上扬子地台南缘不同沉积相区上泥盆统和下石炭统沉积层序之对比

层序的空间分布是否具有全球性,地史时期海平面变化是否具有全球等时一致性,是层序地层学的根本问题。上扬子地台南缘不同沉积相区上泥盆统和下石炭统沉积层序研究表明,不同级别的层序具有特定的空间分布和对比范围,虽然形成各种级别层序的海平面变化基本上是全球性的。本文把空间分布,特别是在不同沉积相区的分布作为定义和识别各种级别层序的一个标准。正层序（ 三级层序） 的分布可能是全球性的,至少可以在同一大陆边缘的不同相区辨认,并能进行远距离对比,有些甚至可以进行全球对比。一般来说,亚层序（ 四级层序,时间间隔0.5 M a～ 1.5 M a） 在不同的沉积相区对比比较困难,虽然有些亚层序的空间分布也可以是全球性的。亚层序至少应当在一个沉积相带内可以普遍识别和对比。更高级的层序,包括副层序（ 五级层序,即Wang 和 Shi 1996 年使用的亚层序） 和小层序（ 六级层序） 的分布是区域性的或地区性的,它们可能分别反映米兰柯维奇旋回的长周期和短周期。正层序和亚层序一般可在不同沉积相区识别,而副层序和小层序一般仅能在浅海相区识别,在斜坡和盆地相区则不易辨认。     

华北地台中寒武统张夏组上部高频层序研究

根据华北地台东部寒武系露头层序地层研究,将张夏组划分为两个正层序,其中上部正层序（５３０－５２５ＭａＢ．Ｐ．,三叶虫带Ａｍｐｈｏｔｏｎ－Ｔａｉｔｚｕｉａ带至Ｄａｍｅｓｅｌａ带）由４个亚层序和１７－２３个小层序组成,其中正层序和亚层序具有高分辨率区域地层对比意义。每一级层序均表现为向上变浅和变粗进积型序列,底部常以间断－加深面或洪泛面为界。该时期的海平面变化具有高频振荡特点,构成一个三级复合海平面变化旋回。由不同级别层序所反映的海平面变化旋回可以分别与天文周期的奥特周期（２—５Ｍａ）、米兰科维奇长周期（０．１—０．４Ｍａ）和米兰科维奇短周期（０．０２—０．０４Ｍａ）相对比。据层序地层和相序及相模式的研究,识别出６种类型的小层序,陆棚盆地至上缓坡显示出由Ａ—Ｆ类型的规律性变化。     

Depositional systems and sequence stratigraphy analysis of the Upper Callovian to Tithonian sediments in the Central and Western Kopet‐Dagh Basin,Northeast Iran

Upper Callovian to Tithonian (late Jurassic) sediments represent an important hydrocarbon reservoir in the Kopet‐Dagh Basin, NE Iran. These deposits consist mainly of limestone, dolostone, and calcareous mudstone with subordinate siliciclastic interbeds. Detailed field surveys, lithofacies and facies analyses at three outcrop sections were used to investigate the depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Jurassic interval in the central and western areas of the basin. Vertical and lateral facies changes, sedimentary fabrics and structures, and geometry of carbonate bodies resulted in recognition of various carbonate facies related to tidal flats, back‐barrier lagoon, shelf‐margin/shelf‐margin reef, slope and deep‐marine facies belts. These facies were accompanied by interbedded beach and deep marine siliciclastic petrofacies. Field surveys, facies analysis, parasequences stacking patterns, discontinuity surfaces, and geometries coupled with relative depth variation, led to the recognition of six third‐order depositional sequences. The depositional history of the study areas can be divided into two main phases. These indicate platform evolution from a rimmed‐shelf to a carbonate ramp during the late Callovian–Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian–Tithonian intervals, respectively. Significant lateral and vertical facies and thickness changes, and results obtained from regional correlation of the depositional sequences, can be attributed to the combined effect of antecedent topography and differential subsidence related to local tectonics. Moreover, sea‐level changes must be regarded as a major factor during the late Callovian–Tithonian interval. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海平面变化全球可比性的可靠例证--上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪层序地层及海平面变化研究

通过对上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪碳酸盐台地、台缘斜坡和盆地三个不同相区典型剖面的沉积学、生物地层学及岩石地层学等方面的综合研究,在该地区奥陶系中识别出时限为2～ 5 M a的18个正层序和相应的19次海退事件,将其与塔里木、华北及北美、澳洲等大陆对比结果表明,上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪的绝大部分三级以上海退事件及沉积层序有着良好的全球可比性。     

