NSE=0.947). Our findings implied that biocrusts prevented soil detachment directly by their physical cover and indirectly by soil properties modification. Biocrusts could be rehabilitated as a promising soil conservation measure during ecological recovery to enhance soil erosion resistance in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

三峡重庆地区钻孔应变资料可靠性检验与分析

对三峡重庆地区6个四分量钻孔应变资料进行可靠性分析,利用其增量观测数据进行相对标定,得到各站点测区的应变参数,并分析测区相对应变特征。结果表明,6个站点的钻孔应变观测资料是可靠的,其中1个站点测区面应变呈现张性变化,靠近三峡库首区的5个站点测区面应变呈现压性变化,测点主压应变方向与大范围构造应力场方向较为一致,表明三峡重庆地区呈现压性特征。     

三峡库区小江流域水环境综合区划

本研究以三峡库区小江流域为研究对象,在综合考虑陆域、水体、社会经济对流域水环境影响的基础上,建立了水环境综合区划的指标体系,同时根据DEM划分了流域综合区划的基本单元.在主导因素法和空间叠置法的基础上,通过CIS分析工具,对小江流域的水环境进行了综合区划,分为3个一级区域,分别为北部水源涵养和保育区,南部污染控制区,以...     

Deformation characteristics and thresholds of the Tanjiawan landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China

Since the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) in China in 2003, more than 5000 landslides including potential landslides were identified. In this paper, a deep-seated active landslide in TGR area was analyzed. Fourteen years’ monitoring data and field investigations from 2006 to 2020 were used to analyze the deformation characteristics, influencing factors, and meteohydrological thresholds. The landslide showed a none-overall periodic movement pattern featuring acceleration duri...     

Effects of seasonal water-level fluctuation on soil pore structure in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Inundation of the Three Gorges Reservoir has created a 30-m water-level fluctuation zone with seasonal hydrological alternations of submergence and exposure, which may greatly affect soil properties and bank stability. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil pore structure to seasonal water-level fluctuation in the reservoir, and particularly, the hydrological change of wetting and drying cycles. Soil pore structure was visualized with industrial X-ray computed tomography and digital image analysis techniques. The results showed that soil total porosity(? 100 ?m), total pore number, total throat number, and mean throat surface area increased significantly under wetting and drying cycles. Soil porosity, pore number and throat numberwithin each size class increased in the course of wetting and drying cycles. The coordination number, degree of anisotropy and fractal dimension were indicating an increase. In contrast, the mean shape factor, pore-throat ratio, and Euler-Poincaré number decreased due to wetting and drying cycles. These illustrated that the wetting and drying cycles made soil pore structure become more porous, continuous, heterogeneous and complex. It can thus be deduced that the water-level fluctuation would modify soil porosity, pore size distribution, and pore morphology in the Three Gorges Reservoir, which may have profound implications for soil processes, soil functions, and bank stability.     

Forces driving changes in cultivated land and management countermeasures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China

The Three Gorges project accelerates economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.This paper aimed to investigate the distribution,changes and features of cultivated land in this area,analyze the forces driving the changes in cultivated land area,and propose the countermeasures for cultivated land management.Transition matrix was used to analyze the features of cultivated land changes,and quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were adopted to research the driving forces according to the features of cultivated land changes.Cultivated land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area mainly lay to the northwest of the Yangtze River,especially the upper reaches.The areas of cultivated land increased from 1996 to 1999,then decreased from 2000 to 2006,and finally increased again from 2007 to 2009.The important forces driving changes in cultivated land included government policies,employment and food security,increasing construction land,agriculture structure adjustment,land rearrangement,inundation.During cultivated land management,firstly,it is necessary to insist on the principle of cultivated land protection,standardize land exploitation and strictly restrict the transformation of cultivated land into non-farming land.Secondly,land rearrangement must be implemented,which can not only increase the area of the cultivated land,but also improve the quality of the cultivated land.Thirdly,it is feasible to intensify eco-agriculture construction to increase the quantity and quality of cultivated land.Fourthly,it is helpful to improve the traditional agriculture production methods to promote cultivated land quality.Lastly,it is important to propagandize cultivated land protection and realize the enormous pressure of cultivated land shortage,making more people obligated to protect cultivated land.     

Spatial distribution,sources and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Shenjia River watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Surface soil/sediment samples were collected from the Water-Level Fluctuation Zone (WLFZ), cultivated land and forest land at 50 different grid points from Shenjia watershed, the Three Gorges Reservoir area in August 2013. The spatial distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment for Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) were analyzed in this study. The results showed all tested metals had similar distribution patterns except Ni and Cr, with areas of high concentrations distributed in the southwest (WLFZ and watershed outlet) of the study area. Ni and Cr, which were highly positively correlated and present in high concentrations, were primarily distributed in the south and middle zones of the study area. Lower concentration areas of all metals were uniformly distributed west of the high-elevation zones and forest land. Factor analysis (FA) and factor analysis-multiple linear regression (FA-MLR) showed that the major sources of Cd were fertilizer and traffic sources, which together accounted for 87% of Cd. As, Zn and Cu levels were primarily supplied by industrial and domestic sources, accounting for 76% of As, 75% of Cu and 67% of Zn. Surface soils/sediments of the study watershed contaminated by Cd represent a high ecological risk, whereas other metals represent low ecological risks. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) analysis indicated that it had a low (wide-range) ecological risk and a moderate (small-range) ecological risk primarily distributed in the outlet of the study watershed. Fertilizers and traffic are the primary sources of Cd pollution, which should be more closely controlled for the purposes of water quality and ecological conservation.     

