西北太平洋深海海山的一种蛇尾新记录

Ophioleila elegans是一种非常少见的蛇尾。2014年大洋35航次中利用“蛟龙”号载人潜器在西北太平洋麦哲伦海山链的采薇平定海山水深1660m处采集到2株该种标本。该种首次发现于夏威夷海山相似的生境当中,本次采集到的样品是继首次发现之后的再次公开报道。本文中对该种的形态学特征,如腕部骨骼等,进行了更加详细的研究,同时基于COI序列进行系统发育分析。形态和系统发育分析的结果都表明,Ophioleila属与辐蛇尾科更加接近。     

水位深度对工厂化流水养殖大菱鲆生长的影响

为探讨水深对工厂化流水养殖水环境的影响,本实验将9 000尾初始体质量为141.62±24.47 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)按照低水深(20 cm)、中水深(40 cm)、高水深(60 cm)条件分为3个不同养殖水深组,实验周期为80 d。实验期间,跟踪检测长期和特定时期(投喂后8 h内)不同养殖水深水体中总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝酸盐(NO₂^--N)、固体悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)等参数,并在实验结束时对大菱鲆成活率、体质量、饲料系数水平进行测量。研究表明,水池内水流速度与水深呈负相关,但各组间无显著性差异。高水深组的固体悬浮物含量显著(P<0.05)低于其他两组,低水深组的化学需氧量显著(P<0.05)低于其他两组,各水深组中氨氮、亚硝酸盐都在大菱鲆幼鱼安全浓度范围内,且无显著性差异。在投喂后,固体悬浮物含量在各水深组中呈先升高后降低趋势,其中低水深组波动最大。氨氮含量在投喂后3 h开始上升,其中低水深组涨幅最大。各水深组中化学需氧量随着投喂时间延长而逐渐积累,而亚硝酸盐含量基本保持不变。实验结束,低水深组中大菱鲆增质量率、特定生长率、体质量变异系数均显著(P<0.05)高于高水深组,而存活率、肥满度、饲料系数在各组之间没有显著差异。研究结果显示,增加水深有利于提高养殖水环境水质恶化的缓冲能力。在保证养殖系统水质指标安全的前提下,低水深在大菱鲆工厂化流水养殖中是一个可行的方案。     

低盐水体下摄食水平对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长及能量收支的影响

为探讨斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)在低盐水体下最适的摄食水平,在水体盐度12、温度28℃±1℃的条件下,作者投喂人工配合饲料,研究了不同摄食水平(分别为体质量的2.36%、2.83%、3.31%、3.79%、4.25%及饱食)对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼(初始体质量为29.28 g±2.63 g)生长和能量收支的影响,并建立了生长-摄食关系和不同摄食水平下的能量收支方程。结果表明,在低盐下幼鱼鱼体粗蛋白及灰分含量在各摄食水平组间无显著差异(P0.05);脂肪含量在3.79%、4.25%及饱食组显著高于其他摄食水平组(P0.05);干物质含量在4.25%、饱食组显著高于其他摄食水平组(P0.05);能量含量随摄食水平降低而下降。摄食水平对幼鱼摄食率有显著影响(P0.05)且随摄食水平的降低而下降。幼鱼湿质量特定生长率、干质量特定生长率、蛋白特定生长率、能量特定生长率均随着摄食水平的增加而增加。特定生长率与摄食水平呈减速增长曲线关系,可用对数方程描述。幼鱼饲料湿质量转化效率、饲料干质量转化效率、饲料蛋白转化效率均随摄食水平的增加先增大后减少的变化,在3.79%组达到最大值,饲料能量转化效率随摄食水平的增加呈一直增加,在饱食组达到最大值。随着摄食水平的增加,生长能(G)呈先升后降的变化,在3.79%组有最大值,与摄食水平之间可用一元二次方程表述;排粪能(F)与排泄能(U)呈一直增大的变化,在饱食组有最大值,与摄食水平之间均可用线性方程表述;代谢能(R)则呈降低并逐渐趋于平稳的变化。在3.79%组,幼鱼获得最佳的能量收支方程为:100.00C=12.29F+13.73U+31.33R+42.65G。综合考虑认为,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼在低盐水体下最适的摄食水平为体质量的3.79%。     

