雾与能见度数值预报诊断SW方案和FSL方案改进的研究及评估

为了提高雾与能见度的预报水平,对业务上常用的两种能见度诊断方案,即Stoelinga and Warner(SW)方案与Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL)方案的改进进行预报试验,SW方案基于Gultepe方案考虑了液态水粒子数浓度对能见度的影响,FSL改进方案中利用了递减平均法对公式中用到的温度与露点温度进行订正,并用其重新计算公式中的相对湿度。基于山东省气象科学研究所逐时更新循环(hourly update cycle,HUC)业务模式输出结果,从2015—2016年选取10次雾天气过程,并详细分析了2015年11月13—14日这次雾天气过程的预报结果,比较了改进前后各方案对雾与能见度的预报效果,结果显示:在模式预报的雨水含量占总液态含水量比例较大的预报时效,改进后的SW方案对雾与能见度预报效果优于原始方案,在模式预报液态含水量接近0的预报时效,改进前后的SW方案对雾与能见度的预报效果相当;利用订正的温度与露点温度重新计算相对湿度,其平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)降低明显的预报时段,改进后的FSL方案对雾与能见度的预报效果大大提升。将两种改进后的方案相融合并进行预报试验,结果显示,综合对能见度与雾的预报效果,Combined Visibility(CVIS)方案要优于其他两种改进方案。     

河海、陆海分界的科学、法律依据

从科学和法律的观点,讨论了河海、陆海的分界问题.从自然科学的角度考虑,河、海间的过渡段是河口,陆、海间的过渡段是滩涂.否定这两个过渡段的客观存在及其自然属性是不现实的和不明智的.河口是河流与海洋相互作用的地段,潮流与径流是河口物质、能量输移的两个主要动力因素;而海洋的主要动力除潮流外,还有波浪、密度流、各类海洋环流,径流已微不足道.滩涂是随高、低潮位变化而时淹时露的一片陆地,而海洋则主要是指低潮位以下的水体,两者自然属性有明显的差异.但河口与海洋、滩涂与海洋在学术研究中难免存在交叉,相比之下,自然科学、法律条文对上述一些用语的定义、内涵则更加严格.目前法律上对海域论述最权威的应是1994年通过的、我国也签约的<联合国海洋法公约>.该法对海岸基线、内水、河口、海域、海湾均有科学、严格的定义,将名词的科学性与法律的严肃性、可操作性完美地结合在一起.全国人大于1996年5月批准执行此法,它应是我国海洋法系统的法律基础,其它的法律文件(包括名词定义与基本精神)不能与之相冲突.引用了国内外海洋法的条文、权威的学术专著及相关论文,从科学及法律条文上明确的定义看,领海基线即低潮位线是陆-海及河-海的分界线,也是量算领海距离、划分内水与海域的基准线,内水是领海基线向陆一侧的水域,包括河流、河口、海湾及滩涂的水体等.因此内水不限于海域,而2001年我国人大通过的<海域法>未明确河口及滩涂的法律地位,而且正是该法将内水表述为海域的组成部分,与<联合国海洋法公约>将内水不包括在海域之内相矛盾,故执行中常发生争议.     

DEA及MDEA在山东省渔港评价体系中的应用及比较

运用DEA及MDEA模型计算山东省10处渔港的资源利用效率值,结果表明,山东省渔港的资源利用效率存在较大差异,所选10处渔港中,威海龙须岛渔港效率值最高,东营中心渔港效率值最低;MDEA模型相比DEA模型,能对效率评价值达到1的决策单元进行更加充分的评价和排序。     

乐清湾内外潮波变形及不对称性分析

海湾内外的潮波变形及其不对称性影响海湾内外动力输送和水体交换。利用乐清湾内外共9个测站连续潮位进行调和分析,得到该海湾内外各分潮变化规律,利用潮不对称性偏度计算方法确定湾内外潮汐不对称性时空变化特征,比较了主要分潮组合对潮汐不对称性的贡献度,通过数值研究探讨了湾内偏度比湾外偏度值更小的主要成因,分析了湾内外围垦工程对潮不对称偏度的影响。研究发现:乐清湾内潮汐不对称偏度值为负,表现为落潮占优,同期湾外洞头站偏度值为正,与邻近瓯江、飞云江河口的潮不对称偏度变大、表现涨潮占优的变化规律相反;湾外沿岸各站偏度由东北向西南逐渐增大,由落潮占优向涨潮占优变化;潮汐不对称性偏度呈周期性变化,分析确定M2-M4、M2-S2-MS4分潮组合对潮不对称贡献大,该海域潮汐不对称的强度主要由浅水分潮振幅控制,而相对相位则决定潮汐不对称的方向;数值研究探讨表明,湾内大范围的浅滩地形是其潮汐不对称落潮占优的主要原因,围垦将削弱湾内的落潮占优。     

