The high‐resolution gravimetric geoid of North Iberia: NIBGEO

The gravimetric geoid computed in the northern part of Iberia, is presented in this paper. This computation has been performed considering two study windows fitted to the areas with higher density of gravity data, to reduce the computation errors associated to the scarcity of gravity data, as much as possible. The bad influence of a bathymetry with poorer resolution than the topography is also reduced considering the smallest marine area possible. Moreover, the computation of this gravimetric model is based on the most recent geopotential model: EIGEN‐GL04C (obtained in 2006). The method used in the computation of the new gravimetric geoid has been the Stokes integral in convolution form. The terrain correction has been applied to the gridded gravity anomalies, to obtain the corresponding reduced anomalies. Also the indirect effect has been taken into account. Thus, a new geoid model has been calculated and it is provided as a data grid in the Geodetic Reference System of 1980, distributed for the northern part of Iberia from 40 to 44 degrees of latitude and ?10 to 4 degrees of longitude, on a 161 × 561 regular grid with a mesh size of 1.5′ × 1.5′. This new geoid and the previous geoid Iberian Gravimetric Geoid 2005, are compared with the geoid undulations measured for eight points of the European Vertical Reference Network (EUVN) on Iberia. The new geoid shows an improvement in precision and reliability, fitting the geoidal heights of these EUVN points with more accuracy than the previous geoid. Moreover, this new geoid has a smaller standard deviation (12.6 cm) than that obtained by any previous geoid developed for the Iberian area up to date. This geoid obtained for the northern part of Iberia will complement the previously obtained geoid for South Spain and the Gibraltar Strait area; both geoids jointly will give a complete picture of the geoid for Spain and the Gibraltar Strait area. This new model will be useful for orthometric height determination by GPS over this study area, because it will allow orthometric height determination in the mountains and remote areas, in which levelling has many logistic problems. This new model contributes to our knowledge of the geoid, but the surrounding areas must be better known to constrain the lithospheric and mantle models.     

Studies in altimetry-gravimetry problems for geoid determination

Altimetry-gravimetry problems arise in geodesy because the data situations on land and sea are different in many respects. For precise geoid determination in coastal regions we have to take these facts into account. In our studies, we work with an experimental design, the axisymmetric Earth model, which is frequently used in geophysics. In this setting we discuss the choice-of-norm-problem, which is known to be rather difficult with data exhibiting different degrees of smoothness. Moreover, we analyze linearization errors caused by the standard linearization procedure of the gravimetric boundary condition.     

A new high-resolution gravimetric geoid for South Spain and the Gibraltar Strait area: SOSGIS

A new gravimetric geoid is computed for South Spain and the Gibraltar Strait area. This geoid is located just in the junction between two tectonic plates (Euro-Asiatic and African plates) and in the junction of two gravimetric geoids: IGG2005 (the Iberian Gravimetric Geoid obtained in 2005) and MORGEO (the MORoccan GEOid). IGG2005 is the Iberian geoid and MORGEO is the Moroccan geoid, both geoids have been previously obtained. The new geoid is the gravimetric geoid solution that connects the two above-mentioned geoids, getting a more accurate and reliable picture of this area than the other previous geoids. The method used is the Stokes integral in convolution form, which shows to be an efficient method to reach the proposed objective. The terrain correction and the indirect effect have been taken into account. The new geoid is obtained as a regular grid (with a mesh size of 1.5′ × 1.5′) in the GRS80 reference system, covering the study area from 34° to 40° of latitude and from −8° to 0° of longitude. This gravimetric geoid and the previous geoids: IGG2005 and MORGEO; are compared to the geoid undulations derived at the validation points located on the study area (four GPS/levelling points measured on Morocco and five points of the European vertical reference network (EUVN) measured on Iberia). As it is expected, the new geoid is a more precise and reliable model, fitting the geoidal heights of these validation points with more accuracy than the other previous geoids. This new model will be useful for orthometric height determination by GPS in the mountains and remote areas, where levelling has many logistic problems. Also, it can be interesting for other geophysical purposes different to the height measurements, because it can provide a constraint for the density distribution, the thermal state of Lithosphere and the viscosity in the mantle. Such details can be inferred from a geoid model and the seismic velocity structure.     

