A data assimilation approach for groundwater parameter estimation under Bayesian maximum entropy framework

Spatial heterogeneity in groundwater system introduces significant challenges in groundwater modeling and parameter calibration. In order to mitigate the modeling uncertainty, data assiilation...     

信息熵在地下流体资料处理中的应用

简要介绍了信息熵的原理及其方法,并对八宝山断裂带逸出氡和昌黎台的水位资料进行处理,结果表明,用信息熵的原理和方法从前兆观测资料中提取地震前兆异常信息是可行的,八宝山断裂带逸出氡的信息熵减熵异常对应地震较好,分别从氡日均值和五日均值中提取的信息熵都是能得出一些很有意义的异常信息,但五日均值物熵值更明显,直观,昌黎水位处理结果也说明地震前后信息熵会出现较为明显的减熵异常,并且水位观测值势变化对信息熵影响不大。     

Bayesian data fusion in a spatial prediction context: a general formulation

In spite of the exponential growth in the amount of data that one may expect to provide greater modeling and predictions opportunities, the number and diversity of sources over which this information is fragmented is growing at an even faster rate. As a consequence, there is real need for methods that aim at reconciling them inside an epistemically sound theoretical framework. In a statistical spatial prediction framework, classical methods are based on a multivariate approach of the problem, at the price of strong modeling hypotheses. Though new avenues have been recently opened by focusing on the integration of uncertain data sources, to the best of our knowledges there have been no systematic attemps to explicitly account for information redundancy through a data fusion procedure. Starting from the simple concept of measurement errors, this paper proposes an approach for integrating multiple information processing as a part of the prediction process itself through a Bayesian approach. A general formulation is first proposed for deriving the prediction distribution of a continuous variable of interest at unsampled locations using on more or less uncertain (soft) information at neighboring locations. The case of multiple information is then considered, with a Bayesian solution to the problem of fusing multiple information that are provided as separate conditional probability distributions. Well-known methods and results are derived as limit cases. The convenient hypothesis of conditional independence is discussed by the light of information theory and maximum entropy principle, and a methodology is suggested for the optimal selection of the most informative subset of information, if needed. Based on a synthetic case study, an application of the methodology is presented and discussed.     

最大熵原理在地震时间间隔和震级分布中的应用

基于最大熵原理,得到地震时间间隔和地震震级的概率分布函数。根据时间间隔分布,得到地震发震概率,当概率上升达到警界值时,可对云南5级以上中强地震做出预测。6个月以内中短期预测对应率为91％;3个月以内,短临期预测对应率为73％。根据震级分布,得到用最大熵原理求出的地震理论发生次数,理论发震次数与实际较为接近。用最大熵原理求出了云南不同地区不同震级档次5级以上中强地震的复发周期。分析认为,云南7级以上大震危险性在逐步逼近,西部危险性高于东部。     

希尔伯特—黄变换在地电阻率数据处理中的应用

希尔伯特—黄变换用于处理非线性非平稳信号,由经验模态分解和希尔伯特谱分析2部分组成。本文采用希尔伯特—黄变换方法,相继对大同地震台地电阻率月值数据和宝昌地震台地电阻率月值、整点值数据进行处理。结果显示:(1)大同、宝昌地震台地电阻率月值数据对应的Hilbert谱具有较高分辨率,高幅值在归一化频率0.05—0.15区间内呈"余弦"变化形态;(2)希尔伯特—黄变换在提取地电阻率异常变化、高频信息及去除噪声等方面效果较好,在未来地电资料处理中具有广泛的应用前景。     

PRC_MTMV和EMTF在长周期大地电磁数据处理中的应用

长周期大地电磁信号强度弱,频带宽,容易受到多种噪声的干扰,观测数据不满足加性、平稳和最小相位特性.因而,其数据处理仍有较多难点.常规的大地电磁数据处理方法是相似的,其主要差别是在时域或频域压制噪声、提高信噪比的数学方程和算法不同.为了提高数据处理的可靠性,拓宽方法的选择范围,本文介绍了广泛使用的PRC_MTMV和较少使用的EMTF两套软件系统的处理原理、参数配置以及用于处理长周期大地电磁资料的基本流程.利用两套系统对实测数据进行处理,对比发现,PRC_MTMV处理得到的视电阻率和相位曲线总是比EMTF的曲线平滑;EMTF的远参考处理对视电阻率曲线高频部分有较大的改善,说明EMTF能够有效克服磁场干扰;将同一测点长周期和宽频测深曲线拼接,二者的效果是相当的,表明EMTF能够满足需要并用于处理长周期大地电磁数据.     

