不同纵波速度介质中炸药震源激发数值模拟研究

震源激发是影响地震勘探效果的一个重要因素,在油气勘探中需要选择合适的震源参数以获取较好的地震记录。本文以数值模拟方法为基础,通过使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,对单井条件下不同岩土介质中柱状炸药震源激发进行了对比研究,计算得到相应的地震子波。通过对比分析各组参数对应的地震子波振幅和频谱,选择合适的激发参数。研究结果表明,在纵波速度较低的介质中,中低爆速、细长药柱炸药激发产生的地震子波频率高、能量大,而在纵波速度较高的介质中,高爆速、短粗药柱炸药激发产生的地震子波频率高、能量大。该研究结果与实际勘探结果比较符合,可为实际勘探中激发参数的选择提供参考。      

基于微观孔隙结构特征的速度频散和衰减模拟

孔隙尺度的喷射流流动是引起地震波速度频散和衰减的重要机制之一.目前,大多数喷射流模型仅考虑硬孔隙与微裂隙之间的局部流动,而忽略了具有不同孔隙纵横比微裂隙间的喷射流作用.为了研究各种类型孔隙间的流体流动效应,本文对经典喷射流模型进行了扩展,通过结合等效介质理论和孔隙结构模型,根据从干燥岩石超声速度-压力曲线中提取的微裂隙...     

A semi-empirical approach to model pressure dependence of elastic moduli in granular media accounting for variations of coordination-number and Poisson-ratio

The effective medium theory based on the Hertz–Mindlin contact law is the most popular theory to relate dynamic elastic moduli (or elastic velocities) and confining pressure in dry granular media. However, many experimental results proved that the effective medium theory predicts pressure trends lower than experimental ones and over-predicts the shear modulus. To mitigate these mispredictions, several evolutions of the effective medium theory have been presented in the literature. Among these, the model named modified grain contact theory is an empirical approach in which three parametric curves are included in the effective medium theory model. Fitting the parameters of these curves permits to adjust the pressure trends of the Poisson ratio and the bulk modulus. In this paper, we present two variations of the modified grain contact theory model. First, we propose a minor modification in the fitting function for the porosity dependence of the calibration parameters that accounts for non-linearity in the vicinity of the critical porosity. Second, we propose a major modification that reduces the three-step modified grain contact theory model to a two-step model, by skipping the calibration parameter–porosity fit in the model and directly modelling the calibration parameter–pressure relation. In addition to an increased simplicity (the fitting parameters are reduced from 10 to 6), avoiding the porosity fit permits us to apply the model to laboratory data that are not provided with accurate porosity measurements. For this second model, we also estimate the uncertainty of the fitting parameters and the elastic velocities. We tested this model on dry core measurements from literature and we verified that it returns elastic velocity trends as good as the original modified grain contact theory model with a reduced number of fitting parameters. Possible developments of the new model to add predictive power are also discussed.     

Crust and upper mantle structure of East Asia from ambient noise and earthquake surface wave tomography

The complex tectonic background of East Asia makes it an ideal region for investigating the evolution of the continental lithosphere, for which high-resolution lithospheric structural models are essential. In this study, we measured Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves at periods of 10–120 s and group velocity dispersion curves at periods of 10–140 s using event records from more than 1,000 seismic stations in and around China. By jointly inverting new and previously published dispersion data from ambient noise and earthquakes, we developed a high-resolution shear-wave velocity model down to a depth of ～300 km beneath East Asia. Our model revealed heterogeneous lithospheric structures beneath East Asia, and allowed us to investigate the velocity structure of the entire lithosphere. We also derived crustal and lithospheric thickness models from the three-dimensional (3D) shear-wave model, revealing strong spatial heterogeneity and a general thinning trend of lithospheric thickness from west to east across the study region. Overall, our models reveal important lithospheric features beneath East Asia and provide a valuable baseline dataset for understanding continental-scale dynamics and evolution.     

Modeling of Wave Dispersion Using Continuous Wavelet Transforms

In the estimate of dispersion with the help of wavelet analysis considerable emphasis has been put on the extraction of the group velocity using the modulus of the wavelet transform. In this paper we give an asymptotic expression of the full propagator in wavelet space that comprises the phase velocity as well. This operator establishes a relationship between the observed signals at two different stations during wave propagation in a dispersive and attenuating medium. Numerical and experimental examples are presented to show that the method accurately models seismic wave dispersion and attenuation.     