扬子板块石炭纪沉积层序及其全球性对比研究

通过对石炭纪扬子板块内部、扬子板块与华北板块及扬子板块与欧美板块之间的不同级别沉积层序对比研究，编制了扬子板块、华北板块和欧美板块石炭纪的海平面变化曲线。在扬子板块内部，上、下扬子区２级沉积层序可以进行对比，但下扬子区海进和海岸上超滞后于上扬子区，由于资料的限制，３级沉积层序的对比还有困难；华北板块Ｆｕｓｕｌｉｎａ－Ｆｕｓｕｌｉｎｅｌａ带内的一个３级沉积层序和Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｉｔｅｓ－Ｐｅｕｄｏｓｃｈｗａｇｅｒｉｎａ带内的四个３级沉积层序，可以和扬子板块同期的３级沉积层序对比；扬子板块和北美中大陆不仅３级沉积层序可以对比，而且在晚石炭世Ｇｚｈｅｌｉａｎ期４级沉积层序也可以进行对比，但由于它们大地构造背景的差异，导致沉积层序组成内容的不同。上述对比结果被认为是冰川型全球海平面变化所形成全球沉积记录同时性的证据。并以冰期与非冰期、联合古陆形成前后等方面对相同板块内和不同板块间沉积层序的数量和级别的异同原因进行了探讨，认为石炭纪冈瓦纳大陆冰川消长是控制全球海平面变化的主要因素，因此，沉积层序应具全球同时性和可对比性，但局部沉积条件差异也将影响沉积层序组成。     

柴北缘西段新近系上干柴沟组沉积相特征分析

根据野外露头、岩心观察及录井、测井资料,研究了柴北缘西段新近系上干柴沟组沉积相类型和沉积特征。结果表明：上干柴沟组发育冲积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河、辫状河三角洲、湖泊及颗粒流等六种沉积相类型,其中在鄂博梁-冷湖-潜西发育了一套扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,在马海-南八仙地区发育冲积扇-辫状河-辫状河三角洲-湖泊沉积体系。     

From platform to basin: the evolution of a Paleocene carbonate margin (Eastern Desert, Egypt)

In this study, progradation and the subsequent retrogradation of a late Paleocene isolated carbonate platform (Galala Mountains, Eastern Desert, Egypt) is demonstrated by variations of distinct facies associations from the platform margin in the north to the hemipelagic basin in the south. A combination of a sea-level drop and tectonic uplift at around 59 Ma (calcareous nannofossil biozone NP5) favored the initiation of the carbonate platform. From this time onwards, the facies distribution along the platform–basin transect can be subdivided into five facies belts comprising nine different facies associations. Their internal relationships and specific depositional settings are strongly coupled with the Maastrichtian–Paleocene seafloor topography, which resulted from local tectonic movements. Patch reefs and reef debris were deposited at the platform margin and the horizontally bedded limestones on the upper slope. Slumps and debris flows were stored on the lower slope. In the subhorizontal toe-of-slope facies belt, mass-flow deposits pass into calciturbidites. Further southwards in the basin, only hemipelagic marls were deposited. Between 59 and 56.2 Ma (NP5–NP8), the overall carbonate platform system prograded in several pulses. Distinct changes in facies associations from 56.2 to 55.5 Ma (NP9) resulted from rotational block movements. They led to increased subsidence at the platform margin and a coeval uplift in the toe-of-slope areas. This resulted in the retrogradation of the carbonate platform. Furthermore the patch-reef and reef-debris facies associations were substituted by the larger foraminifera shoal association. The retrogradation is also documented by a significant decrease in slump and debris-flow deposits on the slope and calciturbidites at the toe of slope.     

海平面变化全球可比性的可靠例证--上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪层序地层及海平面变化研究

通过对上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪碳酸盐台地、台缘斜坡和盆地三个不同相区典型剖面的沉积学、生物地层学及岩石地层学等方面的综合研究,在该地区奥陶系中识别出时限为２ ～５ Ｍａ 的１８ 个正层序和相应的１９次海退事件,将其与塔里木、华北及北美、澳洲等大陆对比结果表明,上扬子地台东南缘奥陶纪的绝大部分三级以上海退事件及沉积层序有着良好的全球可比性。     