Heterogeneous data management and modeling for the gravimetric geoid model: a review study in Pakistan

Arabian Journal of Geosciences - The gravimetric geoid model can be used as vertical reference in surveying and other related technologies. It is being developed by NESCOM in collaboration with the...     

On the determination of a new Australian geoid

A new, high precision, high accuracy and high resolution gravimetric geoid of Australia has been produced using most updated data, theory and methodology. This paper presents a concise report of the new Australian geoid determination. Some aspects of the new geoid computation, such as data validation, geoid determination strategies and computational procedures, are described. The relative precision of the new geoid is better than 5 cm for average baseline length of 4km~40km and 18 cm for average baseline length of 120km when compared with three local GPS/levelling networks.     

Different ways to handle topography in practical geoid determination

In this paper two different methods of how to handle topography in geoid determination is investigated. First method employs the Residual Terrain Model (RTM) remove-restore technique and yields the quasigeoid, whereas the second method is the classical Helmert condensation method, yielding the geoid. Both methods were used with the Earth Gravity Model (1996) (EGM96) geopotential model as reference, and results are compared to precise Global Positioning System (GPS) levelling networks in Scandinavia, especially an accurate GPS data set from the very rugged Sognefjord region, where the topography was represented by either a detailed (100 m) or a coarse (1000 m) digital terrain model. The inclusion of bathymetry in the terrain model was also investigated.Even if two different methods were used, they produced almost identical results at the 5 cm level in the mountains, but small systematic differences exist. Results show the importance of comparing the right types of geoid (classical geoid or quasigeoid), since differences in residuals are significant.     

Wavelet-vaguelette decomposition as a tool in local geoid determination

Recently, FFT techniques are frequently applied for local gravity field modeling. Compared to FFT wavelet transformation has some advantages: — higher numerical efficiency, — data compression.The disadvantage of wavelets for gravity field modelling is that the resulting equations are sparse, but not diagonal, as in the FFT case.This paper is to show, how this drawback can be overcome by the use of different systems of orthogonal base functions for data analysis and solution synthesis.     

Factors affecting trans-Tasman air services

International civil aviation is circumscribed by a plethora of bilateral air service agreements between sovereign nations. In recent years there has been a marked trend to liberalise these agreements as well as moves to create multilateral common markets as appear to be emerging in Europe. Airline managements are being given opportunities to implement operational strategies once severely proscribed in confidential memoranda of understanding lying behind the public bilateral documents. In keeping with the philosophy of extending the Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement, Australia and New Zealand have been exploring the ramifications of bringing trade in air services within the ambit of CER. This paper examines some of the factors affecting the trans Tasman civil aviation environment and discusses the implications of modifications to air services in and between Australia and New Zealand.     

Utilisation of Fast Fourier Transform and Least-squares Modification of Stokes formula to compile a gravimetric geoid model over Khartoum State: Sudan

We use Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and least-squares modification (LSM) of Stokes formula to compute the geoid over Khartoum State in Sudan. The two methods (FFT and LSM) have been utilised to test their efficiency with respect to EGM08 and the local GPS-levelling data. The FFT method has many advantages, it is fast and it reduces the computational complexity. The modification of Stokes formula is widely used in geoid modelling; however, its implementation based on point-wise summation requires a considerable amount of time. In FFT, we combine the terrestrial gravity data and the global geopotential model (GGM) by means of a remove-compute-restore procedure and we successfully apply the modification of the Stokes formula in the least-squares sense. FFT and LSM geoid solutions are evaluated against EGM2008 and the GPS-levelling data. The analysis of the undulation differences shows that the LSM solution is more compatible with EGM08 and GPS-levelling data. The discrepancies of the differences are removed using a 4-parameter model, the standard deviation (STD) of the undulation differences of LSM decreased from 0.41 to 0.37 m and from 0.48 to 0.39 m for FFT solution. There is no significant impact to the LSM geoid when adding the additive corrections, while the FFT geoid solution is slightly improved when terrain correction is applied.     