Estimation of water saturation dependence of dispersion in unsaturated porous media: experiments and modelling analysis

In the dispersion theory, a linear relationship has been verified between the coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion and water velocity, both in saturated and in unsaturated porous media. But for unsaturated soils the variability of flow directions and microscopic velocities can be larger than in saturated soils because of the lower degree of water saturation. This leads to an increased dispersion. Therefore, relationships between water content and relative water velocity fluctuations and water content together with the coefficient of dispersivity in unsaturated porous media respectively have been investigated systematically by displacement experiments in glass beads and coarse-textured sandy soil columns. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) of chloride showed that an increase of solute mixing with a decrease of water content was caused by an increase of flow velocity fluctuations for different pathways. In order to explain the observed tailing effect in unsaturated flow, two mathematical models were used to fit theoretically derived nonlinear functions of water content dependent dispersivities for both porous media. The close agreement between the observed and computed results suggests that the theoretical model of hydrodynamic dispersion can be extended to transport in unsaturated porous media, providing that BTCs of the effluent water are used to estimate representative dispersivity parameters of soils.     

Experimental analysis of pore-scale flow and transport in porous media

A novel, non-intrusive fluorescence imaging technique has been used to quantitatively measure the pore geometry, fluid velocity, and solute concentration within a saturated, three-dimensional porous medium. Discrete numerical averages of these quantities have been made over a representative volume of the medium and used to estimate macroscopic quantities that appear in conventional continuum models of flow and transport. The approach is meant to illustrate how microscopic information can be measured, averaged, and used to characterize medium-scale processes that are typically approximated constitutively. The experimental system consisted of a clear, cylindrical column packed with clear spherical beads and a refractive index-matched fluid seeded with fluorescent tracer particles and solute dye. By illuminating the fluid within the column with a scanning planar laser beam, details of flow and concentration within the pore spaces can be quantitatively observed, allowing for three-dimensional, dimensional, time dependent information to be obtained at good resolution. In time dependent information to be obtained at good resolution. In the current experiment, volumetrically averaged velocities and void-to-volume ratios are first compared with bulk measurements of fluid flux and medium porosity. Microscopic measurements of concentration are then used to construct cross-sectionally averaged profiles, mean breakthrough curves, and direct measurements of the dispersive flux, velocity variance, and concentration variance. In turn, the dispersive flux measurements are compared with mean concentration gradients to provide a basis for confirming the Fickian dispersion model and estimating dispersion coefficients for the medium. Coefficients determined in this manner are compared with others based upon traditional length-scale arguments, mean breakthrough analyses, and curve fits with numerical simulations.     

海洋含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征分析

随着水合物含量的增加,往往会引起纵、横波速度的增加,同时也会引起衰减的变化.针对含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征分析,有助于水合物含量的估计.本文以有效介质理论模型(EMT)为基础,研究了海洋未固结含水合物沉积层的纵、横波速度的非线性变化趋势.同时采用BISQ模型替代有效介质模型中的Gassmann方程,具体分析了全频带范围内海洋含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征.采用该模型,速度与衰减均随着水合物含量的增加而增加,且岩石孔隙度与泥质含量对衰减系数的影响较小.针对大洋钻探计划(ODP)164航次的实际数据,运用该模型方程计算采用声波测井数据(20kHz)与VSP数据(100Hz),分别获取了水合物稳定带的饱和度数据,平均在5%~7%之间,由于速度频散的影响,VSP估算结果要弱低于声波测井估算数据,均与实测保压取芯的甲烷含量数据、他人研究成果以及神经网络趋势预测结果均有着较好的一致性.对南海神狐海域三口钻位开展了水合物含量预测,与保压取芯结果有着较好的吻合关系.同时基于层剥离法提取该区域某地震测线BSR层的等效Q值,采用本文方法估算了该区域的等效天然气水合物含量15%~30%.数值模拟与实际应用结果表明:含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征均随着水合物含量的变化而变化,联合利用这一些变化特征,有助于天然气水合物含量的估计.     

