行动者网络视角下批发市场新电商模式

在电商兴起和旧城更新的背景下,传统批发市场出现衰退趋势,亟需转型升级。本文在梳理广州市一德路海味干货市场转型历史的基础上,得出市场近年经历了由衰退到出现电商再到综合升级的初步判断,并构建了一德市场电商化的行动者网络模型探讨转型机制和效应。通过深入的现场调查,详尽分析人类行动者如商、客、政府和非人类行动者如海味干货商品、网络在电商化过程中的作用,得出具体的转型新模式。研究表明：①传统批发市场经过电商化转型,不会走向单一电商化或地理空间无用化的极端,而是出现综合多样的业态形式,如电商和实体、批发和零售4种类型的交叉组合;②在引发传统批发市场转型的多元行动者力量中,非人类主体如商品和网络发挥着巨大的作用,如商品的客观特性阻碍着地理空间的消除,而网络引发人们对空间重要性的重新权衡和促进对实物商品的升级改造。     

尺度政治理论框架

目前国内外对尺度及尺度政治的讨论十分热烈。本文在整合已有研究的基础上,基于主体与结构视角提出了一个三阶段的尺度政治理论框架,指出政治过程和权力结构的尺度化是尺度政治的前提,尺度重构是尺度政治的核心机制,权力关系重构是尺度政治的目的和结果。具体而言,尺度化涉及物质空间、组织空间和表达空间的大小、层级、范围等结构关系;尺度重构包含由尺度上推、下推、重组,以及上述不同尺度形式构成的3×3矩阵;不同政治主体会采用特定尺度重构策略改变权力关系,并造成一系列尺度关系和合法性的悖论。基于以上认识,本文进一步讨论了中西方关于尺度和尺度政治的认知差异和未来值得深入研究的课题。     

Think regionally,act locally?: gardening,cycling, and the horizon of urban spatial politics

In the contemporary American urban renaissance, formerly fringe efforts to produce place, conducted by longtime residents and “urban pioneers” alike, now shape mainstream urbanism. Gardening and bicycling are constitutive of contemporary excitement about the city, representing the reinvigoration of the urban neighborhood following the depredations of suburbanization. This paper draws on research in California cities to offer a sympathetic critique of these leading edges of progressive urbanism, arguing that advocates’ overwhelming focus on the local creates a scalar mismatch between the horizon of political action and the problems they hope to address. Even as supporters of gardening and cycling understand themselves as implicitly allied with struggles for the right to the city, their work to produce local space is often blind to, and even complicit in, racialized dynamics of accumulation and exclusion that organize metropolises. The result is a progressive urbanism largely disconnected from broader left struggles for spatial justice.     

Data-driven estimation of building interior plans

This work investigates constructing plans of building interiors using learned building measurements. In particular, we address the problem of accurately estimating dimensions of rooms when measurements of the interior space have not been captured. Our approach focuses on learning the geometry, orientation and occurrence of rooms from a corpus of real-world building plan data to form a predictive model. The trained predictive model may then be queried to generate estimates of room dimensions and orientations. These estimates are then integrated with the overall building footprint and iteratively improved using a two-stage optimisation process to form complete interior plans.

The approach is presented as a semi-automatic method for constructing plans which can cope with a limited set of known information and constructs likely representations of building plans through modelling of soft and hard constraints. We evaluate the method in the context of estimating residential house plans and demonstrate that predictions can effectively be used for constructing plans given limited prior knowledge about the types of rooms and their topology.     

The Nearshore as Public Space: Controlling Access to the Coastal Ocean

In this paper I examine how the politics of mobility is an important factor when considering the contentious nature of urban growth debates. By a politics of mobility I mean the political struggle over what type of transportation mode—be it automobile, transit, or walking—is developed in a city, and how urban space is configured to make various modes functional. More importantly, the politics of mobility is an extension of competing and contested ideologies and normative values about how the city should be configured and for whom. I provide a case study of Atlanta, Georgia's business elites and their negotiation of the politics of mobility as they confronted a mobility crisis of congestion and air pollution. This paper provides a platform for further comparative research on urban growth debates in an era of increasing environmental and social problems stemming from transportation policy.     

