跨界治理的理论重构——以长江三角洲地区为例

全球已进入一个超流动与不稳态并行的时代,国家和社会治理面临许多新挑战。伴随着快速城镇化,要素自由流动并频繁“跨界”,而治理需要将不稳定转化为稳定,跨界治理的重要性凸显。全球、区域、地方等尺度交织,使跨界治理的新问题不断涌现。跨界治理主要指通过跨区域、跨部门、跨层级、跨领域使多主体共同参与和联合治理公共事务的过程。通过梳理跨界治理的相关理论,重新界定了“界”,重构了跨界治理的理论逻辑,提出了跨界治理主要涉及3个尺度的3对范畴：在地方层面,去同质化与同质化;在区域层面,去边界化与边界化;在全球层面,去中心化与中心化。运用该框架,以长三角为例,实证分析了区域尺度跨界治理的逻辑。     

Representation of fish communities by scale sub-fossils in shallow lakes: implications for inferring percid–cyprinid shifts

The palaeoecological potential of fish scales was assessed by comparing contemporary population data with scale remains obtained from littoral (n = 10) and open water (n = 10) surface sediment samples in two English shallow lakes, Selbrigg Pond and Cockshoot Broad. Scales and/or scale fragments were present, in low numbers (<20 per 100 cm³ wet sediment) in 34 of 40 sediment samples. In accordance with fish population data, higher densities of scale remains were found in Selbrigg compared to Cockshoot, and in littoral compared to open water samples. Taxonomic difficulties, exacerbated by scale fragmentation, made it impossible to assign the majority of remains to individual species. Most remains could, however, be placed into one of two groups: (i) percids – represented by both scales and scale fragments; and (ii) cyprinids – largely represented by scale fragments. To allow comparison of fish population and sedimentary scale data, both were converted to percentages of the aggregate percid–cyprinid total. Whole scales recovered were almost exclusively percid (45 of 48), thus bore little resemblance to the contemporary fish data. Nevertheless, percentages of scale fragments (Selbrigg: 34 and 66%; Cockshoot: 13 and 87% percid and cyprinid, respectively) and of whole scales and fragments combined (Selbrigg: 54 and 46%; Cockshoot: 46 and 54% percid and cyprinid, respectively) reflected the presence of the numerically dominant fish groups and the broad inter-site differences in their relative abundance (Selbrigg: 36 and 64%; Cockshoot: 10 and 90% percid and cyprinid, respectively). A running mean of scales per sediment volume indicated that some 400 cm³ of sediment was required to accurately characterise the remains present. This study suggests that, with the appropriate methodological considerations (e.g., collection of large sediment samples), fish scale remains may be used to determine the past presence–absence and relative abundance of percid and cyprinid species. As such, this technique may be a valuable supplementary tool for establishing longer-term changes in the fish communities of shallow lakes.     

Reconciling Multiple Societal Objectives in Cross-Scale Marine Governance: Solomon Islands’ Engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative

Environmental governance aims to reconcile an expanding set of societal objectives at ever-larger scales despite the challenges that remain in integrating conservation and development at smaller scales. We interrogate Solomon Islands’ engagement in the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security to contribute new insight on the scalar politics of multi-level marine governance. We show how regional objectives are re-interpreted and prioritized as they translate into national policy and practice. Our data suggest that enhanced coordination of finances and activities, integration of objectives in shared protocols and priority geographies, and a subtle shift in power relations between the state, donors, and implementation partners have resulted from processes of re-scaling. We discuss important procedural adjustments in cross-level and cross-scale governance across jurisdictional, institutional, and sectoral scales. We also reflect on the changing role of national governments in shifts toward large-scale, multi-national initiatives.     