Love wave dispersion: A comparison of results for a semi-infinite medium with inhomogeneous layers and for its approximation by homogeneous layers

Love wave dispersion in various semi-infinite media consisting of inhomogeneous layers is discussed. The phase and group velocities are computed when shear wave velocity and density in each inhomogeneous layer are varying exponentially with depth. At the beginning one or two inhomogeneous layers over a homogeneous semi-infinite medium are considered. The dispersion results for these structures are compared with those for their approximations with homogeneous layers. Comparisons show that differences of phase and group velocities for the original models from those for their approximated models (i) increase with the increase of wave number and (ii) are larger for group velocity than for phase velocity. The difference is approximately proportional to the rate of change of parameters in the layers. Finally, dispersion curves are obtained for model IP3MC, which consists of many inhomogeneous and homogeneous layers over a homogeneous semi-infinite medium. The results are compared with the observed group velocity data across the Indian Peninsula.     

Finite volume model for reactive transport in fractured porous media with distance- and time-dependent dispersion

Abstract

There are very few studies of fractured porous media that use distance- and time-dependent dispersion models, and, to the best of our knowledge, none which compare these with constant dispersion models. Therefore, in this study, the behaviour of temporal and spatial concentration profiles with distance- and time-dependent dispersion models is investigated. A hybrid finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations for these dispersion models. The developed numerical model is used to study the effects of matrix diffusion coefficient, groundwater velocity and matrix and fracture retardation factor on concentration profiles in the application of constant, distance-dependent and time-dependent dispersion models. In addition, an attempt is made to evaluate the applicability of these dispersion models by using the models to simulate experimental data. It was found that a better fit to the observed data is obtained in the case of distance- and time-dependent dispersion models as compared to the constant dispersion model. Thus, these numerical experiments indicate that distance- and time-dependent dispersion models have better simulation potential than the constant dispersion model.     

A Fast and Reliable Method for Surface Wave Tomography

—?We describe a method to invert regional or global scale surface-wave group or phase-velocity measurements to estimate 2-D models of the distribution and strength of isotropic and azimuthally anisotropic velocity variations. Such maps have at least two purposes in monitoring the nuclear Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): (1) They can be used as data to estimate the shear velocity of the crust and uppermost mantle and topography on internal interfaces which are important in event location, and (2) they can be used to estimate surface-wave travel-time correction surfaces to be used in phase-matched filters designed to extract low signal-to-noise surface-wave packets.¶The purpose of this paper is to describe one useful path through the large number of options available in an inversion of surface-wave data. Our method appears to provide robust and reliable dispersion maps on both global and regional scales. The technique we describe has a number of features that have motivated its development and commend its use: (1) It is developed in a spherical geometry; (2) the region of inference is defined by an arbitrary simple closed curve so that the method works equally well on local, regional, or global scales; (3) spatial smoothness and model amplitude constraints can be applied simultaneously; (4) the selection of model regularization and the smoothing parameters is highly flexible which allows for the assessment of the effect of variations in these parameters; (5) the method allows for the simultaneous estimation of spatial resolution and amplitude bias of the images; and (6) the method optionally allows for the estimation of azimuthal anisotropy.¶We present examples of the application of this technique to observed surface-wave group and phase velocities globally and regionally across Eurasia and Antarctica.     

Subsoil structure and site effects: A comparison between results from SPAC and HVSR in sites of complex geology

We present the results of the analysis of array recorded microtremors at 14 sites, close to the edges of the Mygdonian basin in northern Greece (Euroseistest). These measurements were made in order to better constrain the geometry and velocity structure of the basin as the soil layers taper out close to rock outcrop, where geology is complex and we may expect significant changes of the subsoil structure over short distances. The data were analysed using the SPAC method and HVSR. The first interprets the measurements as Rayleigh waves (for the vertical component we analysed) and allows to invert a phase velocity dispersion curve from computed correlation coefficients. The second estimates a local transfer function directly, from ratios of Fourier amplitude spectra. A phase velocity dispersion curve could be derived for 12 of the 14 measurement sites, and at three of the sites no resonant frequency was observed in the HVSR. It is encouraging that we obtained good results at most of our sites, in spite of the lateral heterogeneity expected close to the edges of Euroseistest. Our results allow us to obtain shear wave velocity models at most of the measurement sites (12 out of 14). They are also useful to explore the relation between size of the array and wavelength range for which a dispersion curve may be estimated, which in our case has strong limitations. We identify the frequency of resonance of the sediments as a small loss of coherency in SPAC’s correlation coefficients. Finally, we also consider the applicability of the joint inversion of the resonance frequency determined using HVSR and the phase velocity dispersion curve obtained from SPAC.     

