东海沉积物中磷的存在形态及其环境意义

By means of SEDEX, ASPILA and XRF, depth-dependent changes of different phosphorus forms in sediment cores from specific areas of the offshore Changjiang Estuary (Yangtze Estuary) in 1998 were analyzed. Results show that contents of total phosphorus (TP), organic-phosphorus (OP) and iron-phosphorus (Fe-P) decreased down-core, while those of absorbed-phosphorus (Ad-P) andcalcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) increased. The distribution tendency of detritus-phosphorus (De-P) is not obvious. Results also show that TP, Fe-P and OP contents at Meso station of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay are higher than that of the other stations. This suggests that the pollutants carried by the Changjiang and the Qiantang rivers from inland have affected the natural environment inoffshore area. TP, Fe-P and OP contents of each station become higher from bottom to top, indicating the amount of the terrestrial pollutants carried by the two rivers has been enhanced since the last 30-50 years. Ad-P, Ca-P, Fe-P and OP are all active phosphorus in sediments, and their re-cycling in sediment is closely related to each other.     

Phosphorus forms in sediments of the East China Sea and its environmental significance

By means of SEDEX, ASPILA and XRF, depth-dependent changes of different phosphorus forms in sediment cores from specific areas of the offshore Changjiang Estuary (Yangtze Estuary) in 1998 were analyzed. Results show that contents of total phosphorus (TP), organic-phosphorus (OP) and iron-phosphorus (Fe-P) decreased down-core, while those of absorbed-phosphorus (Ad-P) and calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) increased. The distribution tendency of detritus-phosphorus (De-P) is not obvious. Results also show that TP, Fe-P and OP contents at Meso station of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay are higher than that of the other stations. This suggests that the pollutants carried by the Changjiang and the Qiantang rivers from inland have affected the natural environment in offshore area. TP, Fe-P and OP contents of each station become higher from bottom to top, indicating the amount of the terrestrial pollutants carried by the two rivers has been enhanced since the last 30-50 years. Ad-P, Ca-P, Fe-P and OP are all active phosphorus in sediments, and their re-cycling in sediment is closely related to each other.     

沉积物记录的亚高山湖泊环境变化——以鄂东南云中湖为例

根据云中湖27 cm长沉积岩芯进行元素、粒度和硅藻多指标分析以及²¹⁰Pb测年,结合流域气候和人类活动等历史资料,反演1958年以来云中湖在气候变化和人类活动影响下的环境变化。冗余分析结果显示云中湖沉积硅藻组合变化与Al、Fe、Pb和温度四个变量显著相关。硅藻属种聚类分析的结果表明云中湖环境变化经历了两个阶段：1958-1993年间喜碱性水体的Achnanthes minutissima和Fragilaria nanana属种大量出现与较高CIA指数响应于气候调控下的流域侵蚀过程;1993年以来气候变暖与旅游发展引起入湖营养盐增加是Cyclotella pseudostelligera和Aulacoseira alpigena等中—富营养硅藻种增殖的主要诱因。重建亚高山湖泊在气候变化以及人类活动影响下湖泊生态系统的演化,为保护亚高山湖泊生态环境和改善流域水质提供参考。     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

东海问题的周边地缘环境解析

摘要：文章以东海问题的地“源”、地“原”为切入点,基于东海问题的地缘环境基础要素,从“地”-主体、“缘”-关联、“地缘”-主体关联的思维角度将东海周边的地缘环境结构划分为地缘主体（东海）、主体关联（域内争端国家）、区际主体关联（域外干涉国家）三种地理空间结构,对处于复杂国际关联体系之中的东海周边地缘环境作探索分析。结论如下：①从地缘主体来看,东海对于中日两国都具有极为重要的地缘战略、政治、经济意义;东海问题不仅包含海域划界问题,也包含钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿的主权问题,并且涉及的利益关联国家与地区较多,地缘环境相当复杂;②从主体关联来看,东海问题不仅仅是中日争端的问题,还牵涉到众多国家、集团、组织结构等“地缘”因素的相互博弈;中日在东海争端的演进过程中经历了多次的“冷”“暖”期徘徊却没有实质性进展。③从区际主体关联来看,美国是东海问题的主要干涉国家。美国为实现其“亚太战略”及利益,将其世界影响力牢牢嵌入到东海地缘环境中,严重威胁到中国主权领土完整以及海洋权益的维护。     