新时期国土空间治理单元功能认知及其融合路径——以成都市为例

国土空间治理是新时期中国国土资源开发、利用、保护、整治及修复的重要战略手段。当前国土空间治理体系在空间尺度上存在主导功能衔接失配,亟待统一不同尺度空间单元以统筹治理边界、提高治理效率。据此,面向传统治理单元管制边界的针对性问题导向,提出“通过不同理念或方式界定的国土空间单元具有不同的功能导向”等研究假设,并构建土地利用冲突、生态系统障碍、社会发展状态等指数在行政区划单元、自然生态单元、社会发展单元等治理单元上以成都市为例进行验证。结果表明,研究区国土空间治理问题属性的空间格局特征差异化显著,人类活动范围与自然环境限制之间的矛盾是导致区域内治理问题发生的核心因素。在空间相关性分析方面,所有治理问题类型在不同空间单元上均呈现显著自相关性,且均通过0.05显著性检验,但不同空间单元具有理论指向性特点。其中,社会发展单元更适合解决经济发展动力差距问题,自然生态单元更适合解决生态系统连通阻力问题,行政区划单元则更适合解决事权管理冲突问题。在此基础上,利用景观单元协调不同尺度空间单元的问题属性,将研究区划分为高山地带发展动力衰弱型（22.98%）、丘陵地带治理属性均衡型（11.55%）、乡村地区管理冲突加剧型（44.57%）、城乡边缘区发展主导复合型（9.44%）、核心建成区连通阻力增强型（11.46%）5类空间,进而实现多尺度空间单元的跨行政区融合路径。综合而言,有必要建立管理-保护-发展功能嵌套的空间单元集成体系,通过细化景观尺度将权力和责任从政府机构拓展至更广泛的行动参与者,系统地提升国土空间治理效能。     

Multi‐scale spatiotemporal analyses of moose–vehicle collisions: a case study in northern Vermont

Moose–vehicle collisions (MVCs) pose a serious safety and environmental concern in many regions of Europe and North America. For example, in the state of Vermont, one‐third of all reported MVCs resulted in motorist injury or fatality while collisions have increased from two in 1982 to 164 in 2002. Our work used a MVC dataset from 1983 to 1999 in the Northeastern Highlands of Vermont (four major roads) to perform space, time and spatiotemporal analyses and guide future mitigation strategies. An adapted kernel density estimator was implemented for exploratory analyses to detect high density collision hotspots on roads. The kernel in space showed seven major density peaks which varied in magnitude and spread between roads. The kernel estimator in time for all roads showed an exponentially increasing trend with annual periodicity and a seasonal cyclic component, where the majority of collisions occurred from May to October. Spatiotemporal kernel estimation exhibited discontinuous density hotspots in time and space suggesting changing animal movement patterns across roads. We used an adapted Ripley's K‐function to test the hypothesis that MVCs clustering occurred at multiple scales in space, in time and in space–time combined. Statistically significant spatial clustering was evident on all roads at spatial scales from 2 to 10 km. A more consistent clustering in time occurred on all roads at a scale distance of 5 years. Similar to the kernel estimation, annual periodicity was also evident. Positive space–time clustering was present at small spatial (5 km) and temporal scales (2 years) indicating that where MVCs occur is also influenced by when they occur. In retrospect, using multiple road lengths, and the combined kernel estimation and Ripley's K‐function in time and space, provided a powerful methodology to study varying spatiotemporal patterns of wildlife collisions along roads. This can greatly assist transportation planners in identifying optimal mitigation strategies along specific roads, such as deciding on location and spatial length for permanent and expensive measures (e.g. crossing structures and associated fencing) versus less permanent and inexpensive structures (e.g. wildlife signage and reduced speed limits).     

Building a bioregion through transboundary conservation in Central America

Barquet, K. 2015. Building a bioregion through transboundary conservation in Central America. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography. Vol. 69, 265–276. ISSN 0029-1951.

Proponents of transboundary conservation argue for the formation of a bioregional scale of governance. How such rescaling should be done remains an undiscussed issue. Through a study of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor in Central America and Si-A-Paz, a transboundary protected area in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, the author investigates how a transboundary scale of conservation is enacted. The study shows that in order to meet the conditions of a bioregion, actors involved in transboundary conservation in Central America produced accounts of social and ecological integrity that did not entirely match local narratives. Moreover, transboundary conservation provided actors with increased mobility across governance scales and sources of funding. In turn, this scalar mobility enhanced the power of already powerful actors in the area, helped states to attract international sources of funding, and empowered previously marginalized local groups at the expense of others. The author concludes that actors involved in transboundary conservation attempt to create new meanings of nature and understandings of society in order to produce a new scale of conservation. However, the study highlights the problems of matching discourses of nature to accounts of social unity, and underlines the political nature of scalar projects.     