Shallow Seismic Velocity Structure of the Betic Cordillera (Southern Spain) from Modelling of Rayleigh Wave Dispersion

A detailed dispersion analysis of Rayleigh waves generated by local earthquakes and occasionally by blasts that occurred in southern Spain, was undertaken to obtain the shear-wave velocity structure of the region at shallow depth. Our database includes seismograms generated by 35 seismic events that were recorded by 15 single-component short-period stations from 1990 to 1995. All these events have focal depths less than 10 km and body-wave magnitudes between 3.0 and 4.0, and they were all recorded at distances between 40 and 300 km from the epicentre. We analysed a total of 90 source-station Rayleigh-wave paths. The collected data were processed by standard digital filtering techniques to obtain Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion measurements. The path-averaged group velocities vary from 1.12 to 2.25 km/s within the 1.0-6.0 s period interval. Then, using a stochastic inversion approach we obtained 1-D shear-wave velocity–depth models across the study area, which were resolved to a depth of circa 5 km. The inverted shear-wave velocities range approximately between 1.0 and 3.8 km/s with a standard deviation range of 0.05–0.16 km/s, and show significant variations from region to region. These results were combined to produce 3-D images via volumetric modelling and data visualization. We present images that show different shear velocity patterns for the Betic Cordillera. Looking at the velocity distribution at various depths and at vertical sections, we discuss of the study area in terms of subsurface structure and S-wave velocity distribution (low velocity channels, basement depth, etc.) at very shallow depths (0–5 km). Our results characterize the region sufficiently and lead to a correlation of shear-wave velocity with the different geological units features.     

Path-specific Velocity Structure of Western China from Surface-wave Dispersion

We develop one-dimensional (1-D) path-specific velocity models in western China using new Rayleigh and Love wave group and phase velocity dispersion measurements for 20 events in the region. The earthquakes were grouped into three geographic clusters from which we compute the average phase and group velocity dispersion. We invert the average dispersion curves simultaneously for 1-D shear-velocity models appropriate for the three central Asian paths, using three previous shear-velocity models as initial models. The models are validated by forward modeling waveforms of recent events. The crustal thickness beneath western China in the vicinity of the Lop Nor test site is 50–60 km and our velocity models are consistent with major geologic features (e.g., basins and mountain ranges) and previous structural models for this region.     

有效应力变化对致密砂岩孔隙结构及弹性波响应的影响规律

致密砂岩气藏具有裂缝发育和有效应力高的特征,研究不同有效压力下孔、裂隙介质地震波传播特征,有利于地震解释与地下储层的识别.但是前人的研究较少考虑岩石内部微观孔隙结构特征与孔隙、裂隙间流体流动的关系.本文首先通过选取四川盆地典型致密砂岩岩样,在不同有效压力下对岩石样本进行超声波实验测量.然后基于实验测得的纵、横波速度进行裂隙参数反演,得到不同有效压力下致密砂岩样本的裂隙孔隙度.再将裂隙孔隙度和样本岩石物理参数代入双重孔隙介质模型,模拟得到不同有效压力下饱水致密砂岩样本纵横波速度频散和衰减的变化规律.结果表明模型预测的速度频散曲线与纵波速度实验测量结果能够较好的吻合.最后统计分析了致密砂岩裂隙参数,得到了致密砂岩储层裂隙参数随有效压力及孔隙度变化特征.依据实际岩石物理参数建立模型,其裂隙参数三维拟合结果能够较好描述致密砂岩裂隙结构与孔隙度、应力的关联,可为实际地震勘探中预测储层裂缝性质提供基础依据.     

South Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies and air-sea interactions: stochastic models

Data on the South Atlantic monthly sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) are analysed using the maximum-entropy method. It is shown that the Markov first-order process can describe, to a first approximation, SSTA series. The region of maximum SSTA values coincides with the zone of maximum residual white noise values (sub-Antarctic hydrological front). The theory of dynamic-stochastic climate models is applied to estimate the variability of South Atlantic SSTA and air-sea interactions. The Adem model is used as a deterministic block of the dynamic-stochastic model. Experiments show satisfactorily the SSTA intensification in the sub-Antarctic front zone, with appropriate standard deviations, and demonstrate the leading role of the abnormal drift currents in these processes.     