Rates of oxygen consumption and tolerance of hypoxia and desiccation in Chinese black sleeper(Bostrichthys sinensis) and mudskipper(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris) embryos

1Introduction Afossorialmodeoflifehasbeenadoptedbynu merousfishes(Gibson,1982).Burrowingmodeof lifeclearlyoffersanumberofadvantages,butburro wingfishmustalsobeadaptedtocopewiththespe cialproblemsthatthislifestylepresents.Fishthat constructburrowsininterti…     

中国南海蓝泥瓷海星(棘皮动物门:瓷海星科)新纪录

瓷海星科是一类深海底栖海星,广泛分布于全球大洋深海中。其模式种蓝泥瓷海星（Porcellanaster ceruleus Wyville Thomson 1878）具有全球分布性与多态性。本文报道了该物种在中国海的首次记录。2015年6月6日,在向阳红10号执行的南海底栖生物调查航次中,于C₁₉站位（10.15°N,110.03°E;水深1400m）由三角形拖网采集到海星一只,经鉴定为蓝泥瓷海星。本文提供了该样品的形态描述与细节照片,讨论了其与该种模式样品的共同形态特征及个体差异,并总结了蓝泥瓷海星的全球分布记录。该种在中国海的首次发现,进一步拓展了其地理分布范围。     

A growth model for a hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri in the coastal water of Alexandria (Egypt)

Abstract-The growth rate of the hyalid amphipod Hyale perieri was studied on the bases of Ikeda'sgrowth model which is based on the inter moult period (IP) and moult increament (ΔBL). To applythis approach, laboratory experiments were carried out at three temperatures regimes (15℃, 20℃,25℃) to gain accurate data of IP and BL. The total number of specimens used in this study was 86 at15℃, 24 at 20℃ and 70 at 25℃. The number of flagellar segments of both antennae of the Hyaleperieri could not be used as an index of growth (instar criterion). The obtained results indicated that,the predicted IP of the specimens was inversely related to temperature and in good agreement with theobserved values at the experimental temperatures. IP data obtained from laboratory-reared specimes arecombined with ΔBL data to establish a growth model for Hyale perieri from its release from the mar-supium (1.64 mm BL) to the maximum size (12.67 mm BL) as a function of temperature. The maxi-mum numbers of consecutive moults     

低温对条纹锯鮨生长及能量收支的影响

在实验室条件下研究条纹锯鮨(Centropristis striata)在9,13,17,21℃条件下的摄食生长和能量收支。结果表明,9℃时鱼体表现为负增长,生长能为-1 124.1 kJ±20.8 kJ,13℃时鱼体生长能为510.3 kJ±8.1 kJ,在实验温度的范围内,随着温度的升高,生长逐渐加快,21℃仍为生长的适宜温度。条纹锯鮨生长的补偿温度在9～13℃之间。生长能和呼吸能的变化主导实验鱼的能量收支模式。温度对鱼体的蛋白质质量分数影响显著(P<0.05),脂肪的质量分数在9℃时最高,13℃时最低,然后随着温度升高而逐渐加大,水分和灰分的质量分数随温度的变化没有呈现出明显的规律。     

盐度和水流对青蟹蜕壳及存活的影响

在室内水泥池条件下,对平均体质量为65.3 g±1.52 g的锯缘青蟹(Scylla Serrata)进行了30 d的养殖实验,分别测定其在两种不同盐度和有无水流条件下的蜕壳率和存活率。实验结果表明,盐度15组和25组青蟹成活率差异不显著(P 0.05),但在蜕壳方面盐度15组明显快于盐度25组(P 0.05);水流对青蟹的蜕壳无明显促进作用,但有水流组的存活率显著高于无水流组(P 0.05)。因此,软壳蟹养殖应在适当降低盐度情况下,增加一定量的水流。     

