DUST-2: Towards a more efficient (interactive) documentation and validation of scientific information demonstrated with ozone,water vapour and other selected data of the Earth's atmosphere

The exponential growth of geophysical information must lead inevitably to a better access to geophysical information for science and education, especially if the resources shrink and the cost-efficiency ratio needs to be improved predominantly for the (non commercial and insufficient rich) users, who suffer from the fast rising information retrieval costs, now charged by nearly all major information systems. (This is, however, different in the U.S.A. because of the “freedom of information act”). That a better access means essentially more than just faster and more information is demonstrated with the DUST-2 CD-ROM (Data Utilization Software Tools). As a result of an international MPAe pilot project (FKZ.: 50 EE 98038) this CD-ROM has been published in September 2000 under ISBN 3-9804862-3-0. It was conceived predominantly for scientific technical purposes and can be regarded as a continuation of the work which was started in 1985 at MPAe to edit a Landolt-Börnstein data handbook “The Upper Atmosphere”. The DUST-2 concept is an example for an interactive, flexible interface and qualifying filter, although only a first step-matching several different non uniformly formatted data sources. The DUST-2 CD provides graphical methods of qualified information retrieval. It allows a synergetic combination of selected information of the Earth's atmosphere, texts and relevant numerical data for the topics ozone and water vapour. The software tools can be applied in principle to any data base. In the first chapter of this introductory paper 9 other papers are briefly described that show the scientific-technical background of the new and upgraded classical information processing DUST-2 “tools”. They still need to be stronger interrelated. The “joint retrieval method” allows an optimal, value added, data validation. This is demonstrated with a combination of temperature data from the Millimeterwave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) with corresponding ones from a GRAS sensor (GRAS: Combined GPS-GLONASS receiver). The impressively good results strongly support the concept of a relevant technologically feasible MAS Followon/GRAS experiment on the International Space Station (ISS). See paper 4. The (dynamic) DUST-2 concept will contribute — from a qualitative and temporal aspect — to a reduction of the insufficient supply of (general, actual) understandable geophysical information. It has been successfully demonstrated with 8 posters at the 25th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society (EGS). The DUST-2 CD-ROM can be ordered via Copernicus Gesellschaft e.V., Max-Planck Str. 13, D-37191 Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany; shipping & handling 12 EUR or via URL: www.copernicus.org. The ADLATUS concept — still in the planning and fundraising phase — supplements the DUST-2 concept and puts special emphasis on educational aspects. It will also provide links to the Geographic Information System (GIS). In context with this enlarged ADLATUS concept an essential continuation of the earlier discontinued Landolt-Börnstein “ Upper Atmosphere” activities is possible and should lead to an “ADLATUS Atmosphere”.     

Changes in water vapor and aerosols and their relation to stratospheric ozone

Although catalytic chemistry involving ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) is currently a primary driver impacting the abundance of stratospheric ozone, water vapor and aerosols are constituents that also affect stratospheric ozone. Variability in both water vapor and aerosols can induce variability in ozone, and although small relative to that due to trends in ODSs, in the future may become a much more important source of ozone variability.     

VizualAge: A Novel Approach to Laser Ablation ICP‐MS U‐Pb Geochronology Data Reduction

VizualAge, a new computer software tool for analysing U‐Pb data obtained by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry, was developed. It consists of a data reduction scheme (DRS) for Iolite (a general mass spectrometry data analysis tool) as well as visualisation routines. In addition to the U/Pb and Th/Pb ages calculated by Iolite’s U‐Pb geochronology DRS, VizualAge also calculates ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages and common Pb corrections for each time‐slice of raw data. Importantly, VizualAge allows one to display a live concordia diagram for visualising data on such a diagram as an integration interval is being adjusted. This provides instantaneous feedback regarding discordance, uncertainty, error correlation and common Pb. Several zircon data sets were used to illustrate how the live concordia could be used as a powerful inspection tool, revealing a single analysis to consist of zones of concordance, metamict areas, as well as inherited cores or younger overgrowths. VizualAge also constructs histograms, conventional and Tera‐Wasserburg type concordia diagrams, as well as 3D U‐Th‐Pb and total U‐Pb concordia diagrams. The precision and accuracy of data reduced with VizualAge are demonstrated with examples of the Ple?ovice, Temora‐2 and Penglai zircon reference materials. Data for zircon from the Long Lake Batholith (Wyoming craton) were used to illustrate how VizualAge calculated common Pb corrections and helped to expose as yet unexplained difficulties with accurately determining ²⁰⁴Pb.     

