城市舒适物、经济机会、城市规模对中国高学历劳动力空间分布的影响

基于中国2010年人口普查资料和社会经济统计等数据,采用空间分析方法探讨中国300个城市高学历劳动力的空间分布特征,并基于负二项回归模型识别其影响因素。研究表明：1）中国城市高学历劳动力规模呈现级差化分异特征,其位序-规模分布符合幂函数特征,在空间上呈现集聚分布和东中西地带性分异的格局;东部沿海地区、辽中南半岛、哈长城市群及内陆省会城市是主要分布地。2）从高学历劳动力占总就业的比例看,北方资源型城市及东部沿海城市群高学历劳动力优势突出,中部和西南地区存在明显“凹陷”;从高学历劳动力和总就业劳动力耦合的结果看,相对占优型和绝对占优型两类城市主要分布在内蒙古和东北的工业城市、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、珠三角城市群及内地省会城市。3）实证结果表明,高学历劳动力的空间格局受城市舒适物、经济机会及城市规模带来的集聚效应共同影响。从全国层面看,经济机会、城市规模、房价主导高学历劳动力的空间格局,凉爽的夏季气候、优质中学教育资源、游憩及交通资源对其也有重要影响作用。4）在不同规模等级的城市中,高学历劳动力的空间分布均受到经济机会和舒适物的影响,但舒适物因子在各类型城市中发挥的作用差异较大。     

Comparing health status and access to health care in Canada’s largest metropolitan areas

Research has shown persistent inequalities in access to health care between and within sociodemographic groups and geographic areas. Yet much of what we know about geographical disparities in access comes from studies of regional and urban/rural contrasts, or from studies of intra-urban, neighborhood-level variations. We know relatively little about variations in access to primary health care across different urban areas, and whether such variations translate into differences among residents’ health. This study examines how health status and access to primary care vary across five of Canada’s largest cities, paying particular attention to populations that may be particularly vulnerable based on age and income. Across all outcomes, there was a consistently strong relationship with individual socioeconomic status. We show that city of residence is important for access to health care but not for health status. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for urban health-care policy and delivery, and impacts on health and access to care.     

深圳市轨道交通与休闲设施布局的空间协同评估

轨道交通已经成为塑造城市空间结构、组织公共生活的重要手段。在追求线网效率与形态等技术目标的基础上,轨道交通线网布局也越发有必要引入协同性、公平性等理念,寻求轨道交通与城市其他系统在空间上的协同发展,促进公共服务设施依托轨道交通实现公平共享。文章以深圳为案例,采用改进的两步移动搜索法,建构了休闲设施轨道交通可达性模型;按照深圳市轨道交通建设二期（至2011年）、三期第一阶段（至2016年）及三期第二阶段（至2020年）来划分,使用空间可视化、洛伦兹曲线等方法,评估了上述3个不同时段下轨道交通网络与休闲服务设施的耦合关系,比较了轨道交通网络对于休闲服务设施服务人口和空间覆盖面等层面的差异性。研究表明：深圳市轨道交通建设持续提升了城市核心区域休闲设施的轨道交通可达性,外围地区休闲设施轨道交通可达性则经历了先减后增的变化过程。轨道交通建设对于休闲服务设施有显著的空间效应及人口效应,深圳轨道交通可达性前50%的社区约占全市总面积的25%并覆盖全市总人口的40%。研究认为,深圳市乃至其他城市的轨道交通布局应更注重与休闲设施及人口的空间分布进行匹配,重点关注新兴人口增长的区域以及休闲设施资源充裕的区域,促进轨道交通与休闲服务设施协同布局。     

Access to supermarkets among poorer neighborhoods: a comparison of time and distance measures

This research assesses neighborhood differences in access to supermarkets for the Portland, Oregon region. Five-year American Community Survey data for the 2006–2010 period are used to compare a travel time and distance measure of supermarket access for neighborhoods of concentrated poverty relative to other neighborhoods, taking into account their distance to the city center. Poor and nonpoor outer neighborhoods have longer average travel times and distances to nearby supermarkets than their more centralized counterparts. Poor outer neighborhoods fare better on travel distance than nonpoor outer neighborhoods do, but endure penalties in longer travel times. This research demonstrates the potential for variation in results across methods measuring access to neighborhood amenities and suggests that more nuanced methodology will be required for us to understand sociospatial disparities in access.     