华南上泥盆统和下石炭统层序地层学

本文把华南法门阶上部和杜内阶分为４个层序，自下而上依次命名为ＳＱ０、ＳＱ１、ＳＱ２和ＳＱ３。其中ＳＱ０属斯图年阶（Ｓｔｒｕｎｉａｎ）（泥盆系最顶部），其余３个层序归杜内阶。这４个层序可以与欧美等地同期的层序进行对比，表明当时的海平面升降变化及其由此而产生的沉积层序具有全球的一致性。层序地层学、生物地层学和事件地层学综合研究表明，华南浅海相区与Ｓｉｐｈｏｎｏｄｅｌａｐｒａｅｓｕｌｃａｔａ－Ｓ．ｓｕｌｃａｔａ界线一致的泥盆－石炭系界线不仅高于Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ带顶界，而且还应高于引起Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ绝灭的海退事件层的顶界。因此建议以Ｃｙｓｔｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓ－Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｕｒａｌｉｎａ间隔带中最明显的一个海进面，即ＳＱ１的海进体系域的底界作为华南浅海相区泥盆－石炭系界线。这条界线与泥盆－石炭纪之交海退事件层的顶界正好一致，大致相当于Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｕｒａｌｉｎａ组合带底部。     

塔里木西部白垩系-古近系沉积成岩演化特征

在塔里木盆地西部上白垩统-古近系中可识别出7种具典型成因意义的高频旋回层序,根据垂向上的有序叠加方式,可以建立起一个由5个Ⅳ级旋回层序、2个Ⅲ级旋回层序和一个Ⅱ级旋回层序组成的特征层序地层格架.它基本上控制着研究层位中不同沉积相和生储盖组合的时空展布特征.上白垩统在盆地西南缘形成了较厚的高水位体系域开阔台地相灰岩储层,但成岩特征受海水成岩环境控制,胶结作用强烈,致使储层呈低孔低渗特征.古近系在帕米尔山前主要为一套冲积平原-河流沉积体系产物,从中可划分出4种有利的沉积-成岩相带.由于该碎屑岩均处于早成岩阶段B期,成岩环境呈酸性,储集性能明显优于上白垩统灰岩储集层.     

伊犁盆地南缘西段中下侏罗统水西沟群沉积体系及其对铀成矿的控制作用

通过野外地质露头和钻孔岩心观察以及对大量钻孔岩心编录和测井解释资料的综合统计分析,笔者将伊犁盆地南缘西段中下侏罗统水西沟群划分出4个大的沉积体系:八道湾组(J1b)的冲积扇沉积体系、三工河组—西山窑组一段的辫状河三角洲沉积体系、西山窑组二段至三段的浅湖沼泽沉积体系和西山窑组四段至五段的曲流河三角洲沉积体系。文中详细讨论了伊犁盆地南缘西段水西沟群各沉积体系的沉积相特征,研究了水西沟群沉积体系及沉积相与砂岩型铀矿的成矿关系,指出辫状河三角洲沉积体系是砂岩型铀矿成矿最有利的沉积体系,三角洲前缘河口坝及席状砂亚相、三角洲平原辫状河流亚相、扇中-扇端亚相及三角洲平原分流河道亚相是砂岩型铀矿主要的控矿沉积相。     

内蒙古哲斯敖包茅口期生物礁特征

内蒙古哲斯敖包茅口期发育典型的生物礁。礁体呈东西向展布,在空间上可明显地划分出后礁相、礁核相及前礁相。礁核相包括礁坪带、礁冠带和礁前缘带。各相带相互位置关系表明当时礁体南侧为滨岸方向,北侧为广海方向。礁体中化石极为丰富,可识别出不同的生物组合。生物组合的空间分布明显受生物礁相带控制,它们之间均为横向关系,反映了生物组合与水动力环境的统一性。     

东北地区晚古生代地层分布规律

在晚古生代东北及其邻区属于一个稳定的地块——佳—蒙地块认识基础上,通过地层展布分析,识别出东北地区晚古生代地层分属于佳—蒙地块的北缘、南缘和东缘沉积,即东北地区晚古生代地层分别由佳—蒙地块的北缘、南缘和东缘三套大陆边缘沉积组成。将这三套大陆边缘沉积区域分别命名为兴安地层区、内蒙古草原—松花江地层区和宝清—东宁地层区,统归佳—蒙地层大区。在此基础上,编制了东北地区晚古生代岩石地层对比表。     

鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区上三叠统长8砂岩储层物性的主要控制因素

研究认为富县地区上三叠统长8期三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂岩储层物性主要受沉积微相、砂岩成分和粒度以及成岩作用的控制。特别指出沉积微相对储层的控制,实际上是沉积(微)相带对砂体类型和物性特征的控制,不同沉积微相的砂岩在储集性能上存在明显的差异。表现为三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体的孔隙度及渗透率均高于其它沉积微相内砂体的孔隙度和渗透率,而分流间湾的沉积物粒度相对较细,杂基含量高,压实作用强,不利于后期溶蚀流体的流动,储层物性较差。强烈的机械压实、压溶作用、碳酸盐自生矿物的胶结作用使孔隙结构变差,进一步降低砂岩的储集性能;由淡水淋滤及有机物质产生的溶蚀作用,对储层改善具有重要意义。     

陕北志丹三角洲长6油层组高分辨率层序分析与等时对比

以高分辨率层序地层学理论体系为指导思想,通过基准面旋回结构和叠加样式的沉积动力学分析,采用多级次基准面旋回划分方案,本文详细地讨论了陕北志丹三角洲上三叠统延长组长 6油层组高分辨率层序地层学特征,从该油层组中识别出四种具不同成因、产状特征、发育规模和识别标志的基准面旋回界面;以界面的成因和级别为依据,将长 6油层组划分为超短期、短期、中期和长期四个级次的旋回层序,其中超短期、短期旋回层序可细分为向上“变深”非对称型、向上变浅非对称型、对称型三种基本层序类型和更多的亚类型,在三角洲的不同沉积相带具有不同结构和叠加样式的分布模式。而中期、长期旋回层序以发育具完整湖进-湖退旋回的对称型结构为主,区域分布较稳定;根据多级次旋回层序划分结果,运用旋回等时对比法则对各级次旋回层序进行等时对比和建立不同时间尺度的时间-地层格架,讨论了不同时间尺度的层序地层格架在油气勘探开发各阶段的研究意义。     

塔里木盆地K2-E旋回层序与海平面变化

塔里木盆地西南缘K₂-E海相含碳酸盐岩地层中可识别出七种类型的高频旋回层序,主要有潮下缓坡型、台地型、台地边缘型碳酸盐旋回层序及以碎屑岩为主的潮间－潮上型旋回层序。平面上,不同类型高频旋回层序成为特定古地理背景下台地碳酸盐沉积体系、滨岸沉积体系和冲积沉积体系沉积层序的代表。纵向上,各类高频旋回层序的有序叠加,其类型的变化反映了沉积环境、沉积相的演变过程。研究结果表明,研究区各类高频旋回层序下部单元至上部单元微相的转变是受高频率海平面变化的影响,低频率海平面升降控制了高频旋回层序的叠加形式,造成沉积环境由下至上滨岸→碳酸盐台地→滨岸→河流的变化。正是由于不同周期海平面变化旋回的叠加形成了塔里木盆地西南缘K₂-E的复合海平面变化旋回层序。     

Cephalopod limestone deposition on a shallow pelagic ridge: the Tafilalt Platform (upper Devonian, eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

As a result of early Variscan tectonic movements and of differential subsidence, a platform and basin topography was created along the northern margin of the Sahara Craton during the late Devonian. In the Moroccan Anti-Atlas Mountains, the Tafilalt Platform is an approximately N-S running ridge which developed since the late Middle Devonian. It separated a slowly subsiding shallow basin in the east (Tafilalt Basin) from a rapidly subsiding furrow in the west (Mader Basin). Platform deposits are characterized by highly reduced thicknesses, shallow subtidal to supratidal deposits in the late Frasnian and by unconformities at the Lower/Upper Frasnian and the Frasnian/Famennian boundaries. After a local transgression over emergent areas in the north, water depth probably never reached more than several tens to about 100 m in the lower Famennian. Cephalopod limestones of this age, deposited on the platform, represent a very diverse facies pattern comprising quartz-rich brachiopod coquinas, crinoidal limestones, thick-bedded cephalopod limestones and nodular limestones. Sedimentation rates ranged from 1 to 5 mm/ 1000 yr. In the late Famennian more uniform marl and nodular limestone facies suggest slightly deeper environments. Platform margins are characterized by higher rates of subsidence, debris flow deposits and slump structures. In the relatively shallow Tafilalt Basin, marls with intercalated nodular limestones were deposited. In the Mader Basin, sandy and calcareous turbidites suggest deeper water conditions in the late Devonian. During the Strunian/Tournaisian the whole area was overwhelmed by a thick deltaic sequence. The general facies distribution is in agreement with depositional models of other Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous cephalopod limestones in the European Variscan orogenic belts. In all these cases, condensed cephalopod limestones occupy a distinct palaeogeographic position in predictable facies sequences that reflect pre-orogenic phases in the Variscan geodynamic cycle. Moreover, close parallels exist with condensed sequences in the Triassic and Jurassic that occur in a very similar position within the Alpine orogenic cycle.     