Factors affecting zircon metamictization in granites

Characteristics of metamict zircon and its relationship to granites are reviewed. The degree of metamictization of zircon increases with increasing acidity and alkali contents of the granites. It is evident that zircon metamictization is caused mainly by radioactive radiation from radioactive elements contained in it rather than by hydrolysis.     

影响金分析精密度的几个因素

用王水溶样，泡塑吸附，硫脲溶液解脱，原子吸收光谱法测定Au含量时，除了介质和仪器条件外，所用的泡塑、硫脲及样品测定时的温度对精密度影响均很大。应采用经过10g／L NaOH预处理0．5h的泡塑，使其内存全部变为有效吸附面积。选择好的硫脲，样品解脱后放置30min，在待测溶液温度达到室温时进行测定。对标样GAu—17和GAu—18平行测定6次，相对标准偏差小于7％。     

不同因素对砂岩含水层介质吸附铀的影响

铀矿开采过程中及井场退役后,含铀浸出液的扩散会对地下水造成一定影响,该影响范围和程度决定了铀的天然衰减特征。本文以北方某地浸铀矿区砂岩含水介质为研究对象,研究了溶液化学特征和黄铁矿含量对砂岩吸附和转化铀的影响。结果表明,砂岩颗粒对U(VI)的吸附基本在12 h可达平衡。线性等温吸附模型可以很好地描述吸附特征;砂岩颗粒对U(VI)的吸附率总体随着粒径增大而减小,当岩石粒径增大到0.200.25 mm时,吸附率趋于稳定。溶液pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,通过控制溶液中U(VI)的络合形态和岩石颗粒表面带电荷情况,在库仑力的作用下促进或者抑制吸附,在pH=6时,达到最佳吸附状态。共存离子对U(VI)吸附的抑制程度是: {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺> {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}。 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}主要通过与 {\mathrm{UO}}_2^{2+}络合形成带负电荷的络合阴离子抑制U(VI)吸附。近中性pH值试验条件下,黄铁矿含量的增加对U的去除起到显著的促进作用,这种促进作用体现在吸附和还原作用,被吸附的Fe²⁺在吸附剂表面通过电子转移还原吸附态的U(VI),还原产物是UO_2+x,吸附和还原是个相互促进的过程;在弱碱性pH值试验条件下,黄铁矿对U(VI)去除的影响不明显,水解沉淀作用和较低的吸附率抑制了还原反应的发生。     

Factors Affecting Methane Emission from Rice Paddies

A comparative study of rice paddies and the uncovered water field in Taoyuan(Hunan) showed that methane emission from rice-vegetated paddy fields in 1993 was different from that in 1992(I,e,lower in rates and irregular in pattern).Climate has obvious influence on methane emission .And ebullition made a considerable contribution to the total flux of methane emission from rice paddies (45%).This implies that the intensification of paddy cultivation of rice might not be,as was proposed,the main con-tributor to the observed gradual increasing of atmospheric methane.24-hour automatic measurements of atmospheric temperature,air temperature and methane concentration in the static sampling boxes revealed that temperature,in addition to fertilization and irrigation style,is one of the most important factors that control the emission of methane from rice paddies.     

EGY-HGM2016: an improved hybrid local geoid model for Egypt based on the combination of GOCE-based geopotential model with gravimetric and GNSS/levelling measurements