A local scale-sensitive indicator of spatial autocorrelation for assessing high- and low-value clusters in multiscale datasets

Georeferenced user-generated datasets like those extracted from Twitter are increasingly gaining the interest of spatial analysts. Such datasets oftentimes reflect a wide array of real-world phenomena. However, each of these phenomena takes place at a certain spatial scale. Therefore, user-generated datasets are of multiscale nature. Such datasets cannot be properly dealt with using the most common analysis methods, because these are typically designed for single-scale datasets where all observations are expected to reflect one single phenomenon (e.g., crime incidents). In this paper, we focus on the popular local G statistics. We propose a modified scale-sensitive version of a local G statistic. Furthermore, our approach comprises an alternative neighbourhood definition that enables to extract certain scales of interest. We compared our method with the original one on a real-world Twitter dataset. Our experiments show that our approach is able to better detect spatial autocorrelation at specific scales, as opposed to the original method. Based on the findings of our research, we identified a number of scale-related issues that our approach is able to overcome. Thus, we demonstrate the multiscale suitability of the proposed solution.     

尺度重组视角下粤港澳大湾区同城化地区跨界治理机制研究

在经济全球化竞争下,尺度重组已成为中国调控空间发展的重要跨界治理手段,以实现吸引资本流动、培育区域经济发展动能的目的。同城化地区作为一种城市区域尺度,其跨界治理机制逐渐成为区域一体化的重要议题。文章以国内同城化进程相对成熟的广佛同城为例,从尺度重组的视角探讨其跨界治理演变,研究发现广佛同城化进程经历了两个阶段的尺度重组：从“行政区”尺度到以广佛高质量发展融合试验区为代表的“功能区”尺度。新阶段治理机制在治理主体上增加了功能平台管委会和市场主体,强化以功能区为引导、以全周期为理念的规划建设运营机制,在激励机制上转向政策争取与制度红利共享,可视为广佛原有治理机制的经验保留和渐进式改革。广佛为适应不同阶段发展运用尺度重组策略推进治理创新的探索,能为粤港澳大湾区乃至全国其他都市圈同城化地区跨界治理提供参考。     

经济地理学与空间治理

经济地理学是一门研究真实世界的学科,在社会实践中发挥着重要作用。满足国家和社会的需求,是这个学科发展的生命力所在。针对当前全面深化改革的新形势以及“未来地球”计划的提出,本文倡导开展面向空间治理的经济地理学研究,提高该学科服务于国家战略决策的能力。之后本文阐述了中国空间治理的政治文化基础;分析了中国空间治理的主要手段,包括规划体制、土地制度、户籍制度和财税体制。本文认为,只有客观、全面地观察中国的空间治理体系,并将其理论知识化,才能使经济地理学研究具有更大的科学价值和实践意义,也才能为国家提高空间治理能力提供科学支撑。     

跨境经济合作区建设的“尺度困境”——以中老磨憨-磨丁经济合作区为例

20世纪70年代以来,随着经济全球化和区域经济一体化的快速发展,跨境经济合作区作为次区域经济合作的一种组织模式开始不断发展并得到学术界的重视。“一带一路”倡议提出后,边境地区越来越成为对外开放的前沿,而跨境经济合作区成为促进中国与沿线国家经贸合作的重要载体。由于涉及国家主权让渡及各种要素跨越国界流动,跨境经济合作区具有高度的复杂性和不确定性,其建设进展相对较慢。通过中老磨憨-磨丁经济合作区的案例分析,深入探讨跨境经济合作区的建设难题、形成机制及突破路径。研究认为,跨境经济合作区建设面临典型的“尺度困境”,其困境大小主要取决于区域经济一体化程度,国内多尺度治理协调程度及边境双边治理结构匹配程度等3个维度。跨境经济合作区作为多尺度汇聚的边境地区,区域经济一体化是降低跨境合作边界屏蔽效应的关键,而其治理需要从国家到地方多尺度的紧密合作以及边境双边的制度对接。打破跨境经济合作区的“尺度困境”需要边境双边协同治理,国家尺度较完善的制度安排,或给予地方较大的自主权限,同时要加强跨境基础设施建设。     