空间规划政策在中国五年计划/规划体系中的演变

作为社会主义国家,国民经济和社会发展五年计划/规划对调节中国区域发展具有重要的作用。自1953年第一个五年计划以来,尤其是随着市场化改革和权力下放,中国政治经济背景发生了重要变化,客观需要五年计划/规划体系中的规划内容做出相应调整。本文分析了空间规划元素在中国五年规划体系中从无到有、不断丰富完善的演变特点及其机制,同时指出了五年规划对空间发展作用的变迁:① 初期,并无空间规划,空间发展只是部门工业项目布局的结果;② 改革开放之后一段时期,空间规划的形式主要体现在划定特殊的政策区域和空间分类引导;③“十一五”规划以来,空间规划则以空间分类引导与约束并举的形式出现。通过构建政府与市场主体的关系、中央和地方的关系,以及空间发展状态所引起的规划反馈3 个维度的分析框架,着重探讨了五年规划体系中空间规划元素的变迁机制。“十一五”以来重点加强和改善了空间规划内容,其目的是使经济规划与空间规划的结合更加紧密,以克服中国当前空间管治的各种困境。     

Rationalizing tax increment financing in Chicago

A central problem in planning is how planners can be both technical experts and political actors sensitive to the moral consequences of planning. Rationality refers to the reasons for choosing a means to achieve an end; a rationality that considers the morality of means and ends is value rationality, and one that does not is instrumental rationality. Through the case of using Tax Increment Financing (TIF) to subsidize corporate headquarters relocation in Chicago, I follow City follows planners’ struggle with TIF policy and their engagement with instrumental and value rationality within a state that exercised an entrepreneurial planning strategy. This position meant that planners were constrained from acting value-rationally to consider and then take action on questions about the moral content of TIF projects. Nonetheless, planning staff developed an instrumentally-rational planning and policy exercise, which they performed as a way to channel their value-rational concerns about the assumption that every economic development project is an unambiguously valuable goal.     

Jobs-housing balance and development zones in China: a case study of Suzhou Industry Park

Development zones in China are planned as self-contained communities in order to achieve a locally balanced distribution of jobs and homes. Yet the plans are often defied by the market, leading to jobs-housing imbalance as an undesired consequence. In this paper, we examine the case of Suzhou Industry Park (SIP) to explore what has actually happened within a Chinese development zone. Our study reveals the de facto qualitative jobs-housing imbalance within SIP notwithstanding the de jure quantitative balance as envisaged in the local land-use plan. This finding explains why most workers within SIP have to search for homes far away from their workplaces. The qualitative imbalance is attributable to a series of interrelated factors, including (a) the oversupply of industrial land vis-à-vis the undersupply of land for public facilities and residential amenities, (b) the unaffordable house price for local workers, and (c) the increased use of automobiles by commuters. On top of its policy implications, this paper also reflects on the fundamental relationship between planning and market as a broader intellectual perspective to study urban China’s mobility, housing and social issues.     

Black gold to green gold: regional energy policy and the rehabilitation of coal in response to climate change

Energy production has come under increasing scrutiny as concerns about energy security and climate change have risen. In the UK changes in government structure and privatisation of the electricity industry have led to the emergence of multi-level governance. This means that decisions on how to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity-generating sector should no longer be solely a national policy decision. Previous studies have sought to explore how renewable energy may develop under multi-level governance, but this paper pays attention to a traditional fossil fuel source, coal, which is still an important means of electricity generation. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and advocates argue that carbon capture and storage techniques could make coal 'clean', paving the way for a long-term, secure and low emission way to produce energy. This study focuses on the Yorkshire and Humber Region, which has had a long association with coal mining and looks at the implications of this as the region seeks to develop a climate change action plan and an energy strategy within the new regional governance structures. The paper argues that the regional networks developed to address climate change are influenced by existing social power structures and alliances. The region as a territorial structure becomes a useful device in promoting national priorities.     