基于储层砂岩微观孔隙结构特征的弹性波频散响应分析

储层砂岩微观孔隙结构特征不仅影响干燥岩石的弹性波传播速度,也决定了岩石介质中与流体流动相关的速度频散与衰减作用.依据储层砂岩微观结构特征及速度随有效压力变化的非线性特征,将其孔隙体系理想化为不同形状的硬孔隙(纵横比α0.01)与软孔隙(纵横比α0.01)的组合(双孔隙结构).基于孔弹性理论,给出软孔隙最小初始纵横比值(一定压力下所有未闭合软孔隙在零压力时的纵横比最小值)的解析表达式,并在此基础上利用岩石速度-压力实验观测结果给出求取介质中两类孔隙纵横比及其含量分布特征的方法.通过逐步迭代加入软孔隙的方法对基于特征纵横比的"喷射流"(squirt fluid)模型进行了扩展,以考虑复杂孔隙分布特征对岩石喷射流作用的影响及其可能引起的速度频散特征.相较于典型的喷射流作用速度频散模式,对于岩石中软孔隙纵横比及其对应含量在较宽的范围呈谱分布的一般情况,其速度频散曲线不存在明显的低频段和中间频段,速度随频率的增大呈递增趋势直至高频极限.这说明即使在地震频段,微观尺度下的喷射流作用仍起一定作用,同样会造成流体饱和岩石介质的地震速度与Gassmann方程预测结果有不可忽略的差异.本文是对现有喷射流模型的重要补充,也为利用实验数据建立不同频段间岩石弹性波传播速度的可能联系提供了理论依据.     

Effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity and dispersion

We experimentally studied the effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity, amplitude, anisotropy and dispersion. Experimental models were constructed based on Hudson’s theory. Six crack models were embedded with equal-radius penny-shaped crack inclusions in each layer. The P-wave velocity and amplitude were measured parallel and perpendicular to the layers of cracks at frequencies of 0.1 MHz to 1 MHz. The experiments show that as the crack aperture increases from 0.1 mm to 0.34 mm, the amplitude of the P-waves parallel to the crack layers decreases linearly with increasing frequency and the P-wave velocity dispersion varies from 1.5% to 2.1%, whereas the amplitude of the P-wave perpendicular to the crack layers decreases quadratically with increasing frequency and the velocity dispersion varies from 1.9% to 4.7%. The variation in the velocity dispersion parallel and perpendicular to the cracks intensifies the anisotropy dispersion of the P-waves in the crack models (6.7% to 83%). The P-wave dispersion strongly depends on the scattering characteristics of the crack apertures.     

On the repeatability and consistency of three-component ambient vibration array measurements

Ambient vibration measurements with small, temporary arrays that produce estimates of surface wave dispersion have become increasingly popular as a low-cost, non-invasive tool for site characterisation. An important requirement for these measurements to be meaningful, however, is the temporal consistency and repeatability of the resulting dispersion and spatial autocorrelation curve estimates. Data acquired within several European research projects (NERIES task JRA4, SESAME, and other multinational experiments) offer the chance to investigate the variability of the derived data products. The dataset analysed here consists of repeated array measurements, with several years of time elapsed between them. The measurements were conducted by different groups in different seasons, using different instrumentations and array layouts, at six sites in Greece and Italy. Ambient vibration amplitude spectra and locations of dominant sources vary between the two measurements at each location. Still, analysis indicates that this does not influence the derived dispersion information, which is stable in time and neither influenced by the instrumentation nor the analyst. The frequency range over which the dispersion curves and spatial autocorrelation curves can be reliably estimated depends on the array dimensions (minimum and maximum aperture) used in the specific deployment, though, and may accordingly vary between the repeated experiments. The relative contribution of Rayleigh and Love waves to the wavefield can likewise change between repeated measurements. The observed relative contribution of Rayleigh waves is generally at or below 50%, with especially low values for the rural sites. Besides, the visibility of higher modes depends on the noise wavefield conditions. The similarity of the dispersion and autocorrelation curves measured at each site indicates that the curves are stable, mainly determined by the sub-surface structure, and can thus be used to derive velocity information with depth. Differences between velocity models for the same site derived from independently determined dispersion and autocorrelation curves—as observed in other studies—are consequently not adequately explained by uncertainties in the measurement part.