关于世界城市研究的两场争论及其对相关研究的影响

20世纪80年代以来",世界城市"成为城市研究领域的热点话题。在迄今30年的研究过程中,2000年前后发生的针对世界城市经典理论的两场学术争论具有里程碑意义:①关于世界城市发展动力和类型的争论;②关于世界城市发展历史的争论。通过争论,凝聚了学界共识,引发了本研究领域逐步从论证经济全球化对城市重构的作用转向讨论城市全球化的多样路径。两场争论之后,"世界城市政治"和"世界城市历史"的讨论成为新世纪两个重要的研究方向。本文回顾了经典世界城市理论以及对其的早期批评,详细介绍了两场争论及其引发的两种研究方向,并在此基础上提出了对中国世界城市研究的启示。     

世界城市体系的形成与中国国际城市化

近１０年来,伴随“全球化”的发展,世界城市体系正在形成。本文从全球发展、空间经济组织、全球文化与民族文化、信息传输多个角度阐述了世界城市体系的形成;指出我国面临着如何实现城镇体系顺利接轨的重要抉择;加速中国的国际城市化发展,是实现接轨的重要途径;并提出了中国国际城市化的概念以及加速中国国际城市化的主要途径。     

世界城市网络研究理论与方法及其对城市体系研究的启示

世界城市研究是城市研究领域的重点领域之一,主流学者们的研究方法与思路在不同时期发生了一系列变化,研究的主要视角可划分为"有属性无关系"的世界城市研究、网络社会视角的世界城市研究、全球背景下的世界城市网络理论与方法研究三个阶段.随着信息通讯技术的发展、全球一体化进程的加速推进,生产性服务业已成为世界级城市发展高端化的重要...     

Searching for the Mecca of finance: Islamic financial services and the world city network

This paper presents an analysis of the geography of the booming 'Islamic financial services' (IFS) sector, which provides a host of financial services based on Islamic religious grounds. The relevance of such an analysis is discussed against the conceptual backdrop of the world city network literature. It is argued that a focus on the globalisation of the IFS sector may provide an alternative to hegemonic geographical imaginations of world city-formation through its focus on other forms of globalising economic processes and regions that do not commonly feature in this literature. Based on information on the location strategies of 28 leading IFS firms in 64 cities across the world, we analyse different features of this decentred global urban geography. Manama is hereby identified as the Mecca of the IFS sector, while other major Gulf cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi are also primary nodes in this urban network. Other major Middle East North Africa (MENA) cities such as Tehran follow suit, but also more traditional financial centres such as London are well connected.     

基于中资商业银行全球空间扩展的世界城市网络及其影响因素

世界城市及其网络是近20多年来国际上城市研究的重要方向。现有研究主要反映了发达国家高级生产者服务业企业主导下的世界城市网络,针对中国等新兴经济体经济动力影响下的世界城市网络的研究明显不足。以在全球快速扩展中的中资商业银行为对象,利用改进的链锁网络模型,分析了1978年以来中资商业银行境外扩展的时空变化,及其连接下的世界城市网络的空间结构变迁。结果显示：中资商业银行的全球扩展,强化了中国主要城市与西欧和北美核心金融中心城市、全球的区域性门户城市、以及亚太地区的世界城市之间的联系,对不同阶段全球的世界城市网络的发展产生了日益重要的影响。中国的对外经济、人员以及政府间的联系,是影响中资商业银行全球扩展与世界城市网络格局的主要原因。     

Study of living fossil of historic cities--taking historic city Ping Yao in world heritage list as an example

1 About "Living Fossil"Some things like stones turned from the bodies of ancient living beings underground are called "fossils" in archaeology. We can know the evolvement of living beings and make sure the age of the stratum by studying fossils[1].The city is one of the most important geographic phenomena engendered because of human activities. First of all, it is because of rarity that the historic cities in world heritage list are assimilated to "living fossils". They normally exerted grea…     

Planning Beijing: socialist city,transitional city,and global city

Cities are centers of economic, social, and political change, and urban planning is a process responding to and guiding urban change and development. In the Maoist era and under the influence of socialist ideology, China limited urbanization while promoting industrialization, and urban planning served as an instrument for socialist construction. Since the reform of the late 1970s, Chinese cities have experienced unprecedented growth and restructuring. However, the gradualist, exploratory reform—exemplified by Deng Xiaoping’s slogan “crossing the river by feeling the stones”—makes Chinese cities constantly change without clear directions for future development. This paper uses Beijing as a case study to analyze changing institutional and global contexts underlying the transformation of Chinese cities, and planners’ responses and dilemmas in making plans and implementing them. We found that market reforms, rapid growth, and dramatic change make urban master plans quickly out of date, forcing Chinese planners to frequently revise these master plans. We also found that the content of urban master planning in China has broadened from physical planning, and Chinese planning has adapted to market reform through utilizing concepts of visioning, flexibility, and governance. Increasingly what we call a “hybrid” form of planning is arising in which global concepts and Chinese ideas interweave in order to direct the shape and form of the Chinese metropolis.     