Urban landscape as mirror of ethnicity: trees of the South Plains

The literatures on urban forestry, environmental justice, and Marxist urban political ecology are considered through empirical attention to the localized racial and ethnic politics which spatially differentiate urban socio-natural landscapes. In the American Southwest, urban landscapes reflect a history in which Anglo Whites were able to distance themselves from spaces of production while gaining access to superior residences and environmental amenities in spaces of reproduction; ethnoracially marginalized Others were treated as necessary yet disfavored populations, thus constituting a segregated mode of production. In this study, we investigate the association between tree canopy cover and the location of urban ethnic minority populations with a focus on the arid Southern High Plains city of Lubbock, Texas. Using data from color infrared aerial photography and block-group demographic indicators from the 2010 US Census, we analyze the city’s arboreal landscape with a mix of methods—hierarchical regression, archival research, and field observation. Results confirm that a lack of tree cover in minority neighborhoods is a symptom of broader environmental inequalities in which contemporary segregation patterns reflect a history of residential and land-use zoning with the socio-natural relations of planting and sustaining urban trees.     

An environmental justice assessment of public beach access in Miami,Florida

The scope of empirical environmental justice (EJ) research has expanded beyond hazards exposure to scrutinize social inequities in access to amenities, but no prior study has examined the EJ implications of public beach access. Furthermore, quantitative research on white privilege is very scarce. To address these knowledge gaps, our study examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in access to public beaches in the Miami metropolitan statistical area, Florida. Public beach accessibility is modeled with an innovative geospatial approach that involves population weighted distances to beach access sites. To assess EJ implications of public beach access for various racial/ethnic and socioeconomically vulnerable groups, spatial regression models are estimated using census tract-level data. Results indicate that beaches are more accessible to neighborhoods with a higher proportion of non-Hispanic Whites, while neighborhoods with higher percentages of Hispanics and socioeconomically disadvantaged residents have limited access. This study demonstrates the importance of assessing white privilege and access to environmental amenities in EJ research to better understand social inequities.     

Spatial Access to Health Care Services and Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis in Texas

Early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is important for improving the survival rate of the disease. Disparities in CRC diagnosis among different population groups have persisted in the United States. This study examines whether spatial access to medical services contributes to disparities of late-stage diagnosis of CRC in Texas. Analysis results suggest that there are significant disparities in late-stage CRC diagnosis by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location in Texas. It is concluded that spatial access to primary care is associated with CRC stage at diagnosis, but not with racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities.     

The concentration of urban crime in space by race: evidence from South Africa

Crime inequality in neighborhoods by race is blamed on social inequalities borne out of segregation and economic discrimination. South Africa is a country synonymous with racial-spatial segregation and discrimination as a result of legislatively enforced policies of the former apartheid government. This study examines whether urban crime inequalities by race exist in the city of Tshwane, South Africa and identifies the empirical causes of these crime inequalities. Violent and sexual crime was found to concentrate in Black African neighborhoods, while property crime was concentrated in neighborhoods classified as “Mixed”. The causes of crime in neighborhoods were found to vary across racial groups with results suggesting non-uniformity in the extent to which the various constructs impact crime based on race. The results challenge the notion that segregation and economic discrimination uniformly impacts affected communities. Explanations for the findings are provided in the context of an increasingly eclectic post-apartheid South African city.     

中国城市舒适物评价指标体系构建与实证

随着城市经济向新知识经济转型,舒适物被认为是影响高端人才移入和城市经济增长的最重要因素。在西方研究基础上,基于中国国情,探索性地构建了中国舒适物系统的综合指标体系,其中包括自然、文化、商业、交通、卫生和社会等6个一级指标以及34个二级指标。结合中国26个主要人口聚居城市的舒适物指标数据,对不同城市的舒适物综合指数水平进行测评;同时对测评结果的差异进行了解释分析。研究发现：① 城市舒适物综合水平呈现出比较大的差距,北上广深等大城市明显高于中西部城市;进一步聚类分析表明,中国大城市的舒适物水平既存在差异,也存在舒适物发展上的共同特征;② 与西方城市人口普遍重视自然舒适物相反,商业舒适物和交通便利程度是影响中国城市舒适物总体水平的最重要因素,卫生服务设施、文化舒适物、商业舒适物与城市吸引力和宜居程度总体评价的相关性最高,这说明中国目前的经济增长模式仍以物质消费为主,而人才流动主要看重舒适物中的文化和消费设施发达程度、卫生医疗水平和交通便利程度,对自然舒适物和社会舒适物等“软”环境的重视不如西方国家;③ 中国城市舒适物结构呈现出比较复杂的状态,表现为发展不均衡的结构类型。城市舒适物评价指标体系构建紧扣舒适物概念和内涵,具有操作性和延伸性,一方面根据评价结果可以判断中国大城市舒适物水平的优劣与结构特征,另一方面评价结果可用于进一步分析其与城市经济、人才、企业等变量的关系,从而完善中国转型期城市发展和增长理论。     