长江口海水盐度和悬浮体对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

2001年5月通过实验室培养的方法研究了长江口优势赤潮浮游植物种类——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)在长江口海水中的生长情况。实验结果显示,在实验光强范围内该藻相对生长速率常数随光强的减小而减小,表明光照的可得性是影响其生长的重要因素;悬浮体的遮光效应会限制其生长。海水盐度超出其适宜生长的范围也会对其的生长产生不利影响。两个相互对比的实验说明在泥沙含量很高的长江口咸淡混合水中光照的可得性和盐度均影响中肋骨条藻的生长,综合这两个因素,在实验盐度范围内最适宜中肋骨条藻生长的盐度是约为19．2的咸淡水。适于中肋骨条藻适宜生长的盐度为14～23。     

流速对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆生长、摄食及水质氮素的影响

在封闭循环水高密度养殖条件下(平均密度14.1 kg/m²±0.51 kg/m²), 设置4 个流速梯度(200, 400,600, 800 L/h,分别以A～D 组表示), 挑选相近体质量(200.3g±7.6 g)的大菱鲆进行42 d 养殖试验, 每个梯度设置3 个重复, 每个重复55 尾鱼, 研究流速对封闭循环水养殖大菱鲆生长、摄食以及水质氮素的影响。试验结果表明: (1) 大菱鲆(Scophthatmus maximus L)特定生长率、增质量率、摄食量随流速增大先快速上升后缓升趋稳, 饲料系数则相反。B、C、D 3 组特定生长率、摄食量分别显著高于A 组30.77%～52.31%、17.30%～22.05%; 饲料系数则显著低于A 组13.83%～22.34%; (2) 养殖水体中总氨氮、非离子氨及亚硝酸氮浓度随流速的增大先快速下降后缓降趋稳。B、C、D 3 组水质总氨氮氨浓度均显著低于A 组53.70%～79.07%; (3) 根据流速对特定生长率、水体总氨氮二者的影响, 得出养殖的生态适宜流速为625 L/h。再结合流速对水循环动力的影响, 得出养殖的生态经济适宜流速为480 L/h。     

Growth rates of the infaunal bivalve Soletellina alba (Lamarck, 1818) (Bivalvia: Psammobiidae) in an intermittent estuary of southern Australia

Caging and a mark–recapture design were used to estimate the growth rate of the brittle, infaunal bivalve Soletellina alba in the Hopkins River estuary. The growth of both caged and uncaged individuals was monitored at three sites near the mouth of the estuary over 180 days. Growth rates did not differ for caged and uncaged bivalves, or for bivalves subject to different amounts of handling, or between sites. Growth did differ between consecutive time intervals, which was attributable to negligible growth occurring during the colder months of autumn/winter. Comparisons of the condition (as indicated by total mass for length³) of S. alba were inconsistent between sites for caged and uncaged bivalves and for those subject to different amounts of handling. Soletellina alba is a rapidly growing bivalve with mean growth rates for the three time intervals being 0.04±0.002 mm day⁻¹ in summer, 0.02±0.001 mm day⁻¹ in autumn and 0.03±0.001 mm day⁻¹ from summer to winter. Using existing literature, it was shown that a significant relationship exists between maximum shell length and onset of sexual maturity in bivalve molluscs. This relationship predicts that S. alba should reach the onset of sexual maturity at 15.8 mm length. Therefore, it appears that it may be possible for juvenile S. alba (<1 mm) to grow, reach sexual maturity and reproduce in between annual mass-mortality events caused by winter flooding.     

Sediment organic matter composition and dynamics in San Francisco Bay, California, USA: Seasonal variation and interactions between water column chlorophyll and the benthos

Sediment and water column data from four sites in North, Central and South San Francisco Bays were collected monthly from November 1999 through November 2001 to investigate the seasonal variation of benthic organic matter and chlorophyll in channel sediments, the composition and quality of sediment organic matter (SOM), and the relationship between seasonal patterns in benthic organic matter and patterns in water column chlorophyll. Water column chlorophyll peaked in the spring of 2000 and 2001, characteristic of other studies of San Francisco Bay phytoplankton dynamics, however an unusual chlorophyll peak occurred in fall 2000. Cross-correlation analysis revealed that water column chlorophyll at these four channel sites lead sediment parameters by an average of 2 to 3 months. Sediment organic matter levels in the San Francisco Bay channel showed seasonal cycles that followed patterns of water column production: peaks in water column chlorophyll were followed by later peaks in sediment chlorophyll and organic matter. Cyclical, seasonal variations also occurred in sediment organic matter parameters with sediment total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) being highest in spring and lowest in winter, and sediment amino acids being highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter. Sediment chlorophyll, total organic carbon, and nitrogen were generally positively correlated with each other. Sediment organic matter levels were lowest in North Bay, intermediate in Central Bay, and highest in South Bay. C:N ratio and the ratio of enzyme hydrolyzable amino acids to TOC (EHAA:TOC) data suggest that SOM quality is more labile in Central and northern South Bay, and more refractory in North Bay and southern South Bay.     