城际合作空间的生产与重构——基于领域、网络与尺度的视角

空间合作是城市合作的重要形式,同时又是一个涉及领域、网络和尺度等多维度的社会空间过程。本文以深汕特别合作区为例,从领域、网络和尺度3个社会空间维度分析城市间合作空间的生产与重构。研究表明,在这种合作形式中,再领域化涉及资本和管制权力2个方面,联系网络具有政治动员、信息共享等功能,而尺度重组的关键则是对高尺度行动者的动员。此外,共同利益是城市空间合作中最核心的要素,高尺度行动者在合作过程中也可能将自身利益嵌入合作空间。最后,这些维度之间存在复杂的相互作用,并具体表现为同一、并行、替代和实现4种组合关系。这4种组合关系对更细致地分析多维度的空间生产具有一定借鉴意义。     

Postscript: planning urban geographies and the contested rationalities of city-making

Urban space is produced through material enactments performed by situated actors whose practices follow a determinative logic – a rationality – that links specific means to specific ends. The three papers in this special issue explore the divergent, contested, contingent, and relational character of rationalities through which urban geographies are produced on the ground.     

制度转型背景下的成都市博物馆空间生产过程与机制

博物馆空间生产是文化空间生产的重要构成,现已成为城市发展的重要实践。在制度转型的背景下,国内学者对此研究尚少。以成都市为案例地,采用深度访谈、参与式观察、文本梳理等质性研究方法,深入分析制度转型背景下博物馆空间生产过程与机制,揭示博物馆空间生产的总体状况以及博物馆空间生产所经历的探索、规范和集约3个阶段。从空间属性(根本动力)、主体结构改变(主体动力)、城乡统筹与旧城改造(基础动力)3个方面归纳了博物馆空间生产机制。讨论了制度转型期我国博物馆空间生产独特性的原因及存在的问题。     

中国城市资本密度空间变化与机制——以兰州市为例

构建了计划经济时期和转轨期中国城市资本密度空间分布的理论模型,并与市场经济体制的同类模型了对比研究,以兰州市为例,利用高精度卫星影像和大规模实地调查方法获取数据,采用GIS和数理统计方法,利用容积率指标,分区、分行业进行了实证研究。结果表明:市场经济体制、计划经济体制和转轨期中国城市资本密度由中心到外围的空间变化规律并不相同,而后者居于前两者之间,存在向市场经济空间模型靠近的趋势;计划经济体制、转轨期的中国城市土地利用由中心到外围为商务→住宅→工业→农业模式;转轨期容积率比计划经济时期均有不同程度提高,住宅、商务等建筑容积率的空间分布模型更接近市场经济体制下的模型;住宅、商务、工业等建筑容积率依次递减在一定程度上解释了住宅、商务用地的向心分布和工业用地外迁的现象。     

城市物质空间更新研究进展与展望

城市物质空间更新是城市发展的自然历史过程。转型期的中国城市,物质空间更新的速度与范围正在逐渐加大,且深度作用于社会经济空间重构过程。本文首先全面总结了国内外城市物质空间更新的相关理论与研究成果,凝练了在城市物质空间更新背景、演替脉络、更新模式及策略方面的核心思想与评判方法,总结了城市物质空间更新的成功做法和经验。其次,从城市物质空间更新的空间判定与时空组织模式、建筑资产拆损、更新模式与综合评估、影响因素与机制定量研究方面对中国未来的城市物质空间更新研究进行了展望。最后,本文认为在新型城镇化和资源节约型社会建设大背景下,有必要加强中国城市物质空间更新的系统研究、综合研究、动态研究和定量研究,进而为制定因地制宜的物质空间更新优化调控政策和方案提供依据。     

Local Bordering Practices,Refugees, and Civil Society: The Case of Berlin

Using the case of Berlin, this article examines civil society actors in relation to local bordering practices following the large number of refugee arrivals in 2015. Combining critical border, migration, and urban studies and adopting a Foucauldian lens, the article aims to illustrate to what extent civil society actors have challenged and transformed local bordering practices vis‐à‐vis refugees within a specific urban space. The analysis illustrates that civil society actors have created new spaces of inclusion for refugees and brought new political and normative challenges to the established notions of belonging. On the other hand, they have also reproduced bordering practices either by their integration into formal state structures or by reinforcing hierarchical categorizations and unequal power relations embedded in the notion of humanitarianism. Finally, the article argues that these de/re‐bordering practices of civil society actors should be understood in line with the constraints that established bordering processes and the existing political and structural dynamics placed on them.     