温度与盐度对毛蚶受精卵孵化及幼虫生长的影响

就盐度和温度对毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)受精卵孵化和幼虫生长的影响做了研究.结果表明,毛蚶受精卵孵化的最适温度为25～30℃,随着温度的升高,孵化速度成正相关;适宜盐度为18～30,在盐度18～26的条件下,盐度和孵化率成正相关,畸形率差异不显著.幼体生长的适宜温度为25～30℃,最适盐度为20～25.在温、盐都适宜的范围内,两者交互作用不显著,而当其中一个条件为极限时,交互作用显著,同时幼虫生长的温、盐范围比受精卵孵化适宜范围更广.     

Source models of flow through and around screens and gauzes

The source panel method is used to investigate the singularity models of flow through and around screens that have been developed by various authors. These studies are extended to complete a framework of models in terms of the level of complexity, the nature of the flow in the wake and the form of pressure drop boundary condition. The models that best represent the limited experimental data that is available are identified and the need for more experimental data, in order to carry out a thorough assessment, is noted.     

Biochemical Mechanism of the Eutrophication and Its Prevention—the Deep Treatment of Waste Water and Its Denitrification and Dephosphorization

Biochemical mechanism of forming the red tide is discussed in this paper.The existence of a large number of nitrates and phosphates in the eutrophic water is the prerequisite of explosive increase of algae and the forming of red tide.Reduction of eutrophication is an important approach to preventing the red tide.The method of deep treatment of the waste water and its denitrification and dephosphorization are introduced,and a new opinion on the red tide formation and fundamental prevention is put forward.     

黄、渤海热结构及环流季节变化的数值模拟

在普林斯顿海洋模式 (POM)的基础上 ,利用经过资料同化处理的周平均卫星遥感海表温度资料 (SST) ,考虑了潮流混合和上层风混合的作用 ,成功模拟了渤黄海海域热结构的时、空变化 ;在此基础上 ,系统描述了渤黄海季节性温度跃层、黄海冷水团、黄海暖流等重要水文现象及其与之相应的温度垂直结构 ;分析黄海余流流场断面结构及随季节的变化 ,并对黄海暖流的分布结构、黄海冷水团的维持机制进行了探讨     

东印度沿岸流的季节变化及其热盐输运

基于卫星高度计数据、模式数据和同化资料揭示了东印度沿岸流(East India Coastal Current, EICC)年周期上的时空分布特征, 并探讨了其可能的影响机制及热盐输运。在年周期上EICC呈现3种分布状态, 受季风影响, 在东北季风前期(10—12月)和后期(2—5月)为一致的南向(北向)流动; 而6—8月EICC呈3段式分布, 与另外两个时间段明显不同, 表现为9°N以南、16°N以北区域的南向流动和9°—16°N区域的北向流动。前人研究认为印度东海岸的局地风应力是EICC的主要机制, 本研究发现除局地风应力外, 来自孟加拉湾中部的艾克曼抽吸(Ekman Pumping)在全年也发挥着重要作用, 并在2—5月(10—12月)驱动EICC的北向(南向)流动, 而局地风应力则在10—12月有利于EICC的南向流动。EICC是孟加拉湾低盐水向赤道东印度洋和阿拉伯海输运的一个因素, 在海盆间的热盐交换上发挥着重要作用。EICC的热输运在6—12月(2—5月)有利于(不利于)湾内温度的升高; 盐输运则在全年都有利于孟加拉湾内盐度的增加。此外, EICC的一致南向(北向)流动以及3段式结构促进了湾内热盐的再分配, 对于维持北印度洋的热量和盐度收支平衡具有重要作用。     

长江口盐度的时空变化特征及其指示意义

2003年2,7月在长江口进行了枯、洪季大规模综合水文测验,布控范围西自江阴东至口外-20m,测验站点覆盖4条入海汊道.测验资料统计分析表明:(1)径流大小、汊道分流比、潮汐强弱和地形条件是控制盐度时空变化的主要要素;(2)在盐度空间分布上从大至小的顺序是:北支,南槽,北槽,北港口;(3)北支枯季发生盐水倒灌南支,而洪季可有一半以上区段为淡水所控;在其他3个入海汊道中,北港口门段是长江口盐淡水混合相对最弱的区段,盐度潮周期变幅最大,但洪枯变幅最小;南槽的盐淡水混合较强,盐度潮周期变幅较小,但洪枯变幅很大;北槽介于两者之间.(4)盐度时空变化反映洪季北支、南港和南槽分流比都有所增加.     

地图审校和错误修改的定义及其应用

地物的性质和位置是地图表示的两个基本要素。制图者对地物的反映,即是制图者关于地物的观念模型和地图符号的超前表象。根据观念模型与地图符号的距离函数,定义地图符号的正确或错误。发现地图符号的错误并标注出来是地图审校的本质特征。地图符号的修改定义为地图符号从错误到正确的变换。地图审校和错误修改是传统和现代地图制图中确保地图质量的通用模式。     

Acoustical and sedimentological characterization of substrates in and around sheltered and open-ocean mussel aquaculture sites and its bearing on the dispersal of mussel debris

Side-scan sonar, camera observations, and sediment sampling are used to determine the seabed dispersal of mussel debris at three aquaculture farm sites in sheltered to exposed environments in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. At the two sheltered farm sites, side-scan sonagraphs reveal high acoustic backscatter beneath culture sites and low backscatter in the immediate surrounds. This suggests a sharp contrast in seabed material around the edges of the farm. Photography and sediment samples reveal farms are underlain by mounds of shells with biodeposits infilling intershell voids and forming a veneer over entire mounds. In contrast, the surrounding seabed is naturally sedimented soft mud. Sediment from beneath the farms had total organic contents of 8%-19% decreasing sharply to natural levels of 4%-7%, 30 m from the farm's boundaries. The third site is exposed to energetic waves and currents, and exhibits low acoustic backscatter zones beneath the farm. Photographs show the seabed is predominantly clean sand with only scattered clumps of shells and no biodeposits visible. Sediments are typical of the natural setting. This lack of mussel debris indicates that there is sufficient energy to transport and dissipate the shell and biodeposits over a wide area with little impact on the natural sediment.     

Estimation of Depth and Yield of Underwater Explosions From First and Second Bubble-Oscillation Periods

In this communication, a method is described for estimating the order of magnitude of energy yield and detonation depth for underwater explosions, based on the acoustical signals radiated. The method determines the ratio of the periods of the first two oscillations made by the gas bubble formed by an explosion, with bubble-oscillation periods being extracted from the cepstra of signals recorded on hydrophones. The results of laboratory studies, taken from the literature [H. G. Snay and R. V Tipson, “Charts for the parameters of migrating explosion bubbles,” Tech. Rep., NOLTR 62–184 (1963)], are used to convert this ratio into a measure of the maximum bubble radius achieved during the first oscillation, expressed as a fraction of the detonation depth. This fraction, combined with the period of the first oscillation, allows detonation depth and explosion energy yield to be estimated on an order-of-magnitude basis. The method is applied to signals gathered in the Pacific Ocean, at ranges of thousands of kilometers from a series of chemical explosions. Reported values of detonation depths and explosion yields are shown to agree with the order-of-magnitude estimates derived using the method. The method is shown to have a bias towards underestimating explosion energy yield. It is hypothesized that this bias results from the different scales of the at-sea explosions and the laboratory measurements on which the estimation method is based. The uncertainty associated with the method's estimation of charge yield is comparable with those of seismic methods for the estimation of energy yields of underground nuclear tests.      

钻孔重入与跟管钻进技术研究与应用

大洋钻探在海底泥面钻孔,需要解决钻探过程泥面坍塌和钻具反复重入钻孔的问题。重入锥是大洋钻探钻孔重入的专用装置,可采用自由落体和跟管钻进2种方式部署。自由落体式重入锥是一种临时性重入井口,用于支撑短期内钻孔重入,而采用跟管钻进工艺部署的重入锥井口,可作为一种永久性的海底装置,支撑现阶段乃至以后多航次的钻孔重入。笔者介绍了钻孔重入和跟管钻进技术的原理、关键器具和工艺流程,并总结了首次浅海试验情况。通过浅海试验验证了重入锥与跟管钻进同步部署工艺流程的可行性,测试了自研套管送入工具及张敛式随钻扩孔器的功能性,发现了送入工具在密封结构方面存在的不足,为进一步开展深海复杂地层钻孔重入和跟管钻进技术研究奠定了理论和实践基础。     

新月细柱藻的分离培养及形态和分子鉴定

自胶州湾分离培养2株微藻(MGB0401和MGB0402)。经形态学鉴定为新月细柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium)。MGB0401和MGB0402的18S核糖体RNA基因(rDNA)扩增片段长度为1775 bp,存在10个碱基差异。MGB0401和MGB0402的rbcL基因扩增片段长度为1190 bp,有45个碱基差异,对应的氨基酸序列存在4个氨基酸残基差异。系统学分析表明,2株微藻与已知新月细柱藻相应序列亲缘关系最近。微藻常用系统学分析用基因的序列不仅是分类鉴定的补充指标,也是不同研究结果相互比较的重要基础。     

三疣梭子蟹Y器、大颚器显微及超微结构研究

本实验对三疣梭子蟹的内分泌器官Y器、大颚器的显微及超微结构进行了研究．Y器位于前鳃腔、眼柄的后外侧．组织学特征：细胞紧密排列，核呈卵圆形，异染色质丰富，胞质极少，细胞界限不明显．超微结构特点：细胞核几乎占据了整个细胞，细胞突起多。细胞器少．管状嵴的线粒体、多层同心环状的滑面内质网以及高尔基体较为常见．大颚器位于大颚肌几丁质腱的后侧基部．组织学特征：细胞体积较大，核仁清晰。胞质染色均匀．超微结构特点：胞质丰富，质膜大量内陷和作不同程度的卷绕，内含大量具管状脊的线粒体和滑面内质网．     

Variability of shore and shoreline evolution

Shore and shoreline evolution both due to natural and human-induced causes or factors can be variable over a wide range of different temporal and/or spatial scales. Our capability to understand and especially predict this variability is still limited. This can lead to misinterpretation of coastal change information, which hampers informed decision making and the subsequent design and implementation of (soft) engineering interventions. Collecting and describing example observations of shore and shoreline variability is one way to support and improve such human intervention. This paper describes causes and factors for the variability and the resulting possible evolutions of wave-dominated shores and shorelines, which are illustrated by a number of case studies. The new element of this work is that the variability is described in terms of a range of different time and space scales, which helps to structure such analysis. However, it is difficult to generalise the results for arbitrary situations, especially on decadal time scales. Scientific and engineering improvements require more quantitative insight into the physical mechanisms behind the free and forced shore behaviour responsible for the variability.     

渤海、黄海热结构分析

在多年观测资料基础上,以月平均风应力和周平均海表水温(SST)作为外强迫,对黄海、渤海热结构进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示渤海的热结构特征自10月至翌年3月为水温垂直均一的冬季型;5～8月为分层结构(由上混合层、跃层、潮混合层组成)的夏季型.4月和9月为两型的过渡期,最低水温出现在2月,最高水温表层出现在8月,底层则在9～10月.黄海沿岸浅水区与渤海有相似的热结构,黄海冷水团和黄海暖流对其中央槽深水区的热结构有重要影响.对底层水的影响而言,前者夏季显著而后者冬季显著,从而导致黄海(槽)的底层水与环境相比呈现夏季冷而冬季暖的特征,底层水温基本上与表面水温的年变化反相;深水区的热结构与渤海相比,均一型结构(1～3月)变短,分层型结构(5～11月)变长,底温年变幅(5℃以内)变小,跃层强度增强.模拟结果还表明,黄海暖流的动力仍然是季风环流,而对黄海冷水团的形成和发展有无动力影响提出质疑.