基于逆序的城市数目与累积规模关系探讨

在解读区域城市体系规模结构特征的基础上,建立了用于分析逆向排序的城市累积规模与城市数目之间关系的模型。采用全国第六次人口普查数据,利用位序—规模法则与提出的逆序累积规模模型测度了2010年中国城市体系规模结构的省际差异及其空间分布特征,并对影响区域城市体系的地理因素进行了分析。研究发现：位序—规模法则在刻画区域城市体系规模特征方面存在一定的缺陷。对于明显存在首位分布、双中心城市、或者城市数量较少的城市体系描述不够准确,导致使用位序—规模法则得到的Q值和选取的地理变量之间没有必然的联系,在进行不同区域间城市体系结构比较研究中存在一定的局限性。整体来看,逆序累积规模模型的拟合效果要优于位序—规模法则。在使用位序—规模法则拟合效果不理想的情况下,逆序累积规模模型的普适性更强。β值与区域的经济总量、城市化率、人口密度以及复种指数存在较高的统计关系,在城市化进程中,应该根据各个区域的特征及其发展态势,探索与区域发展相适应的城市体系化道路。空间自回归模型与一般回归模型的统计结果表明：中国各省区城市体系的形成与演化在空间上联系很弱,基本上处于孤立发展的封闭状态,其原因可能与中国严格的户籍管理政策及地方保护主义有关。     

Intercity connections and a world city network based on international sport events: Empirical studies on the Beijing,London, and Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games

With so many sports becoming increasingly popular,sports have come to play an important role in promoting the process of globalization and formatting the world city network(WCN).Previous studies have constructed the WCN based on the distribution of international sport federations (ISFs) and the sites of international sport events (ISEs),but there is still a lack of systematic research on the intercity connections caused by ISEs.Taking three most recent Olympic Games as cases,this paper explores intercity connections and WCN based on ISEs.The results show that (1) the Olympic WCN has city nodes around the world except in Antarctica,and the number and activity values of the cities in host countries may increase intensively during the Olympic Games.(2) A hierarchical city system with four tiers (global central cities,specialized central cities,national central cities and specialized cities) is formed by the intercity connections caused by the Olympic Games.(3) The WCN based on the Olympic Games,is made up of many subnetworks,while many differences occur due to the diverse decisions made by the Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG),host cities or even host countries in the events associated with sponsorship activity and publicity activity.This study not only broadens the relevant fields of sports culture-oriented WCN re-search but also explores the instability of the WCN,which makes it an effective reference for WCN research based on ISEs.     

Sustainability in a materials world

Many adverse impacts on the environment can be directly related to the materials dispersed to the environment during processing or use, or after use as refuse and waste. Some materials, such as toxic wastes, are a major concern because they create immediate problems with longerterm effects. Gases released by major manufacturing industries can contribute to long-term regional and global problems such as acid rain or increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The use of other materials, however, appears to be more benign or strictly localized in their impacts. If the current per capita level of material consumption in the United States was achieved worldwide, it would create major stresses on both resource adequacy and the environment. In fact, stresses have been created and will continue from this consumption style (developed countries) even if others don't achieve them.Correspondence should be directed to Earle B. Amey, U.S. Geological Survey, National Center 983, Reston, Virginia 20192.     

The informal Australian city

In recent years, a vibrant literature on urban informality has emerged in urban geography. A key claim of this literature is that informality is not only present in cities in the Global South, and that the concept can be usefully applied to understand important dimensions of urbanisation in cities in the Global North. In this paper, we apply insights from that literature to an examination of informality in Australian cities, as a means of deepening our understanding of changes currently underway in urban governance and politics. Drawing on that literature and our own research into informal practices in Australian cities, we examine the forces that help to produce informality, the diverse forms and agents of informality, the forms of authority that they enact, and their relationship to formal economies, regulations and politics. We use examples of informal housing, informal labour, do-it-yourself music venues, graffiti and its regulation, food foraging, and queer community building in Sydney to illustrate our arguments. We conclude by reflecting on the lessons learnt across these diverse cases for our understanding of urban governance and politics in Australia, and offer an agenda for further research on this issue.     

转型期煤炭资源型城市空间重构——以淮南市、淮北市为例

以淮南市、淮北市4次城市规划中土地利用现状图为基础,运用ArcGIS软件对案例城市空间结构演化进程进行可视化表达和计量分析,揭示了煤炭资源型城市空间结构演化的过程、特征。通过对不同时点、不同用地类型的叠置分析,基于城市主要用地类型间的置换规模、频度、广度、强度及空间邻近关系,总结出商—居置换重构、商—工置换重构、居—工置换重构、工—居置换重构4种空间重构模式。当前,煤炭资源型城市以商—居置换重构和居—工置换重构为主,其空间置换面积大、频率高。最后,分析了经济发展、产业演替、体制改革、城市化、环境保护以及城市规划6个因素对煤炭资源型城市空间重构的影响,认为煤炭资源型城市内部空间重构是一种自我修复过程。     

Graphical design of world map projections

The design of new map projections has up until now required mathematical and cartographic expertise that has limited this activity to a small group of specialists. This article introduces the background mathematics for a software-based method that enables cartographers to easily design new small-scale world map projections. The software is usable even by those without mathematical expertise. A new projection is designed interactively in an iterative process that allows the designer to graphically and numerically assess the graticule, the representation of the continents, and the distortion properties of the new projection. The method has been implemented in Flex Projector, a free and open-source application enabling users to quickly create new map projections and modify existing projections. We also introduce new tools that help evaluate the distortion properties of projections, namely a configurable acceptance index to assess areal and angular distortion, a derived acceptance visualization, and interactive profiles through the distortion space of a projection. To illustrate the proposed method, a new projection, the Cropped Ginzburg VIII projection, is presented.     

名士之城为什么是辽阳

在二十四个世纪之前的某个日落之时,当黄昏的颜色从大洋渗进大陆,渗进东北这片幽深的林莽时,猎人、渔夫们带着收获,慢慢地回家。