中国东海区海洋倾废管理现状与对策

实现对海洋倾废科学有效管理是保护海洋环境及海洋资源的一项重要内容和主要任务.东海作为我国海洋生产力最大的海区,近年来,随着海洋事业和沿海区域经济的发展,向海上倾倒废弃物的数量和规模都在不断增加.在实际海洋倾倒过程中存在着倾倒区选划利用不合理、违法违规倾倒和执法监管不力等问题,直接影响着东海海洋生态环境平衡与可持续发展.因此,在对1999-2010年东海区海洋倾废活动现状进行全面客观梳理的基础上,就倾倒行为存在的主要问题进行实证分析,并结合东海区沿岸省市海洋发展的情况与对海洋倾倒的实际需求,为实现对海洋倾废合理有效的管理,保护海洋生态环境提出切实可行的对策.     

Holocene environmental changes and development of Figurnoye Lake in the southern Bunger Hills, East Antarctica

The lithology, radiocarbon chronology, granulometry, geochemistry and distribution of diatoms were investigated in three sediment cores from fresh-water Figurnoye Lake in the southern Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. Our paleolimnological data provide a record of Holocene environmental changes for this region. In the early Holocene (prior to 9.0 ± 0.5 kyr BP), warm climate conditions caused intensive melting of either the floating glacier ice mass or glaciers in the immediate lake surroundings, leading to the accumulation of terrigenous clastic sediments and limiting biogenic production in the lake. From ca. 9.0 ± 0.5 to 5.5 ± 0.5 kyr BP, highly biogenic sediments dominated by benthic mosses formed, indicating more distal glaciers or snowfields. A relatively cold and dry climate during this period caused weaker lake-water circulation and, likely, occurrence of lake ice conditions were more severe than present. The distribution of marine diatoms in the cores shows that, sometime between 8 and 5 kyr BP, limited amounts of marine water episodically penetrated to the lake, requiring a relative sea-level rise exceeding 10–11 m. During the last ca. 5.5 ± 0.5 kyr BP, sedimentation of mainly biogenic matter with a dominance of laminated microbial mats occurred in the lake under warm climatic conditions, interrupted by relative coolings: the first one around 2 kyr BP and then shortly before recent time. Between ca. 5.5 and 4 kyr BP, the drainage of numerous ice-dammed lakes took place in the southern Bunger Hills and, as a result, drier landscapes have existed here from about 4 kyr BP.     

Sedimentary geochemical record of recent environmental changes around Lake Middle Marviken,Sweden

Geochemical properties of sediments deposited in Lake Middle Marviken over the last 185 years record the impacts of a succession of environmental changes that have occurred in the watershed. Clear-cutting of forests for wood and charcoal and extensive water harnessing to support the local iron mills from 1897 to 1957 is recorded by low C/N ratios, high black carbon, and low TOC and N_total accumulation rates. Larger δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values in sediments deposited during this period imply higher productivity. Fluctuations in N_total and P_total accumulation rates show that the lake chemistry has varied between P or N-depleted systems that affected the δ¹⁵N values. Organic matter in the sediments is predominantly immature terrestrial material. Furthermore, hydrocarbon CPI, TAR, and P_aq values conform with the observed geochemical trends, variations in organic matter sources, and changes in the watershed. Accumulation rates of Cd, Pb, Zn, and S remained mostly unchanged throughout the period of mining, but an increase from 1957 to 1980 is most likely associated with air-borne industrial and fossil fuel emissions from regional urbanization. In situ microbial processes, such as iron and manganese reduction, also appear to be important in carbon cycling and in affecting the sediment and water chemistry of this lake.     

Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea

Numerous cores and dating show the Yangtze River has accumulated about 1.16 × 10¹² t sediment in its delta plain and proximal subaqueous delta during Holocene. High-resolution seismic profiling and coring in the southern East China Sea during 2003 and 2004 cruises has revealed an elongated ( 800 km) distal subaqueous mud wedge extending from the Yangtze River mouth southward off the Zhejiang and Fujian coasts into the Taiwan Strait. Overlying what appears to be a transgressive sand layer, this distal clinoform thins offshore, from  40 m thickness between the 20 and 30 m water depth to < 1–2 m between 60 and 90 m water depth, corresponding to an across shelf distance of less than 100 km. Total volume of this distal mud wedge is about 4.5 × 10¹¹ m³, equivalent to  5.4 × 10¹¹ t of sediment. Most of the sediment in this mud wedge comes from the Yangtze River, with some input presumably coming from local smaller rivers. Thus, the total Yangtze-derived sediments accumulated in its deltaic system and East China Sea inner shelf have amounted to about 1.7 × 10¹² t. Preliminary analyses suggest this longshore and across-shelf transported clinoform mainly formed in the past 7000 yrs after postglacial sea level reached its mid-Holocene highstand, and after re-intensification of the Chinese longshore current system. Sedimentation accumulation apparently increased around 2000 yrs BP, reflecting the evolution of the Yangtze estuary and increased land erosion due to human activities, such as farming and deforestation. The southward-flowing China Coastal Current, the northward-flowing Taiwan Warm Current, and the Kuroshio Current appear to have played critical roles in transporting and trapping most of Yangtze-derived materials in the inner shelf, and hence preventing the sediment escape into the deep ocean.     

黄东海表层海水溶解氧时空变化规律研究

海水中的溶解氧(DO)是影响海洋渔业经济、反映海洋物理化学过程的重要因素。该文依据20世纪90年代末期我国在黄东海海域完成的162个表层海水DO监测数据,利用GIS技术对其进行平面插值拟合,生成该海域DO的四季分布等值线图,据此分析黄东海海域的DO分布和季节变化规律。结果表明：基于太阳辐射导致的海水温度时空差异,影响黄东海DO分布及其季节变化的主要因素是黄海暖流和大陆入海径流。     

Natural and human-induced environmental changes in Eastern Europe during the Holocene: a multi-proxy palaeolimnological study of a small Latvian lake in a humid temperate zone

This study uses the Holocene lake sediment of Lake ?ū?i (Latvia, Vidzeme Heights) for environmental reconstruction with multi-proxy records including lithology, computerised axial tomography scan, grain-size analysis, geochemistry, diatoms and macrofossils, supported by AMS radiocarbon dating. Numerical analyses (PCA; CONISS) reveal three main phases in the development of the lake. Response to the Lateglacial–Holocene transition in Lake ?ū?i took place around 11,300 cal. BP. Organogenic sedimentation started with distinctive 5-cm-thick peat layer and was followed by lacustrine sedimentation of carbonaceous gyttja. Several findings of the peat layer with similar dated age and position at different absolute altitudes indicate that lake basin was formed by glaciokarstic processes. In the Early Holocene (until around 8,500 cal. BP), the lake was shallow and holomictic, surrounded by unstable catchment with erosion and inflow events. Predominance of diatom species of Cyclotella and Tabellaria, large numbers of respiratory horns of phantom midge pupae (Chaoboridae), high Fe/Mn ratio, as well as the presence of laminated sediments indicates the transition to a dimictic and oligo-mesotrophic lake conditions with high water level, anoxia in the near-bottom and stable catchment in the Middle Holocene (8,500–2,000 cal. BP). This contrasts with many hydrologically sensitive lakes in Northern and Eastern Europe in which the water level fell several meters during this period. During the Late Holocene (from 2,000 cal. BP to the present), the lithological and biotic variables reveal major changes, such as the increase in erosion (coarser grain-size fraction) and eutrophication [diatoms Aulacoseira ambigua (Grun.) Sim., Stephanodiscus spp., Cyclostephanos dubius (Fricke) Round]. Characteristics of lake-catchment system during the Late Holocene reflect anthropogenic signal superimposed on the natural forcing factors. To date, the Late Quaternary palaeolimnological reconstructions using lake sediment has been limited in the Baltic region. Therefore, findings from Lake ?ū?i provide important information about environmental and climatic changes that took place in this part of Eastern Europe. This study shows that the relative importance of climate and local factors has varied over the time and it is essential to consider the lake basin topography, catchment size and land cover as potential dominant forcing factors for changes in sedimentary signal.     