国外城市舒适性研究综述与启示

城市发展中所关注的研究内容随城市所处的发展阶段和时代而变化。西方发达国家对城市舒适性的研究已经有长达70年的历史,而中国在这方面的研究开展甚少,并且对国外城市舒适性相关研究缺乏全面的认识。首先系统梳理了国外研究中关于城市舒适性的理论基础、概念、内涵,及其与人口迁移和城市发展的关系,并对研究方法进行了介绍;其次对国外城市舒适性研究进展进行了简要的评述和研究趋势展望,进而提出,从城市发展前瞻性的视角出发,有必要在中国深入开展城市舒适性研究,并对如何在中国城市规划设计、城市经济转型研究中借鉴城市舒适性研究理念和研究方法进行了分析。     

中国城市舒适性的空间格局与影响因素

舒适性在城市发展中的作用日益重要。基于城市舒适性内涵构建指标体系,利用均方差决策法测算中国286个地级城市的舒适性水平,并探讨其地域分异特征与影响因素。研究发现：中国城市舒适性总体上处于中等水平,但级差化特征明显;城市舒适性水平呈现明显的东中西地带性梯度,东部高,中西部低;集群化分布特征突出,京津冀、山东半岛、长三角和珠三角为高值集聚区,低和较低等级舒适性城市趋于中西部山区、省际边缘区集中分布,形成四个连片低值集聚区。地理区位通过自然环境的地带性分异和东中西经济梯度主导着中国城市舒适性水平的整体空间格局;经济发展水平对城市舒适性水平发挥着决定性作用,第三产业产值占比、旅游业接待量分别通过供给和需求作用于舒适性;公共部门就业人数对中国舒适性水平的影响为负,与预期方向不符,表明大城市公共服务供给仍相对不足。     

Mapping the Urban Debtscape: The Geography of Household Debt in Canadian Cities

Abstract

Vulnerability resulting from debt is part and parcel of the risk society and a salient characteristic of current neoliberal times under financialized global capitalism. Rising indebtedness increases the susceptibility of homeowners to housing and labor market restructuring, and if the degree of leverage is very high, can threaten the solvency, living standards, and social stability of local communities. However, very little is understood regarding how levels of household indebtedness are spatially distributed within or across cities, and how private debt maps onto the geography of race, class, housing, urban form, and other social variables, especially outside of the United States. It remains unknown whether and how higher and unsustainable levels of indebtedness might be associated with urban growth, decline, suburbanization, gentrification, immigration, racialization, and/or greying. This article examines the spatial distribution of household debt in Canadian cities at multiple scales of analysis. It analyzes how levels of household debt relate to a number of key socio-demographic and housing variables from the census, including those related to changes occurring over the 2000s. It simultaneously models the geography of debt at the metropolitan and neighborhood scales using multi-level hierarchical linear modeling methods, and in doing so, it identifies some key drivers and correlates of household debt and the scales at which they operate. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the empirical findings for understanding the role of the emerging urban debtscape in the restructuring of the social geography of the city.     

Comparing Measures of Accessibility to Urban Supermarkets for Transit and Auto Users

Research on access to healthy foods often emphasizes the spatial proximity of residents to food stores like supermarkets as a way to gauge overall accessibility. Much of the literature has focused on locating the closest facility, assuming that access to one food store is sufficient. Given evidence that access to multiple healthy food stores can improve diets, however, this article examines how closest facility measures differ from cumulative opportunity accessibility measures across space in a medium-sized U.S. city. Differences in access between automobile and transit riders, using realistic travel time costs, are also considered. Results demonstrate that the two types of accessibility measures produce different accessibility geographies and that there are disparities in access for those dependent on transit. These findings indicate that researchers should carefully consider whether access to one supermarket opportunity is enough and pay special attention to the mode residents rely on to access food.     

RACE,IMMIGRANTS, AND RESIDENCE: A NEW RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF WASHINGTON,D.C.*

ABSTRACT. This study examines the residential patterns of immigrant newcomers within a relatively new immigrant destination, Washington, D.C. Particular attention is given to how these patterns are shaped by the newcomers' race and ethnicity. Our analysis is based primarily upon data on immigrant flows from the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service for the 1990–1998 period. Evidence from our study suggests a racial and ethnic hierarchy to the residential location of Africans, Asians, Europeans, and Latin Americans, providing some support for the pattern expected in the place‐stratification model. When their residential patterns are compared with those of non‐Hispanic blacks, we find that African newcomers are more likely to settle among blacks than are other regional‐origin groups. However, Africans are also found to reside in multiethnic zip codes where large numbers of newcomers are concentrated. The findings suggest that race is an important but not exclusive factor in explaining the residential choices of recent immigrants.     