烟台多棘海盘车种群的个体大小分布及生殖周期

为了解烟台多棘海盘车种群个体大小分布及繁殖特征,自2010年5月至12月及2015年3月到5月,在烟台近海对该种群分别进行逐月采样调查。利用性腺指数(GI)和幽门盲囊指数(PCI)以及解剖组织学方法预测其产卵周期。结果表明：在所有的采样月份中,体长大于143mm的个体与体长小于42mm的个体在种群中均同时存在;在5-8月期间,种群结构特征以体长小于55mm的个体为主。同时该海域不同站点的采样月份中均有小个体存在,说明种群的产卵周期存在延后现象或者由于食物短缺造成了海星生长缓慢。腕长可以很好的用来衡量还行身体湿重。性腺在2010年5月-9月发育相对缓慢但在十月份迅速到达峰值20.95,之后明显下降,表明其产卵期从10月份持续至11月份。2015年3月-5月也发现了同样的现象,表明该种群自3月-5月存在另一个产卵期,且通过对卵的组织学分析也进一步证实该产卵期的存在。性腺指数和幽门盲囊指数呈负相关关系。由于食物来源短缺,烟台近海海星种群的繁殖特征极有可能受到当地近海扇贝养殖的影响。     

First record of Odontaster penicillatus populations (Philippi, 1870) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Atacama and Antofagasta regions,Chile (Southeast Pacific)

We report for the first time the presence of local populations of the starfish Odontaster penicillatus in the regions of Atacama and Antofagasta, Chile. This finding indicates an extension of the distribution limit of 500 km with respect to the last observation made in 2007 in Isla Grande de Atacama. A total of 121 specimens of O. penicillatus were recorded at depths of between 8 m and 24 m. They were associated with rocky substrate and with different species of barnacles, sponges and bryozoans. The presence of O. penicillatus expands the knowledge of the benthic biodiversity of the region, and the development of studies on its ecological importance will be promoted.     

小黑山岛潮下水生层生境适宜性分析-以毛蚶为例

以小黑山岛潮下水生层为研究区域,利用生境适宜性指数（habitat suitability index,HSI）模型,同时结合GIS空间分析,选划出适宜毛蚶的增殖修复区域。综合文献查阅和咨询专家咨询的方式,确定影响毛蚶生存的7个重要影响因子,分别为：底质类型,水温,盐度,溶解氧,水深,pH和氨氮。结合专家赋值法和层次分析法确定每个评价因子的权重,利用GIS空间分析模块将现状调查数据进行插值、重分类和栅格计算,绘制研究区域目标种群生境适宜性地图。结果表明：对于刺参和紫贻贝,研究区域均适宜其生长繁殖,同一物种,相同季节在空间上无站位差异,但各季节的生境适宜性分区变化明显;对于魁蚶来说,东北部海域较适宜增殖,其次为西部海域,四季均以较适宜生境为主,仅冬季出现基本适宜生境。水温是造成季节差异的主要因素,底质类型则是引起生境站位差异的重要原因。可为后续的生物多样性保育和生态修复提供基础资料参考。     

涌流式培育的大獭蛤稚贝生长的初步研究

2004年11月至2005年1月利用涌流装置和浓缩扁藻进行了大獭蛤(Lutraria(Psam-mophila)maxima)稚贝的中间培育实验。实验所采用的涌流流量为500 mL/min,扁藻密度分别为8 870个/mL±512个/mL和3 368个/mL±557个/mL,稚贝的培育密度分别为20 000,35 000,50 000粒/m2。结果表明,过高的扁藻密度不利于大獭蛤稚贝的摄食,并会造成稚贝的死亡。只有在适当的扁藻密度和涌流流量条件下,大獭蛤稚贝才能正常生长。不同的稚贝培育密度对稚贝的生长存在影响,密度越高,生长越慢;水温低于15℃时,稚贝摄食停止,生长缓慢;稚贝在游离状态下与铺沙条件下的生长基本一致。     