珠三角地区典型淘宝村重构过程及其内在逻辑机制

在全球化、城市化、工业化和信息化的多重影响下,乡村地域空间普遍经历空间重构过程。着眼于互联网经济驱动下的乡村重构内在机制剖析,本文选择珠三角地区淘宝交易活跃度居全国之首的淘宝村——广州市番禺区里仁洞村为典型案例,通过半结构式访谈,以行动者网络理论为分析框架,剖析珠三角大都市地区典型淘宝村重构过程及其内在逻辑机制。研究表明：地方政府、制衣作坊、村委会、电商创业能人、同乡社会网络等关键行动者依其目标愿景和行动逻辑参与村里土地价值的追逐和获取实现,共同演进和建构起淘宝村产业阶段性演替和空间价值积累的行动者网络过程,其历经政府主导的农业去中心化阶段、市场主导的工业化阶段,以及同乡社会网络主导的电子商务化阶段。政府主体、市场主体和社会主体构成核心驱动力,通过利益赋予联结到一起,依据政治逻辑、市场逻辑和精英逻辑推动乡村空间重构实践,重构结果引发空间社会关系的变化,触动动力机制的转变,并通过空间的重新塑造和价值改变来实现,从外源动力主导向内生发展动力转变,带来新一轮空间重构过程。     

南海市旅游市场定位

从市场功能、市场类型、市场空间三个方面对南海市旅游市场定位作了探讨。其市场功能守位为：全国商品交易中心、岭南旅游度假胜地、古郡新都岭南文化博览地;市场类型定位为：以吸引中青年旅客为主,以吸引观光、休闲度假、商务、会议旅游为主;市场空间定位为：以珠江三角洲城市和港澳为第一客源市场,即门槛范围,以广东省其它城市和相邻省区为第二客源市场,以其它各省和国外为第三客源市场。     

"十一五"期间我国区域规划有关问题的思考和建议

"十一五"规划期间,国家将把区域规划工作放在突出重要的位置。区域规划既不是国民经济和社会发展规划在区域上的细化,也不是行业规划在区域上的汇总,而是为解决特定区域的特定问题或达到区域内特定目标而采取或实施的战略、发展思路、政策等。区域规划的内涵决定了区域规划的特点和性质,"十一五"期间加强和重视区域规划工作具有重大意义,是促进我国区域协调发展、落实科学发展观、解决区域重大问题、加速与国际现代管理体制接轨、完善我国规划体系以及促进社会主义市场经济秩序建立的迫切需要。文章提出在"十一五"期间,要研究确定区域规划编制主体、编制程序及审批主体等问题,加强我国重点区域规划范围的研究,开展新的地区经济发展类型划分,统筹区域发展,完善区域发展政策,制定相应的法律法规。     

Defending national linguistic territories in the European Single Market: towards more transnational geolinguistic analysis

This paper calls for more analysis of contemporary transnational linguistic movements. Geographers have hitherto focused on linguistic problems within states and paid less attention to issues that arise as languages, notably English, are used internationally across state boundaries. It does this by examining a conflict that arose when forces integrating the supranational European Single Market space came into conflict with a Member State's determination to protect the linguistic 'integrity' of its national territory. This conflict would appear to be a precursor of similar ones to come as languages increasingly compete in a linguistic market within an integrating Europe and a globalizing world.     

Strengthening the core,improving access: Bringing healthy food downtown via a farmers' market move

Diet-related diseases are a major public health concern, and food environment research explores how built environmental interventions can address nutritional inequalities. Yet other, more direct intervention approaches may also yield positive benefits for residents living in food deserts. This paper presents a case study of a farmers' market move and its effects on healthy food accessibility and customer characteristics in a community with many food deserts. 844 surveys collected in 2011 and 2015 determine customer purchasing patterns and demographics at the Flint (Michigan) Farmers' Market. The market move has meant improved healthy food accessibility for mobility-constrained and low-income residents throughout the region. Counter to past research suggesting that farmers' markets tend to serve higher income groups, socioeconomically disadvantaged people constitute a major consumer demographic at Flint's market. The results of this research have broad utility for communities seeking to ameliorate the challenges of bringing healthy food to isolated food deserts by demonstrating that positioning healthy food in a prominent, central location will attract residents from such neighborhoods while engaging a broad clientele.