Tectonic implied results from geoid and topography signals

The topographic surface is a measure of static equilibrium from the actual density distribution within the outmost Earth's lithosphere. The natural height reference of this surface, known as geoid, reflects the mixed mass-density effects, caused by the same sources, without the contribution of topographic mass. Geoid undulation and topography are output signals, which carry in common a large part of the contribution from the causal “sources”. This contribution appears in both types of signal. Comparisons between the signals depict the geographical location and an estimation of the depth occurrence of areas with geophysical and tectonic formations depending on their correlation rate. We present results from the Greek region, known for its complex diversity in topography, tectonics and dynamics. The tests are in point and “surface” concept, from local and global signals of geoid and topography. Local geoid is represented at 91 GPS points and EGM 96 coefficients compute its global representation. The topography is point values within the area, and the ETOPO5 5′X5′ data within the geographical frame.     

Different ways to handle topography in practical geoid determination

In this paper two different methods of how to handle topography in geoid determination is investigated. First method employs the Residual Terrain Model (RTM) remove-restore technique and yields the quasigeoid, whereas the second method is the classical Helmert condensation method, yielding the geoid. Both methods were used with the Earth Gravity Model (1996) (EGM96) geopotential model as reference, and results are compared to precise Global Positioning System (GPS) levelling networks in Scandinavia, especially an accurate GPS data set from the very rugged Sognefjord region, where the topography was represented by either a detailed (100 m) or a coarse (1000 m) digital terrain model. The inclusion of bathymetry in the terrain model was also investigated.Even if two different methods were used, they produced almost identical results at the 5 cm level in the mountains, but small systematic differences exist. Results show the importance of comparing the right types of geoid (classical geoid or quasigeoid), since differences in residuals are significant.     

Lithospheric structure of the North China Craton: Integrated gravity,geoid and topography data

The lithospheric structure of ancient cratons provides important constraints on models relating to tectonic evolution and mantle dynamics. Here we present the 3D lithospheric structure of the North China Craton (NCC) from a joint inversion of gravity, geoid and topography data. The NCC records a prolonged history of Archean and Paleoproterozoic accretion of crustal blocks through subduction and collision building the cratonic architecture, which was subsequently differentially destroyed during Mesozoic through extensive magmatism. The thermal structure obtained in our study is considered to define the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) of the NCC, and reflects the density variations within the mantle lithosphere. Employing the Moho depths from deep seismic sounding profiles for the inversion, and based on repeated computations using different parameters, we estimate the Moho depth, LAB depth and average crustal density of the craton. The Moho depth varies from 28 to 50 km and the LAB depth varies from 105 to 205 km. The LAB and Moho show concordant thinning from West to East of the NCC. The average crustal density is 2870 kg m^− 3 in the western part of the NCC, higher than that in the eastern part (2750 kg m^− 3). The results of joint inversion in our study yielded LAB depth and lithospheric thinning features similar to those estimated from thermal and seismic studies, although our results show different depth and variations in the thickness. The lithosphere gently thins from 145 to 105 km in the eastern NCC, where as the thinning is much less pronounced in the western NCC with average depth of about 175 km. The joint inversion results in this study provide another perspective on the lithospheric structure from the density properties and corresponding geophysical responses in an ancient craton.     

江苏沿海地区深层地下水开发利用现状及环境地质问题

江苏沿海地区深层地下水在开发利用过程中，由于开采布局不合理和存在“三集中”(开采层次集中、开采地段集中、开采时间集中)以及水文环境地质条件脆弱等因素，出现水位逐年下降，并形成区域性降落漏斗，致使部分地段地下水资源枯竭、水质成化和诱发地面沉降等诸多环境地质问题。本文着重分析沿海地区深层地下水开发利用的6个阶段(初级、城市开采、城市超采、区域超采、区域控制开采和区域压缩开采阶段)、区域降落漏斗的3个发展过程(1986年、1995年和2002年)和因深层水超量开采诱发的水资源枯竭、水质成化和地面沉降等环境地质问题的发育特征及演化趋势，从地下水资源管理和可持续发展的角度，提出深层水的保护规划、浅层咸水、海水资源的开发利用、实行强制节水、污水资源化和发展海洋性产业的对策建议。     