U.S. Intercounty Migration in the 1990s: People and Income Move Down the Urban Hierarchy

Internal migration within the United States continues to transform both the magnitude and composition of population at all geographic scales. During 1994 ‐ 1995, the majority of counties gained both people and income, largely as a consequence of net outmigration by higher income migrants from the nation's most populous cities. Regionally, net gainers of both people and income included counties in the West and South as well as other areas renowned for environmental amenities. Spatially, net migration flowed down the urban hierarchy from large central cities to adjacent suburbs which, in turn, exported migrants to exurban areas. Large cities tended to exchange migrants with nearby counties as well as other large cities. Migration patterns such as these are contributing to spatial deconcentration and economic disparity.     

RACIALIZED TOPOGRAPHIES: ALTITUDE AND RACE IN SOUTHERN CITIES*

ABSTRACT. This study examines altitudinal residential segregation by race in 146 cities in the U.S. South. It begins by embedding the topic in recent theorizations of the social construction of nature, the geography of race, and environmental justice. Second, it focuses on how housing markets, particularly in the South, tend to segregate minorities in low‐lying, flood‐prone, and amenity‐poor segments of urban areas. It tests empirically the hypothesis that blacks are disproportionately concentrated in lower‐altitude areas using gis to correlate race and elevation by digital elevation‐model block group within each city in 1990 and 2000. The statistical results confirm the suspected trend. A map of coefficients indicates strong positive associations in cities in the interior South‐where the hypothesis is confirmed‐and an inverse relationship near the coast, where whites dominate higher‐valued coastal properties. Selected city case studies demonstrate these relationships connecting the broad dynamics of racial segregation to the particularities of individual places.     

Everyday Ecologies: Cities,Nature, and leaching Urban Ecology

Abstract

Conventional geographical approaches to the city tend to place the study of urban form and urban space squarely within the political-economic and cultural branches of geography. Geographic pedagogy has tended to assume, therefore, that nature is absent from the city or exists only as a backdrop or stage on which urban economic and cultural activities take place. In contrast, there has been a recent groundswell of interest—originating in places as diverse as environmental activism, environmental history, landscape architecture, and environmental education—in reinterpreting the city as a space intimately connected with nature. This article examines the possibilities for integrating this rethinking of the relationship between city and nature into undergraduate education. Specifically, it outlines the rationale, objectives, and design of a course on urban ecology and examines the benefits and challenges of doing urban ecology as part of geographic education.     

发达地区城市空间水环境效应与影响机理研究——以浙江省宁波市区为例

以经济发达的宁波市区为例,通过水环境敏感性与水质现状两方面综合评价城市内部空间水环境效应,从中心城区至外围地区,因人口集聚水平、产业发展类型和水污染处理能力的差异,水环境效应指数不断降低;探究其空间异质性,各乡镇评价单元水环境效应指数存在正向相关;运用地理加权回归（GWR）模型,定量分析水环境效应影响机理,其中经济发展水平是水环境演变的基础,产业发展与人口集聚则是造成水环境压力的直接原因。人口空间集聚带来的水污染排放,产生的水环境效应远高于其它因素,是城市内部水环境下一步治理的重点。     

中国异地投资网络结构演化及影响因素研究

随着城市间经济联系日益密切,资本跨区域流动逐渐成为影响区域发展的关键因素,企业异地投资是资本流动的微观体现,探讨企业异地投资特征对于区域发展具有重要意义.为此,论文以1998-2018年中国上市企业异地投资数据为研究对象,构建中国异地投资网络,从全国和东中西3大地区角度分析异地投资网络的空间演化特征及影响因素.研究发现...     

IDENTITY AND ASSIMILATION AMONG YOUNG ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANTS IN METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON*

ABSTRACT. Ethiopians are a recent immigrant group in the United States, having entered the country in significant numbers during the 1980s and 1990s. This preliminary study examines the ethnic and racial identities of children of first‐generation Ethiopian immigrants living in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The results of twenty in‐depth interviews demonstrate that race is a much more fluid and contested form of identification than is ethnicity to the young immigrants, who equate the latter unilaterally with their Ethiopian heritage. Immigrants also adopt different subject identities in various locales, favoring those that are most in accordance with their needs and sense of self.