回归后香港城市发展的尺度重组：以广深港高速铁路香港段项目的规划过程为例

全球化时代城市问题越来越多的以尺度问题的形式出现,尺度理论为分析城市发展背后的各种动力及其影响提供了新的视角。回归后,特区政府如何与位于不同尺度上的地域组织相互作用,进行尺度重组,是探究香港城市发展与管治的关键问题。本文考察广深港高速铁路香港段从项目构想、方案设计,到咨询及申请拨款的全过程,识别这个过程所涉及的不同尺度的作用者,分析他们的作用方式及作用结果。研究表明,回归后,特区政府主动向上尺度重组以拓展香港发展的腹地,政府间的制度性合作是其尺度重组的重要方式。同时,香港逐渐成长的市民社会是参与城市发展尺度重组的重要力量,地方行动者运用尺度政治从多个尺度建构话语和采取行动,对特区政府的方案进行抗议并引发整个社会的讨论。对香港的案例分析可加深对体制转型背景下地域组织尺度重组的认识,丰富尺度重组的理论内涵;也有助于国家客观地了解香港,为制定合理的政策提供科学依据。此外,内地市民社会逐步萌芽成长,案例中特区政府与香港市民社会互动的经验与教训可为内地政府提供借鉴。     

Scale dependence in habitat selection: the case of the endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain)

Animals select habitat resources at multiple spatial scales. Thus, explicit attention to scale dependency in species–habitat relationships is critical to understand the habitat suitability patterns as perceived by organisms in complex landscapes. Identification of the scales at which particular environmental variables influence habitat selection may be as important as the selection of variables themselves. In this study, we combined bivariate scaling and Maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling to investigate multiscale habitat selection of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in northwest Spain. Bivariate scaling showed that the strength of apparent habitat relationships was highly sensitive to the scale at which predictor variables are evaluated. Maxent models on the optimal scale for each variable suggested that landscape composition together with human disturbances was dominant drivers of bear habitat selection, while habitat configuration and edge effects were substantially less influential. We found that explicitly optimizing the scale of habitat suitability models considerably improved single-scale modeling in terms of model performance and spatial prediction. We found that patterns of brown bear habitat suitability represent the cumulative influence of habitat selection across a broad range of scales, from local resources within habitat patches to the landscape composition at broader spatial scales.     

满洲里口岸—城市关系演变的多尺度因素影响分析

沿边口岸是“一带一路”倡议中各主权国家之间经济合作的关键节点。本文以中俄边界往来最密切的口岸城市满洲里为例,首先,通过构建改进动态集中指数（MDCI）,将满洲里口岸—城市关系划分为低水平平衡发展阶段（1979—1987年）、口岸发展稍快于城市发展阶段（1988—1997年）、口岸发展大幅快于城市发展阶段（1998—2005年）、城市发展稍快于口岸发展阶段（2006—2015年）和口岸与城市关系新突变点（2016—2017年）。其次,应用向量自回归模型（VAR）,分析了国家、区域、地方和个体4个尺度对满洲里口岸—城市关系影响的程度,研究表明：在全时段上,表现为国家尺度>个体尺度>地方尺度>区域尺度的关系;低水平平衡发展阶段,表现为国家尺度影响较大,区域尺度、地方尺度和个体尺度影响较小;口岸发展稍快于城市发展阶段,以国家尺度影响为主,其中,俄罗斯影响稍大于中国,其他尺度影响均较小;口岸发展大幅快于城市发展阶段,国家、区域及个体尺度均起到了重要作用,且作用大小相对均衡;城市发展稍快于口岸发展阶段,国家尺度、区域尺度、地方尺度作用较明显,个体尺度影响弱化,其中,区域尺度影响最大,之后表现为国家尺度（俄罗斯）>地方尺度>国家尺度（中国）>个体尺度的关系。口岸与城市关系新突变点,个体尺度与国家尺度影响较大,区域尺度与地方尺度影响较小。最后,综合运用VAR模型、深度访谈等定量和定性分析方法,从国家、区域、地方及个体尺度因素对口岸—城市关系演变的影响机理进行了全时段和分阶段的分析。本研究可为满洲里促进口岸—城市关系的良性发展提供多尺度视角的新思路,也可为中国广大边境地区探讨口岸—城市关系的发展提供借鉴。     