广义S变换及其在大地电磁测深数据处理中的应用

广义S变换是一种优于短时窗傅立叶变换和小波变换的时频分析方法,利用广义S变换能够准确定位大地电磁资料中存在的噪声,通过定义时频窗对噪声进行滤除,从而明显提高阻抗视电阻率与相位的估算质量.本文基于S变换和大地电磁测深资料处理的基本原理,研究了基于广义S变换的大地电磁测深资料的处理流程和方法.对理论模拟信号及实测大地电磁场时间序列数据的处理,证实了方法的有效性.     

经验模态分解法在地震资料处理中的应用试验

通过对多种连续小波基的平稳序列时频分析,提出经验模态的非平稳序列的时频分析方法,并在地震资料处理解释应用中作探索性试验.试验结果表明：对地震记录道长为5 s和2 ms采样资料,经验模态分解后可获得6-7个固有模态函数单分量,分解的第一个分量C1（t）具有较宽的频率成分,可作为地震属性的主分量.     

Technologies of preliminary data processing for multidisciplinary geophysical monitoring and a case study of their application in the Kamchatka geoacoustic observation system

The problems and procedures for obtaining high quality results of multidisciplinary geophysical monitoring at the stage of preliminary data processing are considered. The case study of solving different technical problems during the long-term multidisciplinary borehole geophysical observations at the Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky geodynamic research area is described. The algorithms for preliminary data processing and flawed data discard combining automated approaches and expert screening developed by the authors are presented. Suppression of quasi-regular disturbances is especially important in the studies of interrelations between geoacoustic, electromagnetic, and meteorological processes and seismicity because of the clear diurnal periodicity in all these processes that significantly complicates the signal extraction from the noise. The key technical, organizational, and methodical measures aimed at improving the data should be provided at the project planning stage of the measurement system. The optimal selection and reasoned application of special procedures for data preprocessing can crucially affect the research results.     

畸形参数附带卓越周期拟合法在泾阳短水准资料处理中的应用

应用畸形参数附带卓越周期拟合法 ,结合其他跨断层形变资料处理方法 ,处理了泾阳短水准资料 ,提取具有定量性质的形变异常特征 ,较好地反映了泾阳 ML 5.2地震前兆信息。且震前形变异常存在着以 3为倍数的韵律特征     

油气勘探地震资料处理GPU/CPU协同并行计算

随着图形处理器（Graphic Processing Unit: GPU）在通用计算领域的日趋成熟,使GPU/CPU协同并行计算应用到油气勘探地震资料处理中,对诸多大规模计算的关键性环节有重大提升.本文阐明协同并行计算机的思路、架构及编程环境, 着重分析其计算效率得以大幅度提升的关键所在.文中以地震资料处理中的叠前时间偏移和Gazdag深度偏移为切入点,展示样机测试结果的图像显示.显而易见,生产实践中,时常面临对诸多算法进行算法精度和计算速度之间的折中选择.本文阐明GPU/CPU样机协同计算具有高并行度,进而可在算法精度与计算速度的优化配置协调上获得广阔空间.笔者认为,本文的台式协同并行机研制思路及架构,或可作为地球物理配置高性能计算机全新选择的一项依据.     

A unified formulation for the three-dimensional shallow water equations using orthogonal co-ordinates: theory and application

In this paper, the formulations of the primitive equations for shallow water flow in various horizontal co-ordinate systems and the associated finite difference grid options used in shallow water flow modelling are reviewed. It is observed that horizontal co-ordinate transformations do not affect the chosen co-ordinate system and representation in the vertical, and are the same for the three- and two-dimensional cases. A systematic derivation of the equations in tensor notation is presented, resulting in a unified formulation for the shallow water equations that covers all orthogonal horizontal grid types of practical interest. This includes spherical curvilinear orthogonal co-ordinate systems on the globe. Computational efficiency can be achieved in a single computer code. Furthermore, a single numerical algorithmic code implementation satisfies. All co-ordinate system specific metrics are determined as part of a computer-aided model grid design, which supports all four orthogonal grid types. Existing intuitive grid design and visual interpretation is conserved by appropriate conformal mappings, which conserve spherical orthogonality in planar representation. A spherical curvilinear co-ordinate solution of wind driven steady channel flow applying a strongly distorted grid is shown to give good agreement with a regular spherical co-ordinate model approach and the solution based on a β-plane approximation. Especially designed spherical curvilinear boundary fitted model grids are shown for typhoon surge propagation in the South China Sea and for ocean-driven flows through Malacca Straits. By using spherical curvilinear grids the number of grid points in these single model grid applications is reduced by a factor of 50–100 in comparison with regular spherical grids that have the same horizontal resolution in the area of interest. The spherical curvilinear approach combines the advantages of the various grid approaches, while the overall computational effort remains acceptable for very large model domains.     