Status of two Coreius species in the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which,in turn,cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir,from impoundment of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,China,may have affected native fish species. Thus,the status of two lotic freshwater fish species,Coreius heterodon and C.guichenoti,were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir,including fish abundance,individual composition,growth,condition,and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream,midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and,where available,from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance,slower growth,a less diversified age structure,poorer fish condition(indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore,after final impoundment,individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed,with young individuals becoming more abundant,while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.     

三峡库区马家屋场-后坪滑坡成因及稳定性分析

详细介绍了三峡库区马家屋场-后坪滑坡体的特征，收集了大量软弱结构面资料，研究了各软弱结构面的组合关系，运用优势面理论，合理解释了该滑坡体的成因。采用剩余推力法，对滑坡体在各种不同工况下的稳定性作了科学分析，并对滑坡体在三蛱水库蓄水以后的稳定性作了合理预测，结果表明，滑坡体在目前状态下基本稳定，三峡水库蓄水以后，将对滑坡体稳定性产生较大影响，极有可能导致滑坡体失稳。     

Assessment of economic development for Three Gorges Reservior Area

ＡＳＳＥＳＳＭＥＮＴＯＦＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＦＯＲＴＨＲＥＥＧＯＲＧＥＳＲＥＳＥＲＶＩＯＲＡＲＥＡ①ＣｈｅｎＧｕｏｊｉｅ（陈国阶）ＣｈｅｎｇｄｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎＨａｚａｒｄｓ＆Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ,ｔｈｅＣｈ...     

长江三峡库区(奉节-巴东段)移民工程遥感动态监测

在长江三峡库区移民工程中 ,我们采用 ETM+、SPOT、IKONOS等多源、多时相、多分辨率航天、航空遥感数据组合 ,监测移民工程的动态变化 ,通过对库区奉节 -巴东段移民搬迁建与安置、新开发用地分布、土地利用与土地结构变化、地质灾害及衍生地质灾害与防治、库区环境及生态平衡与改善经济结构以及移民工程遥感动态监测等 ,取得突破性进展 ,获取了一批重要成果。为三峡移民工程进一步全面、安全地实施、改进规划管理工作及库区经济可持续发展 ,提供了科学依据和决策性建议。     

Interpreting sedimentation dynamics at Longxi catchment in the Three Gorges Area,China, using Cs-137 activity,particle size and rainfall erosivity

Reservoir sedimentation dynamics were interpreted using Cs-137 activity,particle size and rainfall erosivity analysis in conjunction with sediment profile coring.Two sediment cores were retrieved from the Changshou reservoir of Chongqing,which was dammed in 1956 at the outlet of Longxi catchment in the Three Gorges Area using a gravity corer equipped with an acrylic tube with an inner diameter of 6 cm.The extracted cores were sectioned at 2 cm intervals.All sediment core samples were dried,sieved(2 mm) and weighed.137 Cs activity was measured by γ-ray spectrometry.The particle size of the core samples was measured using laser particlesize granulometry.Rainfall erosivity was calculated using daily rainfall data from meteorological records and information on soil conservation history was collated to help interpret temporal sedimentation trends.The peak fallout of 137 Cs in 1963 appeared at a depth of 84 cm in core A and 56 cm in core B.The peaks of sand contents were related to the peaks of rainfall erosivity which were recorded in 1982,1989,1998 and 2005,respectively.Sedimentation rates were calculated according to the sediment profile chronological controls of 1956,1963,1982,1989,1998 and 2005.The highest sedimentation rate was around 2.0 cm?a~(-1) between 1982 and 1988 when the Chinese national reform and the Household Responsibility System were implemented,leading to accelerated soil erosion in the Longxi catchment.Since 1990 s,andparticularly since 2005,sedimentation rates clearly decreased,since a number of soil conservation programs have been carried out in the catchment.The combined use of 137 Cs chronology,particle size and rainfall erosivity provided a simple basis for reconstructing reservoir sedimentation dynamics in the context of both physical processes and soil restoration.Its advantages include avoiding the need for full blown sediment yield reconstruction and the concomitant consideration of core correlation and corrections for autochthonous inputs and reservoir trap efficiency.     

三峡工程建设期库区耕地的时空变化及驱动力分析

本文通过三峡工程建设前后15年三峡库区耕地的遥感动态监测和耕地变化分析,揭示出耕地变化的影响因子。2007年三峡库区耕地垦殖指数为0.25,三峡工程建设期,耕地资源减少4％,平均每年递减3 977hm2。耕地占补比例为26：1,占补不平衡,土地承载能力不足;减少耕地中优质耕地占61％,耕地质量总体下降;库区2007年人...     