Vegetation heterogeneity in Monte Desert ecosystems: A multi-scale approach linking patterns and processes

We review the current state of research on vegetation heterogeneity in the Monte Desert at scales varying from landscape to intra-patch. Different factors are related to vegetation heterogeneity at every scale. At a coarse scale (i.e. landscapes and communities) vegetation heterogeneity is commonly determined by abiotic factors, whereas biotic interactions usually influence fine scale (patch, intrapatch) heterogeneity. Communities are distributed at the landscape scale according to differences in precipitation, topography and soil attributes. On the other hand, there is evidence that the spatial pattern of plant patches within communities is determined by runon –runoff processes, although biotic influences such as grazing can induce changes in the spatial pattern of patches when plant cover is strongly reduced. In the same way, at patch and intrapatch scales, biotic interactions (i.e. plant –plant interactions, grazing) determine the size and the species composition of plant patches as well as the distribution of species inside plant patches. However, the mechanisms operating behind such biotic interactions at small scales are commonly related to plant-induced changes in the physical environment. We also found evidence of cross-scale interactions, feedbacks, and non-linear effects such as those induced by grazing disturbance. Our analysis showed some regional differences in patterns and processes related to vegetation heterogeneity along the Monte Desert which can be ascribed to climatic and taxonomic variation among areas. Although information about vegetation heterogeneity and its causes and consequences in the Monte Desert is abundant, some areas where knowledge is scarce are detailed.     

A context-sensitive correlated random walk: a new simulation model for movement

Computational Movement Analysis focuses on the characterization of the trajectory of individuals across space and time. Various analytic techniques, including but not limited to random walks, Brownian motion models, and step selection functions have been used for modeling movement. These fall under the rubric of signal models which are divided into deterministic and stochastic models. The difficulty of applying these models to the movement of dynamic objects (e.g. animals, humans, vehicles) is that the spatiotemporal signal produced by their trajectories a complex composite that is influenced by the Geography through which they move (i.e. the network or the physiography of the terrain), their behavioral state (i.e. hungry, going to work, shopping, tourism, etc.), and their interactions with other individuals. This signal reflects multiple scales of behavior from the local choices to the global objectives that drive movement. In this research, we propose a stochastic simulation model that incorporates contextual factors (i.e. environmental conditions) that affect local choices along its movement trajectory. We show how actual global positioning systems observations can be used to parameterize movement and validate movement models and argue that incorporating context is essential in modeling movement.     

New Modes of Environmental Governance in Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation in Oregon

Abstract

Natural resource challenges often span administrative jurisdictions and include actors and processes operating at different spatial and political scales. We applied concepts of new environmental governance to analyze Oregon’s approach to greater sage-grouse conservation. Through one in-depth case study in Lake County, we traced features of new environmental governance (cross-scale interactions, decentralization, and capacities of actors) through different governance levels. Interviews and qualitative analysis revealed that decentralization of administrative functions facilitated cross-scale interactions and relied on intermediaries, gap-filling, and perceptions of legitimacy at lower levels. State and agency guidelines steered the effort and were accompanied by financial and technical resources from multiple arenas, which increased local capacity. This study adds to the understandings of environmental governance for implementing multi-actor, multi-level conservation arrangements in resource-dependent communities. Further exploration of connections between higher levels and local contexts will reveal important, new ways to link policies with on-the-ground outcomes.     