Structure-configurational entropy and its effect on the thermodynamic stability of uranyl phases: With special application for geological disposal of nuclear waste

Uranyl phases are found as the alteration products of uraninite under oxidizing condi- tions[1—3]. They are also expected to be the dominant alteration products of spent UO2 fuel in an oxidizing environment, such as at nuclear waste repositories[4—8]. …     

中国市县防震减灾数据采集与处理平台研发

通过建立C/S系统,将地震宏观异常信息和灾损信息(宏观异常/灾损等级、地点、图片、视频、语音等)以移动互联网方式快速采集、报送至信息平台,并通过相应平台,对报送数据进行汇总、分析、判定、导出。     

Mercury concentrations and omega-3 fatty acids in fish and shrimp: Preferential consumption for maximum health benefits

The consumption of fish and shrimp containing omega-3 fatty acids can result in protective health effects including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. These protective effects may be decreased by the presence of mercury in the muscle tissue of fish and shellfish. Mercury can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems and impede neurological development. The objective of this project was to determine appropriate consumption amounts of selected fish species and shrimp based on mercury levels and recommended intake levels of omega-3 fatty acids. Species that are high in omega-3s and low in mercury include salmon, trout, and shrimp. Species with both high levels of mercury and omega-3 fatty acids include tuna, shark, and halibut, swordfish, and sea bass.     

Information theory in nonlinear error growth dynamics and its application to predictability:Taking the Lorenz system as an example

In nonlinear error growth dynamics,the initial error cannot be accurately determined,and the forecast error,which is also uncertain,can be considered to be a random variable.Entropy in information theory is a natural measure of the uncertainty of a random variable associated with a probability distribution.This paper effectively combines statistical information theory and nonlinear error growth dynamics,and introduces some fundamental concepts of entropy in information theory for nonlinear error growth dynamics.Entropy based on nonlinear error can be divided into time entropy and space entropy,which are used to estimate the predictabilities of the whole dynamical system and each of its variables.This is not only applicable for investigating the dependence between any two variables of a multivariable system,but also for measuring the influence of each variable on the predictability of the whole system.Taking the Lorenz system as an example,the entropy of nonlinear error is applied to estimate predictability.The time and space entropies are used to investigate the spatial distribution of predictability of the whole Lorenz system.The results show that when moving around two chaotic attractors or near the edge of system space,a Lorenz system with lower sensitivity to the initial field behaves with higher predictability and a longer predictability limit.The example analysis of predictability of the Lorenz system demonstrates that the predictability estimated by the entropy of nonlinear error is feasible and effective,especially for estimation of predictability of the whole system.This provides a theoretical foundation for further work in estimating real atmospheric multivariable joint predictability.     

A desktop image processing and photogrammetric method for rapid volcanic hazard mapping: application to air-photo interpretation of Mount Pelée,Martinique

 A desktop image processing and photogrammetric method was developed for digitizing black-and-white aerial photographs. The technique was applied to airborne optical images of Mt. Pelée, Martinique, a historically active volcano in the tropical Lesser Antilles island arc, to evaluate its utility for rapid geologic mapping and hazard assessment in vegetated areas. The digital approach provides several advantages over traditional air-photo interpretation by allowing for change detection in time-series images, morphologic characterization, development of digital elevation models from stereopairs, and geo-referencing with other digital data sets. A digital mosaic of Mt. Pelée was created from air photos acquired in 1951, which covered the region affected by the 1902 eruption. Severe mismatches occurred along edges of adjacent photographs prior to correction, which precluded quantitative morphologic analysis of the volcanic edifice. Geometric corrections and histogram equalization of digitized air photos allowed creation of a continuous mosaic. Comparison of the mosaic and a map based on differences in gray scale and texture to a volcanostratigraphic map revealed that not only the various deposits produced during the 1902 event were easily differentiated, but that older eruptive products were identified, suggesting that this approach may be used for rapid hazard evaluation of historically active tropical volcanoes. Received: 22 January 1996 / Accepted: 26 July 1996     

A multifractal formalism for vector-valued random fields based on wavelet analysis: application to turbulent velocity and vorticity 3D numerical data

Extreme atmospheric events are intimately related to the statistics of atmospheric turbulent velocities. These, in turn, exhibit multifractal scaling, which is determining the nature of the asymptotic behavior of velocities, and whose parameter evaluation is therefore of great interest currently. We combine singular value decomposition techniques and wavelet transform analysis to generalize the multifractal formalism to vector-valued random fields. The so-called Tensorial Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima (TWTMM) method is calibrated on synthetic self-similar 2D vector-valued multifractal measures and monofractal 3D vector-valued fractional Brownian fields. We report the results of some application of the TWTMM method to turbulent velocity and vorticity fields generated by direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. This study reveals the existence of an intimate relationship between the singularity spectra of these two vector fields which are found significantly more intermittent than previously estimated from longitudinal and transverse velocity increment statistics.

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