Mercury: reusable metadata management, data discovery and access system

Mercury is a federated metadata harvesting, search and retrieval tool based on both open source packages and custom software developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). It was originally developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the consortium now includes funding from NASA, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Mercury is itself a reusable software application which uses a service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach to capturing and managing metadata in support of twelve Earth science projects. Mercury also supports the reuse of metadata by enabling searches across a range of metadata specification and standards including XML, Z39.50, FGDC, Dublin-Core, Darwin-Core, EML, and ISO-19115. It collects metadata and key data from contributing project servers distributed around the world and builds a centralized index. The Mercury search interfaces allows the users to perform simple, fielded, spatial, temporal and other hierarchical searches across these metadata sources. This centralized repository of metadata with distributed data sources provides extremely fast search results (Table 1) to the user, while allowing data providers to advertise the availability of their data and yet maintain complete control and ownership of that data.     

Experimental study of fluorite solubility in acidic solutions as a method for boron fluoride complexes studying

Fluorite solubility in HCl and HF solutions with varied concentrations of boric acid was studied at 81, 155, and 208°C and saturated vapor pressure. Our experimental results demonstrate that fluorite solubility increases with increasing B(OH)₃ concentration, and this was interpreted as the formation of the BF3OH–complex (Ryss, 1956). The experimental data were used to determine, using the OptimA software, the free energies of formation of HF°(aq) and, which were then used to calculate the constants of the reactions HF = H⁺ + F^– (1) and B(OH)₃(aq) + 2H⁺ + 3 F^– (2). The pK ₁ values are 3.71 ± 0.013, 4.28 ± 0.015, and 4.89 ± 0.017 and pK ₂ 13.60 ± 0.02, 13.99 ± 0.02, and 14.95 ± 0.03 at saturated vapor pressure and 81, 155, and 208°C, respectively.     

黑河上游降水同位素特征及其水汽来源分析

为了加深对黑河上游水循环过程的理解, 以研究区5个站点2015年8月至2016年8月的降水同位素实测数据和气象数据为基础, 除对降水同位素特征进行分析外, 主要利用TrajStat软件中的后向轨迹计算模块与潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）方法, 对研究区降水的水汽来源进行了分析, 并结合水汽通量等方法进行了补充分析。结果表明： 降水同位素呈夏高冬低趋势, 大气水线斜率（8.02）和截距（11.02）均高于全球大气水线的斜率（8.00）和截距（10.00）, 存在温度效应（δ¹⁸O=0.43x-10.82, r=0.54, P<0.0001）, 不存在降水量效应（δ¹⁸O=-0.05x-7.81, r=0.03, P<0.0001）; 研究区降水受多种水汽影响, 西风水汽影响最大。夏季除受西风水汽影响外, 还受东南季风水汽影响显著且水汽来源复杂; 研究区夏季的潜在蒸发源地集中在一些相对湿度和蒸发量较大的地区, 如祁连山区、 河西地区、 柴达木盆地北部、 青藏高原东南部及酒泉地区西南部等; 当降水量小、 温度高时, 持续性降水的大气水线方程的斜率和截距较小, 暴雨稳定同位素值较贫化, 受东南季风水汽影响最大, 其次是北方和西风水汽, 多种水汽辐合是暴雨事件发生的必要条件。     

Effect of some climatic parameters on tropospheric and total ozone column over Alipore (22.52 ∘ N, 88.33 ∘ E), India

The paper presents the nature of variations of tropospheric and total ozone column retrieved from the Convective Cloud Differential (CCD) technique, Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data, National Aeronautics and Space Administrations (NASA), USA, respectively; surface temperature, relative humidity, total rainfall, ozone precursors (non-methane hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide) that are collected from India Meteorological Department (IMD), Alipore, Kolkata; solar insolation obtained from Solar Geophysical Data Book and El-Niño index collected from National Climatic Data Center, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA. The effect of these climatic parameters and ozone precursors on ozone variations is critically analyzed and explained on the basis of linear regression and correlation. It has been observed that the maximum, minimum and mean temperature, relative humidity, solar insolation, tropospheric, and total ozone column (TOC) showed slight increasing tendencies from October 2004 to December 2011, while total rainfall and El-Niño index showed little decreasing tendencies for the same period. Amongst selected climatic parameters and ozone precursors, the solar insolation and the average temperature had a significant influence on both, the tropospheric ozone and total ozone column formation. The solar insolation had contributed more in tropospheric ozone than in total ozone column; while El-Niño index had played a more significant role in total ozone column build up than in tropospheric ozone. Negative correlation was observed between almost all ozone precursors with the tropospheric and total ozone. The tropospheric ozone and total ozone column were also significantly correlated. The level of significance and contribution of different climatic parameters are determined from correlation technique and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method. The related chemical kinetics for ozone production processes has been critically described.     

华北地区大气水汽含量特征及其变化趋势

使用美国国家环境保护委员会/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1948-2003年再分析格点资料,研究了华北地区大气中水汽含量的时空分布特征、沿375°N不同经度和沿115°E不同纬度大气中水汽含量的年变化、大气中水汽含量的变化趋势。分析结果表明:①华北地区大气中水汽含量主要集中在东部和南部,西部和北部水汽含量较少;②华北地区大气中水汽含量夏季最多,冬季最少;③华北地区大气中水汽含量自20世纪50年代末至80年代中期呈持续下降趋势。大气水汽含量高值期出现在20世纪40年代末至70年代中期。70年代中期至21世纪初期,大气水汽含量距平基本处于0线以下,为低值期;④华北地区大气水汽含量的年际波动变化与厄尔尼诺(ElNino)与南方涛动(ENSO)事件有很好的相关性。     

Hydrology of a spring complex, studied by geochemical time-series data, Acquarossa, Switzerland

A case study of three springs in Switzerland is used to demonstrate the value of geochemical time-series data as a powerful tool to study the dynamics of groundwater systems. Values of repeatedly measured parameters revealed intermixings of two water types: (a) a 29°C water, circulating to a depth of 1100 m and containing approximately 700 mg/l Ca, 2000 mg/l SO₄, 700 mg/l HCO₃, 20 mg/l of Na and Cl, 6 mg/l Fe, at least 47 mg/l SiO₂, and with an isotopic composition of δD = − 73.0‰ and δ¹⁸ O = −10.9‰, and (b) a 12°C or colder water, shallow, and of a post-1953 age, containing 420 mg/l TDI or less, very low in Na and Cl (4 mg/l or less), isotopic values of δD = −71.0‰ and δ¹⁸ O = −10.5‰ and tritium as in recent (post-bomb) precipitation.     

An empirical method for the determination of single ion hydrogen isotope salt effects in aqueous electrolyte solutions

An empirical method is presented that allows the determination of the individual contributions of anions and cations to the effect of dissolved salts on hydrogen isotope fractionation in aqueous systems (isotope salt effect). The method is solely based on experimental data and does not involve the choice of arbitrary reference values or theoretical assumptions. Plotting experimental liquid–vapor D/H fractionation factors for aqueous solutions of sodium salts vs. O–D stretching frequencies of water molecules in the hydration shells of the anions shows an excellent linear correlation. The distance between this line and the pure water liquid–vapor fractionation data point in the same plot gives the cation contribution to the isotope salt effects. The anion contribution can then simply be derived as the difference between the total salt effect and the cation salt effect. The validity of the concept is demonstrated using precise literature data for the O–D stretching frequencies in the hydration shells of individual ions at 20°C [Bergström, P.A., 1991. Single ion hydration properties in aqueous solution: a quantitative infrared spectroscopic study. PhD Thesis. Uppsala University] and for the liquid–vapor hydrogen isotope fractionation between aqueous solutions and water vapor at the same temperature [Stewart, M.K., Friedman, I., 1975. Deuterium fractionation between aqueous salt solutions and water vapor. Journal of Geophysical Research 80, 3812–3818]. Within the limits of experimental uncertainties, the data set shows internal consistency. Cation salt effects, 1000 ln Γ at 20°C, are (in per mil per mole per liter, using the convention of Horita et al. [Horita, J., Cole, D.R., Wesolowski, D.J., 1993a. The activity–composition relationship of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in aqueous salt solutions: II. Vapor–liquid water equilibration of mixed salt solutions from 50–100°C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 4703–4711]): Na⁺+0.7; K⁺+0.7; Mg²⁺+6.5; Ca²⁺+1.8; Al³⁺+12. The salt effect of H⁺ cannot be determined unequivocally. The combined effect of the fractionation of H⁺ itself plus its salt effect is +4.9. Anion effects are +1.4 for Cl⁻, +2.7 for Br⁻, +3.5 for I⁻ and −1.4 for SO₄²⁻. Further single anion salt effects are being predicted as −1.8 for F⁻, +4.9 for NO₃⁻, +6.9 for ClO₄⁻ and +5.4 for the triflate ion (CF₃SO₃⁻).     

季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的模拟

利用稳定同位素大气水平衡模式(i AWBM)模拟了季风区长沙站大气水汽和降水中δ18O的时间变化,并与实际监测结果进行比较,其目的在于检验i AWBM在模拟季风区大气中水稳定同位素循环方面的能力,揭示影响水稳定同位素变化的主要原因,改善对季风区水循环中稳定同位素效应的理解和认识.模拟结果很好地再现了长沙降水中δ18O的季节变化,季风区降水中稳定同位素雨季被贫化旱季被富集的基本特点以及存在的显著降水量效应均被模拟出.在2010年1月-2012年12月,模拟的冬季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-6.58‰,与该时段的实际监测值相当;模拟的夏季风盛行期间的加权平均δ18O为-9.58‰,低于该时段的实际监测值.i AWBM主要利用大气的可降水量、水汽通量、蒸发量和降水量4个驱动变量来模拟水稳定同位素的循环.其中,可降水量对水稳定同位素变化的贡献被包含在其他3个驱动变量中.水汽通量对水汽同位素变化的贡献具有富集和贫化的双重作用,蒸发量和降水量对水汽同位素变化的贡献分别具有富集和贫化的作用.在对水汽同位素起富集作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为1.66‰,贡献率为63.97%;蒸发量的平均同位素贡献为0.91‰,贡献率为36.03%,水汽通量的同位素贡献起主要作用.在对水汽同位素起贫化作用的两个因子中,水汽通量的平均同位素贡献为-1.40‰,贡献率为53.47%;降水量的平均同位素贡献为-1.09‰,贡献率为46.53%,水汽通量和降水量的同位素贡献大致相当.     

Coupling effect of ozone column and atmospheric infrared sounder data reveal evidence of earthquake precursor phenomena of Bam earthquake,Iran

Understanding the source mechanism of earthquakes may be the key to predict earthquakes. The testing of radioactive radiations and reactionary hypothesis of gases before and after quake events can help predict and monitor earthquake occurrence. In this study, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the column ozone (O₃) were applied to evaluate the December 26, 2003 earthquake of Bam city in western Iran. The results show that ozone concentration (column density) decreased about 30 DU and or 807?×?10E15/cm² molecules. Using high-resolution AIRS data for the study area, we were able to discriminate gases that formed and changed before the main shock at least a day before the occurrence of the quake in Bam.     

Cretaceous aquifers in North Carolina: analysis of safe yield based on historical data

The Cretaceous aquifers underlying the central part of the North Carolina Coastal Plain are used extensively as the preferred source of water for municipalities, industries, and agriculture. Regional decline in head in the middle parts of the system (the Upper Cape Fear and Black Creek aquifers) began in the late 1950s to early 1960s. The trends in head during the 1960s, together with data on land subsidence, were analyzed to demonstrate the value of using early data, in conjunction with conceptual models, before collecting additional data. The sources of withdrawals from the Cretaceous aquifers identified in the conceptual model are: (1) movement of water (recharge) across confining beds, (2) reduction in natural discharge, (3) release of water from aquifer storage, (4) drainage of water from fine-grained lenses in aquifers and confining beds, and (5) release of water resulting from advance of the salt-water front. Estimates of the amounts derived from each of these sources resulted in a reduction of the estimated safe yield of the Cretaceous aquifers in the 2,486-mi² (6,439-km²) area of the central Coastal Plain from 75 mgd (million gallons per day) (284,000 m³/day) to less than 5 mgd (19,000 m³/day). Electronic Publication     

Study of groundwaters using the environmental tritium and hydrochemical data in the Belgrade region

A study of tritium content and some physicochemical parameters has been performed in order to investigate interconnection between surface and atmospheric waters and underground waters in Belgrade area. Samples of the precipitation at Zeleno Brdo-Belgrade meteorological station, the Danube and the Sava river water, and underground water (Ranney wells and piezometers) have been analyzed. The³H content, the content of dissolved ions, total hardness, and electrical conductivity have been measured. The tritium data show existence of two water strata in the aquifer. The upper stratum (about 16 m thick) contains older water (mean monthly³H concentration of 17 TU) and has weak interaction with the river and the precipitation. Below this stratum lies the principal water bearing stratum, strongly connected with the river with the³H concentration similar to that of surface water (mean monthly³H concentration of 50 TU) and spreading out through the entire aquifer. The contribution of the Sava river water and the two water layers at the Ranney well are calculated starting with the hydrological aquifer model, which supposes that three water components are mixed in the pumped Ranney well water. According to calculation results using the³H concentration and physicochemical characteristics as parameters, more than 70 percent of the water pumped by the Ranney well (in 1983) comes from the Sava with a time delay of less that 15 days.Properties of tritium distribution in precipitation, river waters, and underground water in the Belgrade region are established from the results of measurements of³H concentrations in the period 1976–1983.     

Design of geological data systems for developing nations

For analytical, inventory, and a variety of other basic types of geological data the main functions of an information management system can adequately be accommodated by simple systems in which comprehensiveness is compromised in favor of practicality and ease of implementation. Albeit possessing some shortcomings, such a strategy is likely to prove profitable particularly to geologists in developing nations who are confronted with the task of self-developing much needed geological data systems in the face of limited electronic data processing resources. Based on the experience of the Geological Survey of Israel, several considerations and practical guidelines for the design and implementation of such systems can be outlined. Data bases should be limited in their scope to specific subjects or projects, be designed to serve existing and only the more realistic foreseeable needs, and include provisions for merger and intelligent communication with related files. Such data bases typically contain logically simple-structured information and are small in size. Revision, deletion, and update transactions are infrequent; the search criteria for retrieval are for the most part predictable and a fast response time is not essential. These attributes prescribe a preference for simple fixed- or semi-free-format sequential files which, in turn, simplify appreciably the programming of the supporting software. Input forms should be meticulously planned with due consideration given to aspects of software compatibility, user convenience and acceptance, and efficiency in data gathering. The use of standard forms should be integrated into the institution's routine to facilitate direct data entry by each contributor, thereby improving and economizing the data collection process, and to secure data capture at its acquisition level (field, laboratory). The user's more immediate retrieval needs are adequately satisfied by a master list, documenting the entire data base and a number of external inverted index directories cross-referencing the master list according to the attributes by which the file is most likely to be searched. Further development of output capabilities should be directed to provide for flexible retrieval by multikey query functions and base map posting. For data files storing raw chemical analyses of rocks and water samples, the incorporation of processing capabilities to compute interpretative geochemical parameters as an integral part of the system's output is particularly useful. Paper presented at the 25th International Geological Congress, Section 16A, Sydney, Australia, August 1976.     

Airborne data processing and analysis software package

The practice of conducting quality control and quality assurance in the construction of data sets is often an overlooked and underestimated task of many research projects in the Earth Sciences. The development of software to effectively process and quickly analyze measurements is a critical aspect of a research project. An evolutionary approach has been used at the University of North Dakota to develop and implement software to process and analyze airborne measurements. Development over the past eight years has resulted in a collection of software named the Airborne Data Processing and Analysis (ADPAA) package which has been published as an open source project on Source Forge. The ADPAA package is intended to fully automate data processing while incorporating the concept of missing value codes and levels of data processing. At each data level, ADPAA utilizes a standard ASCII file format to store measurements from individual instruments into separate files. After all data levels have been processed, a summary file containing parameters of scientific interest for the field project is created for each aircraft flight. All project information is organized into a standard directory structure. ADPAA contains several tools that facilitate quality control procedures conducted on instruments during field projects and laboratory testing. Each quality control procedure is designed to ensure proper instrument performance and hence the validity of the instrument’s measurement. Data processing by ADPAA allows edit files to be created that are automatically used to insert missing value codes into a time period that had instrument problems. The creation of edit files is typically done after the completion of a field project when scientists are performing quality assurance of the data set. Since data processing is automatic, preliminary data can be created and analyzed within hours of an aircraft flight and a complete field project data set can be reprocessed many times during the quality assurance process. Once a final data set has been created, ADPAA provides several tools for visualization and analysis. In addition to aircraft data, ADPAA can be used on any data set that is based on time series measurements. The concepts illustrated by ADPAA and components of ADPAA, such as the Cplot visualization tool, are applicable to areas of Earth Science that work with time series measurements.     