Integration of linear and areal hierarchies for continuous multi-scale representation of road networks

Spatial data can be represented at different scales, and this leads to the issue of multi-scale spatial representation. Multi-scale spatial representation has been widely applied to online mapping products (e.g., Google Maps and Yahoo Maps). However, in most current products, multi-scale representation can only be achieved through a series of maps at fixed scales, resulting in a discontinuity (i.e., with jumps) in the transformation between scales and a mismatch between the available scales and users' desired scales. Therefore, it is very desirable to achieve smoothly continuous multi-scale spatial representations. This article describes an integrated approach to build a hierarchical structure of a road network for continuous multi-scale representation purposes, especially continuous selective omission of roads in a network. In this hierarchical structure, the linear and areal hierarchies are constructed, respectively, using two existing approaches for the linear and areal patterns in a road network. Continuous multi-scale representation of a road network can be achieved by searching in these hierarchies. This approach is validated by applying it to two study areas, and the results are evaluated by both quantitative analysis with two measures (i.e., similarity and average connectivity) and visual inspection. Experimental results show that this integrated approach performs better than existing approaches, especially in terms of preservation of connectivity and patterns of a road network. With this approach, efficient and continuous multi-scale selective omission of road networks becomes feasible.     

中部地区经济差异的空间尺度效应分析

为深入分析空间尺度选择对区域经济差异的影响,采用变异系数、基尼系数和锡尔系数等指标在省、市和县三级空间尺度重复使用的方法和尺度方差分析法,选取人口、GDP和人均GDP 3项指标,分析1990-2007年我国中部地区区域经济差异的空间尺度效应。1)采用同一指标在3个尺度上重复使用的方法分析结果存在很大差别,市、县尺度上区域经济差异都有扩大趋势,但与省尺度上的趋势相异,尤其2003年后市、县尺度上区域经济差异呈扩大趋势,而在省尺度却呈缩小趋势;2)尺度方差分析也显示市、县尺度上结果较为一致,并在1997年达到低值后均有明显扩大趋势,这与省尺度上的趋势相异,尤为明显的是,2003年后区域经济差异在省尺度呈缩小趋势。尺度方差分解和锡尔系数分解结果表明:市际和县际差异是造成中部地区经济差异的主要因素,省际差异的影响很小。因此,在进行区域经济差异分析时应尽量选择较小空间尺度。     

学科树视角下地理学和建筑学人居环境研究比较

本文从学科树视角比较分析地理学和建筑学的人居环境研究进展。首先,梳理研究脉络,指出两个学科具有相同的“树根”（即五大系统和五大层次）、“树干”（即九大主题和八大尺度）和“树枝”（即33个研究领域）,以及相异的“树叶”（即各领域数量迥异的研究成果）。其次,比较研究成果特点,发现两个学科成果差异明显,表现为在适宜性等6个二级主题上,地理学成果较多,建筑学成果较少;在规划等6个二级主题和建筑尺度上,建筑学成果较多,地理学成果较少;在空间格局等12个二级主题和城市等6个尺度上,两个学科成果均较多,但侧重点不同;在行为二级主题和全球尺度上,两个学科成果均较少,但侧重点不同。最后,剖析学科成果差异的生成逻辑,并展望未来进路。学科成果差异的逻辑起点是学科门类差异,逻辑链条是“学科门类—学科特性—研究主体—研究偏好—研究范式—研究成果”的差异传导机制,其中研究范式差异是链条中的重要环节。未来人居环境研究应促进框架延伸化、主题展拓化、尺度统筹化、数据多源化、方法混合化等范式提升,同时回应全球化、美好人居、突发事件、跨学科等现实需求。     

Entropy Analysis of Multiple Scale Causality and Qualitative Causal Shifts in Spatial Systems*

Spatial systems are typically characterized by multiple controlling factors and processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales (multiple scale causality [MSC]). An entropy decomposition‐based approach to MSC is presented here in two contexts. First, given maps or distributions of an observed phenomenon at two or more scales, the contribution at more local or global (relative to the primary scale of observation) controls to the observed entropy can be estimated. Second, a theoretical treatment of the entropy decomposition equations shows that as the range of scale is increased by broadening or narrowing resolutions or by incorporating more controls, the influence of larger or smaller‐scale influences not only changes, but may change qualitatively, e.g., in terms of having positive (entropy‐increasing) or negative (information‐increasing) effects. Such qualitative causal shifts have implications for efforts to use any single causal explanation across the molecular to planetary spatial and instantaneous to geological range of scales relevant to physical geography. The entropy decomposition method is illustrated with an application to soil landscapes in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas.