地震波类型对砂土震陷影响的数值模拟分析

地震波是一种随机的、不规则作用的动荷载脉冲,可分为振动型和冲击型。不同类型的地震波会对砂土液化和变形等产生重要影响,而传统的砂土震陷计算方法往往忽视这种因素,只考虑最大加速度幅值。通过编写UMAT子程序,在非线性有限元软件ABAQUS中开发亚塑性砂土边界面模型,对不同地震波类型下不同相对密度的砂土进行动单剪试验模拟,得到一系列砂土剪应变及竖向应变的时程曲线,并与室内试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明:在同一工况下,同类型的地震波引起的砂土竖向应变相近,不同类型引起的竖向应变差异明显;振动型地震波比冲击型引起的竖向应变更大。     

Generalized densification law for dry sand subjected to dynamic loading

In this paper a generalization of the well known endochronic densification law for dry sand under dynamic loading is presented, taking into account the dependence of its parameters on some measured and calculated sand properties and the variation of these parameters with time. This new generalized law needs the calibration of only one numerical coefficient. For this purpose two sets of reported experimental data of dry sand under cyclic shear strain controlled tests have been used. For non-harmonic loading a new method to determine the equivalent number of cycles has been developed. Finally, the proposed law is implemented in a one-dimensional FEM code to simulate the behavior of a sand layer subjected to the San Fernando earthquake (February 9, 1971), in order to compare the computed results with previous researches and field observations.     

Effect of point source and heterogeneity on the propagation of SH-Waves in a viscoelastic layer over a viscoelastic half space

The present paper is concerned with the propagation of shear waves in a homogeneous viscoelastic isotropic layer lying over a semi-infinite heterogeneous viscoelastic isotropic half-space due to point source. The inhomogeneity parameters associated to rigidity, internal friction and density are assumed to be functions of depth. The dispersion equation of shear waves has been obtained using Green’s function technique. The dimensionless angular frequency has been plotted against dimensionless wave number for different values of inhomogeneity parameters. The effects of inhomogeneity have been shown in the dispersion curves. graphical user interface (GUI) software in MATLAB has been developed to show the effect of various inhomogeneity parameters on angular frequency. The topic can be of interest for geophysical applications in propagation of shear waves on the Earth’s crust.     

Updating of nonlinear analytical modeling of soft storey RC frame building models based on cyclic test results

Cyclic testing has been carried out on two 1/4 scale of (G+2) soft storey RC frame building models to evaluate the nonlinear performance under cyclic loading. The first model has been designed only for gravity loading and the second model has been designed for gravity and earthquake loading. The different pushover parameters of the frames such as load-deformation curve, displacement and storey drift profile and the failure pattern have been evaluated. These parameters are used for up-gradation and comparison of the nonlinear analytical modeling of the soft storey RC frame building. The nonlinear analytical models have been updated at three stages i.e. linear range, nonlinear range and finally at failure stage. The % of error between the experimental and analytical results for different pushover parameters has also been evaluated.     

Acoustic emission processes occurring during high-pressure sand compaction

Granular materials submitted to uniaxial compression undergo pore space reduction due to mechanisms such as particle rearrangement and grain crushing. These changes in the internal structure of the material release energy in the form of elastic waves that can be detected by sensors sensitive to acoustic emission. In this study, Acoustic emission monitoring with a wavelet-based signal processing technique is used to identify the various mechanisms occurring during high-pressure sand compaction. Particle movement, grain failure, friction between grains and the surface of the compression cell and intergranular friction are studied. Acoustic emission data recorded during these simplified tests are used to characterize each phenomenon. Wavelet transform analyses allow the identification of useful features, making possible frequency discrimination among sliding, rolling, friction and grain fragmentation processes. For instance, we observe that at low stress, grain flow is characterized by the lowest centroid and peak frequencies, while at greater stresses, intergranular friction and grain fragmentation have the higher values. In the tests performed, the stress–strain evolution and final condition of the tested sand are broadly consistent, irrespective of the condition employed: continuous, stepwise or even variable loading rate or temperature. However, Acoustic emission data manifest much more complex behaviour (including thermal, load-rate dependency and delayed fragmentation phenomena) than that suggested by stress–strain relationships. At low stress levels, grain flow (sliding/rolling) is a relevant strain-accommodation mechanism, but so is crushing due to the effect of concentrated forces at the grain contact level. At high stresses, when crushing is generalized, intergranular friction is also a relevant phenomenon due to the increase in the coordination number produced by previous fragmentation.     