基于FY-3A遥感数据的冰岛火山灰云识别

2010年4月至5月期间冰岛艾雅法拉火山喷发造成了欧洲航空业史无前例的瘫痪以及巨大的经济损失,其严重影响再次显示,对火山灰云进行有效监测的重要性。火山灰云是由火山碎屑物及气体组成的混合物,火山碎屑物主要由直径小于2mm的岩石、矿物、火山玻璃碎片组成,火山灰云中的气体主要包括水汽、CO2、SO2、H2S、CH4、CO、HCL、HF、HBr、和NOx等。使用具有我国自主知识产权的FY-3A/VIRR数据,对此次艾雅法拉火山喷发的不同阶段选取具有典型风向变化的日期,采用分裂窗亮温差算法(SWTD)、RGB真彩色方法、中红外波段数据等进行火山灰云的识别,并将结果与冰岛地区的火山灰监测报告以及前人的研究结果进行对比研究,结果表明:火山喷发初期火山灰云中较高含量的水汽会补偿反面吸收的影响,妨碍分裂窗亮温差算法(SWTD)对火山灰云的识别,而中红外波段数据因对高温物体的敏感性,不受水汽的影响,对喷发初期较高温度的火山灰云识别效果较好;在喷发中期,火山灰云浓度较大时三种方法均表现良好,卫星图像中火山灰云的位置信息及漂移方向均非常清晰,且同气象条件相吻合,验证了识别方法的正确性。该项结果表明,具有我国自主知识产权的FY-3A数据能够达到监测火山灰云的目的,而如何更加清晰地界定火山灰云的边界位置以及更加准确的计算出火山灰云的浓度需要进一步的深入研究。     

Planning and systematic management of water resources by the WEAP model,case of the Mabtouh watershed (northwestern Algeria)

Water management remains a complex task due to the multiplicity of users-consumers, which necessitates the use of planning tools and decision support in a rigorous manner. The objective of the present study is to find an alternative solution to the water use conflict applied to a scale of a hydrographic unit. Our choice focused on the Mebtouh River watershed (1306 km²), where there is a chronic water shortage. With an irrigated perimeter of 8200 ha and an urban area with a regional dimension, the hydraulic system is based on a Dam (Cheurfa) with a capacity of 83 hm³ and diversions by pumping over the river. The methodology adopted is the application of the WEAP software, with a view to constructing a water resource allocation model by 2050. The data set consists of the physical parameters of the study area, hydroclimatic records for the reference year (2015), and the estimation of urban and agricultural water demand sites. The results obtained by the WEAP model applied to our study area confirm the validation of the data used. Therefore, it is timely to develop a water resources management tool to reduce user-consumer tensions at the planned planning timeline.     

Extracting mineral alteration information using WorldView-3 data

The multispectral commercial satellite-WorldView-3 (WV-3) has the highest spatial, spectral and radiation resolutions among the satellites currently and can generate good data in the shortwave infrared (SWIR). The study area is located in the Pobei area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is rich in mineral resources. The spectral analyses of some typical altered hydroxy-bearing, iron-bearing, and carbonate-bearing minerals could establish several Principal Component Analysis (PCA) models and mineral indices, using the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and the shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystems of WV-3 data. In addition, the Spectral Angle Method and the spectrum index tool of ENVI software were used to extract the relevant alteration information. The WV-3 data is well suited for identifying hydroxy-bearing alteration with rich SWIR bands which distinguish Al-OH-bearing from Mg-OH-bearing alteration. Hence, this study provides a basis for the prediction of mineral resources in the Pobei area and sets the foundation for WV-3 data to be used as an important tool in extracting alteration information and prospecting practices.     

长江河口地区地下水咸、淡水界面的动态变化研究

本文对长江河口地区1960～1985年间78口钻井中的各层承压水进行了245个水化学样品测试，分析内容包括K+、Na+、Ca²+、Mg²+、NH4+、Al³+、Cl-、HCO₃-、CO₃₂-、SO₄₂-离子含量以及酸碱性、温度等项目。其中第I层有样品24个；II层有63个；III层有53个；IV层有70个；V层有35个。测试时采用平行双样进行精度控制，水质分析的结果，按阴阳离子毫克当量总和的平衡关系进行检查，超出允许误差及时进行复检。
为了研究各承压含水层咸、淡水界面分布的变化，我们将矿化度作为水质指标，并利用人工神经网络技术进行了计算机模拟。结果表明，本区第四纪地层中各含水层水质的时空分布格局主要受第四纪海平面波动控制；IV、V含水层中的微咸水、咸水的分布可能受上层咸水通过越流污染下层淡水所致。对II、III含水层在二十世纪六十年代和八十年代两阶段水质分布的分析发现，含水层内淡水区在上海市区有向东南和西北方向明显扩展的趋势。造成这种现象的主要原因在于二十世纪七十和八十年代，上海市区地下水开采量逐年压缩，并开展了人工回灌（均为淡水），从而阻止了由于二十世纪六十年代市区过量抽取地下水而引起的地面沉降等问题。