Trace and major elements in the sea-surface microlayer

Sea-surface microlayer samples were obtained in the North sea, by collecting droplets ejected by bubbles bursting at the sea-surface. The samples were analysed for some trace and major elements, mainly by neutron activation and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the results were compared with those from samples of bulk seawater taken at the same time. For any element X, the results may be expressed as a concentration factor related to Na, thus: $\text{CF =}\text{ratio of X and Na concentrations in microlayer sample}\text{similar ratio in corresponding bulk seawater sample}$The CF values for trace elements showed wide fluctuations from sample to sample. The only two elements for which relatively unambiguous CF values were obtained were Sc (from 2.5 to 100) and Pb (from 140 to 410). Other CF values were obtained for Co (up to 76). Zn (<50), La (up to 3000) and Ce (up to 500). The major ions Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Br, gave CF values between 0.54 and 2.2 in all cases measured. It is concluded that large enrichments of some trace elements can occur in the surface microlayer, but enrichment of major ions has not been observed.Concentrations of about 30 trace elements in particulate form in bulk seawater were measured in the course of the study.     

Climatic prediction of the terrestrial and coastal areas of Iraq

Climatic data from four meteorological stations in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, Basra, and Rutba) were obtained. The recorded temperature data since 1960 till 2007 and rainfall and evaporation data since 1960 till 2008 and 1970 till 2008, respectively, were used and interpreted. This study showed an increase in temperature of about 5°C/47?years and an increase in evaporation rate with a decrease in the rainfall rate. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere appears to be a factor controlling climate change. Basra climate, due to its location which is nearest to the Arabian Gulf, is expressed as a coastal climate and has a different behavior from Mosul, Baghdad, and Rutba, which are considered as terrestrial climates.     

沿海地区地下水模拟优化管理模型

针对中国一些沿海地区地下水超采及由此带来的海水入侵问题,将地表水补给、抽水量及地下水位等相嵌在一起,建立了沿海地区地下水模拟优化管理模型。将人工鱼群算法和基于MODFLOW2000的变密度地下水流及溶质运移模型耦合起来,对沿海地区地下水模拟优化管理模型进行求解。以山东省威海市节水示范区为例,验证模型的有效性和可靠性。结果表明,10、11、12月份抽水量最大,以后至第2年5月份依次是减少的;从区域分布上看,在临海区域1号井处抽水量是3500～1120m3/月,在其它井处是6540～2920m3/月;与现行方案相比,增加总有效供水1990m3,地下水平均水位升高0.29m,海水入侵问题能够得到解决。计算结果合理可行,为沿海地区地下水资源的科学管理和持续利用提供可靠依据。     

河口海岸铁板砂研究进展

铁板砂是一种特殊的沉积地貌,其性质和形成演化涉及海洋沉积动力、海洋工程地质等学科方向,对海岸防护、航运安全和海洋工程建设有重要影响。介绍了铁板砂的概念、特征和分布,以铁板砂形成和演化机制为主线,从原生沉积、冲刷分选和液化渗流3种模式出发,对国内外铁板砂研究现状进行总结和论述,分析了3种模式的优缺点和适用条件,从研究思路和研究方法等方面对铁板砂的研究趋势进行了展望,指出基于海洋土力学与沉积动力学相结合的思路,开展水体-床面-床内耦合的多要素同步观测,构建机制清晰的物理模型和定量评价的数学模型是今后铁板砂研究的发展方向。     

Fresh and brackish ground-water under coastal areas and islands

Brackish ground-water bodies under coastal areas and islands often show a regular pattern as to the form and salt content. Two types of theories give an explanation, the Badon GHijben/Herzberg (BGH) approach, based on density differences; and theories on mixing phenomena, like diffusion and disperson. The underlying assumptions of both approaches and their respective merits are discussed. The BG g approach is particularly suited to coastal strips and small islands, whereas the mixing theories give better results for more inland areas. This conclusion is illustrated by a number of case studies, two of them concerning the lowlands of the Netherlands and two others dealing with small oceanic islands. The theoretical aspects of the problem of maximum yield of individual wells and drains situated above brackish ground-water are introduced and some solutions are presented.     

The impact of tourism on coastal areas

The manifold influences of tourism on coastal areas are analysed from three different angles: (1) The development of seaside tourism including the changes of socio-economic and settlement patterns; (2) its cultural impact on the local population; (3) its environmental aspects. Point 1 is described with the help of a model showing four peripheries in space and time: (I) the North Sea and Baltic coasts since the 18th century; (II) Southern Europe during the 19th century; (III) the North African shores around 1950; (IV) the tropical oceans after 1965. Within every periphery, several phases (pioneer, domestic, international) can be distinguished according to the origin of tourists, the investment, the know-how etc. While the beginning of every phase is dominated from abroad, later-on national actors play an increasing role. This applies also to point 2, which refers mainly to developing countries. As for point 3, mass tourism may result detrimentally on water supply, sensitive coastal landscapes, socio-cultural identity etc. Among the questions to be raised are: How far are industrial societies responsible for any negative impacts of tourism, and what are the chances for, and a general consciousness on, a sustainable tourism development?     