An improved hybrid gravimetric geoid model for Egypt, EGY-HGM2016, has been recently computed implementing the least-squares collocation (LSC) method through the remove-compute-restore (RCR) procedure. The computation of EGY-HGM2016 involves different datasets in terms of gravity anomalies determined from the GOCE (gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer)-based global geopotential model (SPW-R4) up to d/o 200 and EGM2008 from d/o 201 to 720 combined with terrestrial gravity datasets in terms of 2140 gravity field anomalies and about 121,480 marine surface gravity anomalies. In addition, orthometric heights from 17 GPS/levelling measurements have been considered during the modelling process to improve the determination of the hybrid gravimetric geoid over the Egyptian region. The EGY-HGM2016 model estimated over Egypt provides geoid heights that are ranging from 7.677 to 21.095 m with a standard deviation (st. dev.) of about 2.534 m in the northwest of the country excluding the involvement of the orthometric heights from GPS/levelling measurements. When the later dataset is considered during the implementation of LSC process, hybrid residual height anomalies ranging from ?1.5 to +0.9 m, with a mean of 0.22 m and a st. dev. of 0.17 m, are obtained. Comparison of the predicted hybrid gravimetric geoid with the corresponding ones obtained from EGM2008, GOCE-based SPW R4 model, and GPS/levelling reveals considerable improvements of our EGY-HGM2016 model over Egypt.     

影响瑞利波在矿井中探测精度的因素

瑞利波可对煤矿井下进行全方位探测, 具有简便、快速、应用范围广的优点。依据瞬态瑞利波井下探测原理, 对影响探测精度的因素进行了分析。结合矿井探测的应用情况, 提出在进行井下瑞利波探测中应综合考虑各个因素, 依据实际情况来确定道间距、偏移距、采样率、放大增益、锤击次数和测线布置等, 并选择合理的采集窗口。     

浅谈火焰光度法对钾钠测定的影响因素

测定水样、岩石试样中钾、钠的含量,目前广泛采用火焰光度法.试样在测试中,由于某些因素的影响,使测试结果不稳定,重现性差,影响分析结果的准确性.为了提高测试结果的准确性,本文通过试样测试,从影响因素入手,对影响因素进行了分析,并提出了消除或减小这些影响因素的方法.     

影响咸淡水界面水敏性的几个因素

文章通过砂柱的水击试验,对水流速度、盐浓度、pH值对咸淡水界面水敏性的影响进行了研究.试验结果表明,咸淡水界面上存在临界盐浓度值和临界流速值,当入流溶液浓度达到临界盐浓度和流速达到临界流速时,都会产生颗粒释放现象,导致砂柱的渗透率下降,水敏性发生.在相同的盐浓度和进水流速条件下,进水的pH值越低,颗粒释放的速度越慢,释放总量越少;进水的pH值越高,颗粒释放的速度越快,释放总量越多.     

Factors affecting site response to multi-directional earthquake loading

This paper presents an investigation into various factors that may affect the ground response to multi-directional earthquake loading, focusing mainly on the behavior of vertical ground motion and its relation with the horizontal counterpart. The factors investigated herein include the intensity of input motion and the associated soil nonlinearity, the location of input motion (rock outcrop versus bedrock), the variation of water table, and the damping property of soil. Influence of these factors is studied on the characteristics of site amplification in both vertical and horizontal directions, the response spectra of vertical and horizontal ground surface motions, the spectral ratio between the two components (V/H) at the ground surface, and the distributions of stresses and strains in the ground. One of the main results is that varying water table can bring about a significant impact on vertical motion and the relationship between vertical and horizontal motions. The surface response spectral ratio (V/H) can largely exceed the rule-of-thumb value of 2/3 at low periods with lowering the water table, but does not appear to be substantially affected at long periods.     

The systematic determination of accuracy and precision in geochemical exploration data

Regional geochemical data from the 1:250,000 map series of Great Britain produced by the Institute of Geological Sciences are processed using a computer system developed for the National Geochemical Data Bank. The system, which can be used for the selective or complete retrieval of data and for statistical analysis and plotting, incorporates a procedure for determining accuracy and precision. Changes in accuracy are monitored by analysis of standards and the redetermination of sub-sets of samples using an instrumental neutron activation method. Samples are assigned random numbers in the field and are re-ordered sequentially prior to preparation and analysis in order to determine systematic errors occurring within batches of samples.Sampling, sub-sampling and analytical precision are monitored using analysis of variance methods on the results obtained on duplicate samples and analyses. The system for the efficient processing of this information is described and examples of the different types of error presented.