摩擦隔震结构中不同摩擦力模型在地震作用下结构响应分析

本文选用两种摩擦力模型来分析隔震结构的地震响应，运用newmark方法推导了隔震结构采用库仑摩擦力模型在地震作用下结构响应的计算公式。并编程计算了实例，进行了综合分析，得出质量比、摩擦系数对隔震效果的影响；并给出在其他结构参数相对稳定的条件下，滑移面摩擦系数的取值范围。     

铁尾砂抗剪强度参数随固结度变化规律研究

为了探究铁矿尾矿砂抗剪强度参数随固结度的变化规律,分别对不同固结度、不同干密度的铁矿尾矿砂进行三轴固结不排水试验(CU试验),以总应力法和有效应力法得到尾矿砂的抗剪强度参数及有效抗剪强度参数.分析表明,对于同一干密度的尾矿砂,随着固结度的增加,抗剪强度指标及有效抗剪强度指标均逐渐增加.固结度的变化对黏聚力c及有效黏聚力...     

Reliability analysis of three-dimensional dynamic slope stability and earthquake-induced permanent displacement

Different models were developed for evaluating the probabilistic three-dimensional (3D) stability analysis of earth slopes and embankments under earthquake loading using both the safety factor and the displacement criteria of slope failure. In the 3D analysis, the critical and total slope widths become two new and important parameters.The probabilistic models evaluate the probability of failure under seismic loading considering the different sources of uncertainties involved in the problem, i.e. uncertainties stemming from the discrepancies between laboratory-measured and in-situ values of shear strength parameters, randomness of earthquake occurrence, and earthquake-induced acceleration. The models also takes into consideration the spatial variabilities and correlations of soil properties.Five probabilistic models of earthquake-induced displacement were developed based on the non-exceedance of a limited value criterion. Moreover, a probabilistic model for dynamic slope stability analysis was developed based on 3D dynamic safety factor.These models are formulated and incorporated within a computer program (PTDDSSA).A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the different parameters involved in the developed models by applying those models to a well-known landslides (Selset landslide) under different levels of seismic hazard.The parametric study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different input parameters on the resulting critical failure width, 3D dynamic safety factor, earthquake-induced displacement and the probability of failure. Input parameters include: average values and coefficients of variations of water table, cohesion and angle of friction for effective stress analysis, scales of fluctuations in both distance and time, hypocentral distance, earthquake magnitude, earthquake strong shaking period, etc.The hypocentral distance and earthquake magnitude were found to have major influence on the earthquake-induced displacement, probability of failure (i.e. probability of allowable displacement exceedance), and dynamic 2D and 3D safety factors.     

Seismic rotational displacement of gravity walls by pseudo-dynamic method: Passive case

Prediction of the seismic rotational displacements of retaining wall under passive condition is an important aspect of design in earthquake prone region. In this paper, the pseudo-dynamic method is used to compute the rotational displacements of rigid retaining wall supporting cohesionless backfill under seismic loading for the passive earth pressure condition. The proposed method considers time, phase difference and effect of amplification in shear and primary waves propagating through both the backfill and the retaining wall. The influence of ground motion characteristics on rotational displacement of the wall is evaluated. Also the effects of variation of parameters like wall friction angle, soil friction angle, amplification factor, shear wave velocity, primary wave velocity, period of lateral shaking, horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations on the rotational displacements are studied. The rotational displacement of the wall increases substantially with increase in amplification of both shear and primary waves, time of input motion, period of lateral shaking and decreases with increase in soil friction angle, wall friction angle. The rotational displacements of the wall also increase when the effect of wall inertia is taken into account. Results are provided in graphical form.     