中国沿海地区地面沉降问题思考

中国沿海地区地面沉降主要发生在大河三角洲及沿海平原区。文章主要以我国两大沿海城市——上海及天津为例，分析和阐述了沿海地区发生地面沉降的机理以及影响地面沉降发生发展的诸多因素。指出，孔隙水承压含水层中抽取地下水将引起承压水位降低进而引起土颗粒承担的有效压力的增大，从而使土层压缩。影响沿海地区地面沉降的因素有新构造运动、全球海平面上升、软土地基自然沉降、过量抽取地下流体以及建筑施工造成的局部沉降等。文章认为，在诸多影响因素中，人类过量开采地下流体是导致地面沉降发生的主要原因，人类应在资源利用和环境保护方面力争双赢。     

Assessment and zonation of storm surge hazards in the coastal areas of China

Natural Hazards - Coastal inundation due to storm tides is computed using ADvanced CIRCulation (ADCIRC) model along the east coast of India. Inland inundation due to storm tides is calculated every...     

中国沿海及内陆地区长周期脉动特征分析

地脉动台阵观测作为一种低成本的剪切波速度构造探测方法,预计将在中国地震灾害预防中起到重要作用。为了研究地脉动台阵观测中长周期信号的特征以及中国长周期地脉动的特点和适用性,开展了中国从沿海到内陆地区地脉动信号的观测和分析,探查由沿海到内陆地区地脉动的变化规律以及内陆地区广域的地脉动特征,发展适合于我国内陆地区的基于地脉动的地下构造勘探方法,在中国大陆上海市、西安市、天水市及兰州市进行了长周期地脉动观测。现场试验结果表明,上海地脉动特征与日本关东平原地区的观测结果类似,可以认为在海岸地区深部结构调查的地脉动台阵观测有良好的适用性。然而,西安、兰州、天水长周期地脉动能量只有上海的千分之一,因此需要进一步研究更加灵敏的仪器性能和更加稳定的观测方法。     

Sustainable groundwater extraction in coastal areas: a Belgian example

Water extractions in coastal areas have to deal with salt water intrusion and lowering of hydraulic heads in valuable ecosystems. Therefore, sustainable management of fresh water resources in these areas is crucial. This is illustrated here with two water extractions in the western Belgian coastal plain which extract groundwater from a phreatic dune aquifer. One water extraction faced problems with salt water intrusion, while lowering of hydraulic heads was an issue for both. To remedy the salt water intrusion, it was found that decreasing the extraction rate was the only solution. To offset this and to increase hydraulic heads around both extractions, it was decided to artificially recharge the aquifer of the second extraction with tertiary treated wastewater. By taking these interventions, the combined production capacity of the water extractions was increased with 56% whereas 27% less water was extracted from the dune aquifer itself. Extraction history and the effects of interventions are illustrated for both water extractions with water quality data and fresh water head observations. A more detailed insight in groundwater flow and fresh–salt water distribution in the aquifer is provided by simulating the evolution of the water extractions with a 3D density dependent groundwater flow model.     

Vulnerability assessment for preliminary flood risk mapping and management in coastal areas

Despite continuing technological advancement in hazard and vulnerability assessment, risk modelling and hazard mitigation techniques, losses to disasters associated with natural hazards continue and in some cases are increasing across Europe and worldwide. This paper focuses on the need to bridge the gap between technical solutions and the sociopolitical contexts in which these are produced, to better understand and create more effective risk management regimes. We do so with application of the science–policy co-production frame to landslide risk management in Italy. The methodology deployed included a desk study informed by semi-structured interviews carried out with selected key stakeholders at national, regional and municipal level. We propose a normative and analytical framework for transferring co-production into natural hazard research by presenting a matrix identifying four contexts within which co-production may unfold. The matrix is based on two axes, which distinguish between innovation and its absence in science and policy domains. We examine several examples of co-production, such as the water–soil integrated approach to risk management or the implementation of hazard/risk assessment. The results highlight that the insulation of science from the institutional context within which knowledge is produced and used is a very problematic issue. This often hinders the implementation of desirable policies and undermines the effectiveness of interventions. Moreover, innovation in science and policy does not automatically result in successful solutions for landslide risk management. Finally, results confirm the utility of co-production but also highlight methodological challenges associated with the introduction of this new conceptual paradigm into the well-structured communities of scientists and policy-makers.     