Internal anatomy of a mixed siliciclastic–carbonate platform: the Late Cenomanian–Mid Turonian at the southern margin of the Spanish Central System

The Late Cenomanian–Mid Turonian succession in central Spain is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks deposited in a variety of coastal and marine shelf environments (alluvial plain–estuarine, lagoon, shoreface, offshore‐hemipelagic and carbonate ramp). Three depositional sequences (third order) are recognized: the Atienza, Patones and El Molar sequences. The Patones sequence contains five fourth‐order parasequence sets, while a single parasequence set is recognized in the Atienza and El Molar sequences. Systems tracts can be recognized both in the sequences and parasequence sets. The lowstand systems tracts (only recognized for Atienza and Patones sequences) are related to erosion and sequence boundary formation. Transgressive systems tracts are related to marine transgression and shoreface retreat. The highstand systems tracts are related to shoreface extension and progradation, and to carbonate production and ramp progradation. Sequences are bounded by erosion or emergence surfaces, whose locations are supported by mineralogical analyses and suggest source area reactivation probably due to a fall in relative sea‐level. Transgressive surfaces are subordinate erosion and/or omission surfaces with a landward facies shift, interpreted as parasequence set boundaries. The co‐existence of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments and environments occurred as facies mixing or as distinct facies belts along the basin. Mixed facies of coastal areas are composed of detrital quartz and clays derived from the hinterland, and dolomite probably derived from bioclastic material. Siliciclastic flux to coastal areas is highly variable, the maximum flux postdates relative sea‐level falls. Carbonate production in these areas may be constant, but the final content is a function of changing inputs in terrigenous sediments and carbonate content diminishes through a dilution effect. Carbonate ramps were detached from the coastal system and separated by a fringe of offshore, fine‐grained muds and silts as distinct facies belts. The growth of carbonate ramp deposits was related to the highstand systems tracts of the fourth‐order parasequence sets. During the growth of these ramps, some sediment starvation occurred basinwards. Progradation and retrogradation of the different belts occur simultaneously, suggesting a sea‐level control on sedimentation. In the study area, the co‐existence of carbonate and siliciclastic facies belts depended on the superimposition of different orders of relative sea‐level cycles, and occurred mainly when the second‐order, third‐order and fourth‐order cycles showed highstand conditions.     

Sedimentological aspects of the Humber Group (Upper Jurassic) of the South Central Graben, UK North Sea

Complex structure, poorly understood sedimentology and poor biostratigraphic control make the Upper Jurassic Humber Group of the South Central Graben one of the least understood and most complex hydrocarbon reservoirs of the North Sea. Detailed logging of available core from 19 exploration wells has been combined with an improved understanding of the relevance of trace fossils and a recognition of important base-level variations to provide a greatly enhanced understanding of the depositional system active within the area at that time. A new sedimentological model, based upon the distribution of facies and facies associations, illustrates that Upper Jurassic structure and consequent basin geometry were the principal controls upon the distribution of depositional environments. Rifting and second-order transgression controlled the back-stepping onlap patterns observed and higher frequency base-level fluctuations controlled the internal architecture of individual sandbodies. The model presented accounts for features of these deposits that were previously considered anomalous, such as the thickness of bioturbated sandstones, paucity of foreshore deposits and complex age relationships of sands.     

南海南、北陆缘中生代构造层序及其沉积环境

新生代海底扩张,使南海陆缘分为南、北两部分。南部礼乐地块与南海北缘在扩张之前构成了统一的活动陆缘。通过对南、北陆缘的钻井研究和井旁地震剖面解释,发现二者的中生界均具有4 个地震层序及3 个构造层。南北陆缘构造层序及物源分析表明,早白垩世礼乐地块与南海北缘曾发生碰撞拼贴。早白垩世的南海北缘地区沉积环境由海陆过渡相向陆相演化,相应的礼乐地区是由浅海相向滨海相演化,二者反映出相同的向上变浅旋回,说明在南、北陆缘拼贴之后,两者具有了统一的构造沉积背景。到晚白垩世末,两区均隆升为陆,且遭受剥蚀; 南海北缘地区上白垩统部分被剥蚀,而距俯冲边界更近的礼乐地区上白垩统则被剥蚀殆尽。