罕遇地震下村镇建筑复合隔震系统的地震响应特征及设计参数

为研究罕遇地震下复合隔震村镇建筑的地震响应特征及设计参数,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了复合隔震结构、滑移隔震结构、砂垫层隔震结构以及传统的砌体结构四种模型,通过对比4种模型在不同滑移层摩擦系数及不同地震烈度下的加速度、位移及底部剪力等动力响应差异,得出复合隔震体系的地震响应特征及主要设计参数。结果表明:复合隔震体系具有最优的隔震效果,且滑移层摩擦系数越小,地震烈度越大,隔震效果越好。根据预设40%隔震率的要求,确定出不同抗震设防烈度区的滑移层摩擦系数取值范围。     

基于多波束地形测量的上荆江典型河段沙波形态特征分析

沙波形态影响水流结构、泥沙输移及动床阻力。本研究采用多波束测深系统首次精细测量了上荆江典型河段的床面地形,采用改进后的沙波形态量化算法统计了各类沙波形态参数,分析了不同水流强度下沙波形态的变化特征。计算结果表明:(1)测量河段小型与大型沙波的平均波高分别为0.16～0.81和0.96～2.31 m,波长分别为13～27和16～41m;沙波尺度相较于水深较小,小型与大型沙波的波高分别不超过水深的0.045和0.150倍;(2)沙波背流面坡度基本不超过14°,小于泥沙水下休止角,其与陡度之间的关系可以用线性方程描述;(3)中洪水流量对沙波形态尺度的塑造作用强于枯水流量,且对浅水区大型沙波形态尺度的塑造作用强于深水区。本研究量化了天然河流的沙波形态,较好地反映了沙波形态特征,能为大型冲积河流沙波形态的量化及特征参数的统计分析提供参考。     

Dynamic loading tests and seismic response analysis of a stud-type damper composed of multiple friction units with disc springs

This paper presents an experimental study on the performance of a shear-sliding stud-type damper composed of multiple friction units with high-tension bolts and disc springs. A numerical evaluation of the response reduction effects achieved by the stud-type damper is also presented. In dynamic loading tests, the behavior of stud-type multiunit friction damper specimens was investigated. Three different full-scale damper specimens, which were composed of five, six, or seven friction units with two or four sliding surfaces, were incorporated into loading devices for testing. The stud-type friction dampers demonstrated stable rigid-plastic hysteresis loops without any remarkable decrease in the sliding force even when subjected to repetitive loading, in addition to showing no unstable behavior such as lateral buckling. The damper produced a total sliding force approximately proportional to the number of sliding surfaces and friction units. The total sliding force of the stud-type damper can thus be estimated by summing the contributions of each friction unit. In an earthquake response simulation, the control effects achieved by stud-type dampers incorporated into an analytical high-rise building model under various input waves, including long-period, long-duration and pulse-like ground motions, were evaluated. A satisfactory response reduction was obtained by installing the developed stud-type dampers into the main frame without negatively impacting usability and convenience in terms of building planning.     

Tidal waves at Mezen mouth and surge-wave formation conditions

The factors that govern the distribution and transformation of tidal waves in the macrotidal estuary of the Mezen River have been considered, including tide range in the mouth section, water discharge in the river’s lower reaches, estuary shape, and bed resistance coefficient. Data on variations of water discharge over period 1920–2008 are given. The parameters of estuary channel narrowing in horizontal and vertical sections have been considered. The effect of narrowing and bed hydraulic friction on tide wave amplitude has been evaluated. Froude number values for the tidal estuary suggest that tidal bore can form at the Mezen mouth. The conditions of the propagation of tidal waves to the mouths of different rivers and tidal bore formation in them are considered.     

SMA复合摩擦阻尼器性能的试验研究

利用形状记忆合金(SMA)的超弹性效应及高阻尼性能,结合传统Pall摩擦型阻尼器的特点,提出了一种SMA复合摩擦阻尼器。在建立阻尼器力学分析模型的基础上,对SMA复合摩擦阻尼器的性能进行了试验研究,分析了位移幅值、加载频率等对阻尼器的等效刚度、单位循环耗能和等效阻尼比的影响,并与理论分析结果进行了对比。研究表明,SMA复合摩擦阻尼器在加卸载循环下会形成比较稳定的滞回曲线,表明这种阻尼器具有良好的耗能能力。     

一种利用单台强震记录计算任意场地三分量地面运动的方法

本文利用近场理论格林函数反褶积的方法计算土层的地震反应.解答中包含了产生地面运动的各种反射、透射和转换波震相,也计入了土层与基底介质的相互作用.将计算的土层响应与已获得的近场加速度记录褶积,可算出不同土层场地上垂直向和水平向三分量的地面运动.文中利用1982年卢龙地震的近场加速度记录,检验了方法的可行性.     