Modelling phosphorus inputs from agricultural sources and urban areas in river basins

An area-differentiated model approach (MEPhos) for the quantification of mean annual P-inputs from point and diffuse sources is presented. The following pathways are considered: artificial drainage, wash-off, groundwater outflow, soil erosion, rainwater sewers, combined sewer overflows, municipal waste water treatment plants and industrial effluents. Two retention functions for rivers and reservoirs are included in order to model P-sinks within a river basin. This allows a complete record of P-loads in heterogeneous meso- and macroscale river basins and enables validation of modeling results with water quality data on a load basis. The model is applied to the River Ruhr basin (4,485 km²) in Germany, which includes contrasting natural conditions, land use patterns as well as population and industry densities. Based on validated modelling results sub-areas of high P-loads are localized and management options for the reduction of P-inputs to surface waters are proposed taking into account the site conditions of the sub-areas relevant for high P-inputs into surface waters.     

Long-term changes in benthic populations in some West European coastal areas

Both intermittent and continuous sets of observations over decades are available describing changes in benthic populations of various coastal areas in northwest Europe. Continuous observations for periods ranging from 15 to 40 yr are described from the Limfjord in Denmark, from two areas in western Scotland, and from the northeast coast of England. Intermittent observations in the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat, and two areas in the southern North Sea are also considered. The utility of these data in assessing the extent and consequences of natural and cultural environmental change is comparatively assessed and a brief account is given of a recent coordinated attempt to study change in benthic communities over a broad temporal and spatial scale in western Europe.     

Tectonic environment of mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal areas of SE China

Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal areas of SE China consist predominantly of rhyolites and pyroclastic rocks, obviously distinct from island-arc volcanic rocks which consist mainly of andesitic rocks. Volcanic rocks in these areas mostly belong to the cale-alkaline series, and their geochemical characteristics are dissimilar to those of island-arc rocks. For example, the SiO₂ content varies greatly from 47 to 81 percent, Fe₂O₃+FeO/MgO>2, K₂O/Na₂O>0.8, the contents of Rb, Sr, Ba, Th, U, and Zr are higher than those of island-arc calc-alkaline rocks, and K/Rb <400. Andesite in the coastal areas of SE China, for the most part, belongs to the alkali-calcic series (CaO<Na₂O+K₂O), typical of a continental tectonic environment. Geotectonic studies have shown that the ancient Eurasian continental margin in Mesozoic times was located to the east of the line linking Japan and Taiwan, and the present location of Mesozoic rocks is not an island-arc. area. In the light of their characteristically high alkalinity, the Mesozoic volcanic rocks are considered to have been formed in a continental environment rather in an island-arc environment. Their formation was controlled by a compresso-shear tranform fault system.     

Pleistocene marine deposits in the coastal areas of Kola Peninsula (Russia)

On the basis of field data, datings from both electron spin resonance – and optically stimulated luminescence, and micro- and macrofauna, in addition to presence of diatoms, three Late Pleistocene marine units have been identified in the coastal areas of the Kola Peninsula. The stratigraphically lowest sequence is correlated to the Ponoi Beds and the Boreal transgression, attributed to the marine isotope stages (MIS) 5e to 5d in the White Sea depression and to MIS 5e to 5c in the Barents Sea. Thermophilic fauna and diatoms indicate normal water salinity and a water temperature above zero. The second marine unit, referred as the Strel'na Beds, can be correlated with the Early Weischselian transgression, termed the Belomorian transgression. With low water salinity and a water temperature similar or colder than the present times, Belomorian transgressions are reliably detected in the White Sea and are not clearly found in the Barents Sea. The results obtained from the sediments of the Ponoi and Strel'na Beds indicate a continuously existing marine reservoir from 130 to 80–70 ka ago (entire MIS 5) in the White Sea depression. The early Middle Weichselian Barents–Kara ice-sheet invasion and its recession might have caused the glacioeustatic Middle Weichselian (MIS 3) transgression, and the third Late Pleistocene marine sequence has been deposited in the regressing shallow cold sea with less saline waters. The results help in the understanding of the history of Late Quaternary ice sheets in North Eurasia and provide evidence for the debatable Early and Middle Weichselian marine events.