基于贴现率的东黄海鲐鱼动态生物经济模型分析

渔业资源是一种可再生资源,其资源的可持续利用不仅与其种群大小有关,而且还与作业规模、单位作业的经济成本和贴现率等有关。传统生物经济模型通常忽视了贴现率对渔业资源配置的影响。本文根据1999年-2009年中、日、韩三国在东黄海捕捞的鲐鱼渔获量以及生产成本数据,结合贴现率和渔获价格等数据,构建基于贴现率的东黄海鲐鱼动态生物经济模型。结果表明,贴现率为10％,30％时,短期利益占长期利益的10％～20％．渔获价格在（2327—4654）元／t时,可保证鲐鱼渔获量低于最大可持续产量,从而有效地控制捕捞强度,确保鲐鱼资源的可持续利用。     

东海浪岗山列岛风尘沉积的新证据

通过对浪岗山黄土粒度组成、磁化率、碳酸盐、微量化学元素、粘土矿物进行测试和分析,并与其他黄土地层对比发现:1)浪岗山黄土具有10~50μm粒组富集、磁化率为69.3×10-8~93.8×10-8m3kg-1、粘土矿物以伊利石为主(64.91%~79.35%)等与其他风成黄土相似的风尘沉积特征;2)根据红外释光测年(IRSL)结果,浪岗山黄土剖面底部的沉积年代为41.0±2.5 kaB.P.,而沉积速率较快(约为1.53 mm/a),应为晚更新世短期内快速堆积的一例风成黄土地层;3)与内陆黄土相比,浪岗山黄土大于50μm粒组均超过10%,明显偏高,表明该剖面除接受来自西北内陆的远源风尘物质外,还接受来自东海陆架的“近源”风尘物质;4)与内陆黄土相比,浪岗山黄土磁化率变化范围不大、碳酸盐含量极低、蛭石含量偏高、微量元素含量偏低,应考虑剖面沉积后气候环境的长期改造作用。     

Sedimentary evidence for changes in the pollution status of Taihu in the Jiangsu region of eastern China

As part of a study using lake sediments to determine the extent and causes of human impacts to lakes along an east–west transect following the Yangtse River, sediment cores were taken from Taihu in eastern China. Previous studies have focussed on the impacts of direct inputs of pollutants from municipal and industrial wastewater but little work has been undertaken on trends in atmospheric deposition from the many industrial sources surrounding the lake. Analysis of the Taihu sediment cores for atmospheric pollutant indicators such as trace metals, magnetic parameters and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) show the lake has become increasingly contaminated over the last 40–50 years. Sediment levels of atmospherically deposited pollutants are currently similar to some of the more contaminated lakes in Europe. Further, sediment nitrogen, phosphorus and geochemical analyses confirm the dramatic increase in eutrophication at the site and periods of recent soil erosion in the catchment.     

东海海岸带县域城市生态效率评价及影响因素

东海海岸带作为中国经济发展的战略重心,更是发展海洋经济的前沿阵地,分析其经济与环境的协调问题有利于揭示区域经济与生态间的矛盾与差异,从而促进沿海城市生态文明建设、缓解人地资源矛盾.基于2005-2018年东海海岸带52个沿海县区城市的投入产出面板数据,利用传统DEA和超效率SBM模型评价了区域经济效率和生态效率,以TO...     

围填海影响下东海区主要海湾形态时空演变

围填海影响下海湾形态变化能够深刻反映人类活动对海湾自然环境的影响程度,分析海湾形态变化对合理高效地利用与保护海湾资源具有重要意义。研究以东海区12个主要海湾（包括陆域与水域）为研究区,基于20世纪90年代以来6个时期的Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像数据,通过海湾岸线与湾面形态分析东海区主要海湾的变化特征,探讨围填海强度与海湾形态变化之间的相关性。主要结论为：① 1990—2015年,东海区主要海湾岸线总长度共波动增长66.65 km,2005—2010年间海湾开发最活跃,阶段内岸线增长量达38 km。岸线长度三沙湾最大（439 km）,泉州湾最小（105 km）;兴化湾增长最多（54.53 km）,罗源湾缩短最多（25.75 km）。自然岸线与人工岸线长度此消彼长,岸线人工化程度不断加强,东海北部海湾岸线总长度大于南部海湾。② 1990—2015年,东海区海湾岸线共向海推进26.93 km,合1.08 km/a,在1995—2000年及2005—2010年间推进最多,分别达7.10 km和 6.00 km,在1990—1995年间推进量最小,为2.97 km。杭州湾（4.93 km）和兴化湾（4.15 km）岸线向海推进距离最长,厦门湾推进（0.55 km）最短;东海南部海湾岸线迁移量平缓,北部海湾则更为剧烈,是东海区岸线迁移变化的主体。③ 1990—2015年间东海区主要海湾水域总面积由初期的13.85 km2减少至12.29 km2,累积减少11.23 %,海湾形状不断向复杂化演变。其中杭州湾海湾水域面积减少量最多,达到0.726 km2,占研究区的46.69 %。空间上,北部海湾水域面积减少量更大,而南部海湾水域面积减小速率更快。④ 1990年以来,东海区主要海湾人工化指数平均值和岸线开发强度指数均有所上涨,21世纪以来的开发利用度显著提高。南部（闽）海湾的开发利用程度较北部（浙沪）更为深入,北部海湾开发强度的年际波动差异更大。海湾开发强度与海湾岸线长度、人工岸线长度、海湾形态指数呈正相关关系,与自然岸线长度、海湾水域面积呈负相关关系。当海湾开发强度增加时,同时段内海湾围填海活动的强度也显著增加。     