Secondary production of Ampelisca mississippiana Soliman and Wicksten 2007 (Amphipoda, Crustacea) in the head of the Mississippi Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico

Annual production was calculated for the dominant ampeliscid amphipod Ampelisca mississippiana [Soliman, Y., Wicksten, M., 2007. Ampelisca mississippiana a new species (Amphipoda: Gammaredea) dominated the head of the Mississippi Canyon (Northern Gulf of Mexico). Zootaxa, submitted] at the head of the Mississippi Canyon in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Average densities were 12,094±2499 ind m⁻², with secondary production of 6.93 g dry wt m⁻² yr⁻¹, based on the “size-frequency method” [Hynes-Hamilton, H.B.N., Coleman, M., 1968. A simple method for assessing the annual production of stream benthos. Limnology and Oceanography 13, 569–573; Menzies, C.A., 1980. A note on the Hynes-Hamilton method of estimating secondary production. Limnology and Oceanography 25(4), 770–773], with a production/biomass (P/B) ratio of 3.11. Growth rates of this magnitude are comparable to available data for freshwater and shallow marine ampeliscids, but are unexpectedly high for deep-ocean habitats. Growth efficiency appeared to be approximately 35% (Growth/Assimilation×100).     

海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响

1996～1997和1999年在浙江省乐清市东发水产育苗场和福建省宁德市四海水产育苗场分别研究了海水温度和盐度对泥蚶浮游幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响,结果表明,泥蚶浮游幼虫的适宜温度为25～33℃,最适生长温度为28～30℃.稚贝的适宜温度为15～35℃,最适生长温度为25～30℃.浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16.54～30.02,最适生长盐度为1654～23.38;稚贝的适宜盐度为10.01～30.02,最适生长盐度为10.01～23.38.泥蚶幼虫和稚贝对高温和低盐海水有较强的适应能力,这与它们夏季的繁殖期和自然分布于内湾河口区是相适应的.     

水体中组织胺对日本新糠虾生长、发育和体内组织胺含量的影响

将日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)从新孵幼体至性成熟,养殖于不同质量浓度组织胺水体中,其质量浓度分别为0mg/L(对照组),5mg/L(低剂量组,L组),10mg/L(中剂量组,M组),15mg/L(高剂量组,H组),以研究水体中组织胺对日本新糠虾存活、生长和发育的影响及糠虾体内组织胺含量的变化。结果表明,随组织胺质量浓度的升高,日本新糠虾的体长、体质量和存活率均呈现下降趋势;M组和H组日本新糠虾的体长和体质量显著小于对照组(P0.05),而L组与对照组间无显著差异;较高质量浓度的组织胺(15mg/L)能显著降低日本新糠虾的存活率,H组存活率仅为53.92%±3.58%;各组织胺质量浓度组对雄性日本新糠虾性征出现时间无显著的影响,但对雄性日本新糠虾性成熟时间有不同程度的延迟作用,对照组性成熟时间为(25.71±0.76)d,而H组为(28.00±0.82)d,两组间差异显著(P0.05);雌性日本新糠虾的性成熟时间也有随组织胺质量浓度升高而呈延迟的趋势,但仅H组与对照组存在显著差异(P0.05),延迟近3d。经HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,简称HPLC)法检测日本新糠虾体内组织胺后,发现M和H组中检测出了较高含量的组织胺,分别达到(435.33±56.94)pg/g和(478.67±140.57)pg/g,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。上述结果说明,水体中一定质量浓度的组织胺能抑制日本新糠虾的生长和发育,其体内组织胺含量的升高可能是重要的诱因之一。     

低温对不同规格刺参幼参生长与耗氧率的影响

采用实验生态学方法, 选取（0.50±0.07）g（A）、（2.53±0.42）g（B）、（23.87±2.46）g（C）3 种不同规格的刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenta）幼参, 设置6℃（I）、8℃（II）、10℃（III）、13℃（IV）4 个不同温度处理组, 分析比较了低温对工厂...