Detection of acid rain stress effect on plant using hyperspectral data in Three Gorges region, China

This paper aims to use hyperspectral data to detect the spectral change caused by acid stress to a native forest type in the Three Gorges region of China. For this purpose, a ground-based hyperspectral experiment was conducted at the Three Gorges region to detect acid deposition that caused Masson pine （Pinus massoniana） forest degradation. Continuum removal method was used to isolate wavebands more responsive to stress in wavelengths 450-750nm. The differences in chlorophyll concentrations and needle thickness caused by acidic stress are found to be explicable to the different spectral reflectance patterns in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Two new chlorotic indices were utilized to explain the stress-caused leaf chlorosis. The comparison of simulated vegetation indices and principal component analysis （PCA） results suggests that it would be possible to monitor acid rain stress effect on forest ecosystem from some wider spectral regions.     

A Preliminary study on traditional level-trench method to prevent rill initiation in the Three Gorges region, China

The level-trench method is a traditional tillage operation to develop a drainage system on slope land in the Three Gorges region.Before crops are planted,farmers prepare the land with level trenches spaced 3-10 m apart,depending on the slope gradient:steeper slopes require shorter distances.Little scientific analysis has been done on the use of traditional level trenches for soil conservation.We conducted a field investigation and simulation experiments,and present a comparison between the spacing of level trenches and the slope length required for rill initiation.The results indicate that the spacing of level trenches in farmland is close to the slope length required for rill initiation in the experimental plots,and regression models of trench spacing with the gradient and the slope length required for rill initiation with the gradient have similar formats;the coefficients of determination (R2) for the two equations are 0.99 and 0.88,respectively.There were some differences between the field survey and experiments,but we conclude that the traditional level-trench method has an important role in preventing rill initiation.     

长江三峡库区崩滑地质灾害与防治

长江三峡工程坝址位于湖北省宜昌　 县三斗坪，设计大坝坝顶高程１８５米，　 正常蓄水位１７５米。水库涉及湖北省和　 重庆市２０个县〔区、市）。库区长江干流　 库段从大坝所在地三斗坪到上游库尾所　 在地重庆市巴南区大塘坝，全长５７４公　 里；主要支流有５０余条。水库干支流库　 岸岸线总长达５，３００公里。　 三峡大坝坝址在着名的黄陵背斜核　 部，工程地质条件良好，基岩是前震旦　 纪花岗岩（黑云母石英闪长岩），岩体坚硬完整。水库区则是我国崩滑地质灾害多发区，这里的自然与地质环境易于诱发崩滑地质灾害，因此崩滑地质…     

Tempo-spatial variations of sediment-associated nutrients and contaminants in the Ruxi tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Ruxi River is a tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir. This study examined the temporal and spatial dynamics in particle size characteristics and the associated nutrients and contaminants of the fluvial suspended and deposited sediments along the Ruxi River. Temporal variations in the particle size distribution of the suspended sediment are controlled mainly by differences in sediment source during different seasons. Total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorous(TP) in the 62μm fraction of the suspended sediment exhibit considerably higher concentrations in spring,indicating high probability of algal blooms in the backwater areas. Downstream trends in the nutrient contents of 62 μm deposited sediments imply the greatest potential for eutrophication in the backwater ends, where highest nutrient concentrations were detected. Assessment of metal contamination shows that the sediments deposited in the water-level fluctuation zone were moderately to strongly contaminated by Cadmium(Cd), with a considerably high potential ecological risk. The findings reported have emphasized the impacts of reservoir impoundment on aquatic and/or terrestrial environment in this region. More information on physical, chemical and biological processes of sediment and sediment-associated materials are needed for developing environmentally and ecologically sound policies of water and sediment management.     

Fractal characterization of sediment particle-size distribution in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The combined effect of periodic water impoundment and seasonal natural flood events has created a 30 m high water-level fluctuation zone(WLFZ) around the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), China, forming a unique eco-landscape. Siltation, eutrophication, enrichment of heavy metals, and methane emissions in the WLFZ have been widely associated with sediment and soil particles generated from the upstream catchment or upland slopes. However, little attention has been paid to the complexity of sediment particle-size distributions in the WLFZ. In the present study, core samples(from a 345 cm thick sediment core from the base of the WLFZ), slope transect surface samples(across/up a WLFZ slope), and along-river/longitudinal surface samples(from the reservoir reaches) were collected. Laser granulometry and a volume-based fractal model were used to reveal the characteristics of sediment particle-size distributions. Results indicate that the alternation of coarse and fine particles in the sedimentary core profile is represented as a fluctuation of low and high values of fractal dimension(D), ranging from 2.59 to 2.77. On the WLFZ slope transect, surface sediment particles coarsen with increasing elevation, sand content increases from 3.3% to 78.5%, and D decreases from 2.76 to 2.53. Longitudinally, surface sediments demonstrate a downstream-fining trend, and D increases gradually downstream. D is significantly positively correlated with the fine particle content. We conclude that D is a useful measure for evaluating sediment particle-size distribution.