论中国北方畜牧业产生与环境的互动关系

畜牧业是从原始农业中分离出来的生产部门,早期的畜牧业属于放养型,依托定居农业而存在,游牧业的产生晚于放养型畜牧业,并与定居农业完全脱离。导致畜牧业从原始农业中分离,并由放养型过渡到游牧型与气候变迁有直接关系。本文以内蒙古朱开沟考古发现为例,论证了畜牧业分离以及游牧业产生与环境变迁的对应关系,并指出草原民族在由原始农业转向畜牧业几乎没有发生空间区域的位移,环境变迁推动人们适应环境放弃农业生产,将生产方式转向畜牧业     

渤海莱州湾南岸潍河-弥河三角洲:沉积序列和沉积格架

潍河-弥河三角洲是一个由多条河流共同塑造的三角洲。前三角洲黏土质粉砂是各河流共同贡献的结果;每条河口之外形成各自的三角洲前缘,主要由极细砂组成;河口间湾沉积物是两条相邻河流共同塑造的,主要为黏土质粉砂。由于河口位置的侧向摆动,三角洲前缘极细砂和河口间湾黏土质粉砂会交替出现。7000a B. P. 以来向海进积20~55km,在海岸附近三角州沉积物厚度超过20m。     

东海区大陆海岸带高强度开发的时空特征及驱动机制

东海区大陆海岸带作为中国海洋经济发展的前沿阵地,具有重要的战略地位。探究海岸带高强度开发的时空变化特征及驱动因素有助于揭示海岸带开发强度演变过程与规律,推动海岸带资源环境与社会经济可持续和高质量发展。故文章以东海区大陆海岸带为研究对象,利用1990—2020年7期海岸线与土地利用数据,揭示东海区大陆海岸线、海岸带土地利用的开发利用强度特征,通过地理探测器方法探究海岸带高强度开发的驱动因素。结果表明：(1)东海区大陆海岸带岸线平均移动速率为32.34 m/a,北部区域海岸线平均移动速率（43.54 m/a）大于南部（20.23 m/a）。杭州湾南岸区域在多个时期内海岸线平均移动速率最快,厦门-漳州区域的海岸线平均移动速率较慢。在空间分布上,海岸线变迁较为剧烈的区域主要集中在河口、海湾以及城市等级较高的沿海区域。(2)耕地、林地、草地、水域、海域等面积不断减少,城镇建设及工矿用地面积不断增加。海岸带南部与北部的土地开发强度整体较高,中部区域土地开发强度较弱。(3)自然因素奠定了东海区大陆海岸带土地利用开发强度的宏观格局,社会经济要素起着重要推动作用。     

中国环境污染变动的时空特征及其经济驱动因素

基于2003-2013年经济与环境污染数据,运用EKC模型、Moran's I指数、LMDI指数,将污染排放的经济因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、能源消费效应、能源开发效应、技术污染效应,探讨中国环境污染变动的时空特征。结果表明,中国环境污染总量未到达EKC曲线拐点,处于EKC曲线左侧。在时间维度上,规模效应加剧了环境污染恶化,其他效应的变化间接改善了环境状况。在空间维度上,规模效应的高值聚集区是东部地区;结构效应、能源消费效应、技术污染效应的高值聚集区主要是中西部地区,低值聚集区多为东部和东北地区;能源开发效应是全国范围的整体偏低。中国污染重心在113°E~115°E,32°N~34.5°N的区域内移动,以北京—吉林—广东—浙江等省份所构成的区域,受不同经济效应影响,在向东、向西之间“抉择移动”。