一种利用单台强震记录计算任意场地三分量地面运动的方法

本文利用近场理论格林函数反褶积的方法计算土层的地震反应.解答中包含了产生地面运动的各种反射、透射和转换波震相,也计入了土层与基底介质的相互作用.将计算的土层响应与已获得的近场加速度记录褶积,可算出不同土层场地上垂直向和水平向三分量的地面运动.文中利用1982年卢龙地震的近场加速度记录,检验了方法的可行性.     

Sensitivity of tidal sand wavelength to environmental parameters: A combined data analysis and modelling approach

An integrated field data-modelling approach is employed to investigate relationships between the wavelength of tidal sand waves and four environmental parameters: tidal current amplitude, water depth, tidal ellipticity and median grain size. From echo sounder data at 23 locations on the Dutch continental shelf, the average wavelengths of observed sand waves are determined and compared with the wavelengths obtained with a process-based model. The latter describes the initial formation of these bedforms due to feedbacks between the tidal current and the erodible bed and uses environmental parameters for the 23 locations as input. Good agreement between observed and modelled wavelengths is found if the bottom stress experienced by tidal currents is adequately quantified. Model results show that the wavelength of sand waves increases with increasing water depth, tidal ellipticity and grain size (coarse sand), whilst it decreases with increasing tidal current amplitude and grain size (fine sand). Due to the limited number of stations and the fact that all four parameters change from location to location, the modelled relationships are only partly supported by the field observations.     

层状地壳模型地面地下记录地震波的理论地震图和频谱计算

本文首先发展了计算层状介质地面及地下记录地震波理论地震图的部分分离变量—有限差分计算方法,其最主要的环节是引进了吸收边界条件,使计算工作量大大减少,得以在实际工作中推广应用。其次,应用矩阵方法计算地面及地下记录的地震波的理论频谱。最后给出了用上述方法得到的华北地区两种不同的理论地壳模型情况下的理论地震图和频谱计算结果。应用这些理论结果,可根据实际地震观测资料对地壳介质模型进行分析、评判和优选。     

Comparison of Seismic Dispersion and Attenuation Models

The frequency-dependent attenuation of seismic waves causes decreased resolution of seismic images with depth, and the difference in transmission losses induces amplitude variations with offset. Transmission losses may occur due to friction or fluid movement, or may result from scattering in thin-layer. Whatever the physical mechanism, they can often be conveniently described using an empirical formulation wherein the elastic moduli and propagation velocity are complex functions of frequency.We have compiled and compared algebraically and numerically eight different models involving complex velocity: the Kolsky-Futterman model, the power-law model, Kjartansson's model, Müller's model, Azimi's second and third model, the Cole-Cole model, and the standard linear-solid model.For two different parameter sets, the attenuation and phase velocity are computed in the seismic frequency band, and the plane-wave propagation of a Ricker wavelet for the other models is compared with that for the Kolsky-Futterman model. The first parameter set consists of parameters for each of the models calculated from expressions given in the appendix. These expressions make the different models behave similarly to the KF model. The second parameter set consists of model parameters that are numerically adapted to the KF model.By selecting proper parameters, all models, except the standard linear-solid model, show behavior similar to that of the Kolsky-Futterman model. The SLS model behaves differently from the other models as the frequency goes to zero or infinity. Broadband measurement data is needed to select a specific model for a given seismic experiment.     

砂土液化引起大位移对地下管道影响的非线性分析

地下管线是生命线工程的主要部分,已经成为现代工农业生产和城镇生活的大动脉。已有震害调查表明,饱和砂土液化引起的地基大变形(侧向变形和沉降)是导致强震区生命线工程震害的主要原因。采用三维非线性有限差分分析方法来研究砂土液化引起的大位移对地下管道的破坏特征,分析砂土液化的斜坡变形特征、孔隙水的演化过程。结果表明,砂土液化引起的大位移对地下管道有破坏作用,导致管道变形规律与其斜坡的位移规律相同,地下管线的变形随着振动频率和幅值的增加其非线性增大。