山东蓝宝石的包裹体研究

运用激光拉曼光谱、电子探针、包裹体测温等方法,对山东蓝宝石中的包裹体进行分析和测试。发现山东蓝宝石中包裹体数量巨大,裂隙、色带、针状包裹体以及多相包裹体是其主要的特征。其中主要的固体包裹体有锆石、刚玉、黑云母、尖晶石等,而多相包裹体的成分主要为H2O、CO2及玻璃相。电子探针结果显示,Fe的含量对于蓝宝石的颜色及色带的发育有制约作用。     

天然蓝色蓝宝石的鉴别特征

天然蓝色蓝宝石的鉴别特征李觉文（１）天然蓝宝石其颜色为天然生成，是蓝宝石的固有本色。颜色不很均匀或很不均匀。而人工合成蓝宝石颜色均匀，染色蓝宝石颜色沿网脉裂隙加深。（２）天然蓝宝石有天然矿物包裹体，金红石包裹体呈长针状成群出现，气液包裹体无爆裂现象。...     

山东蓝宝石中包裹体的研究

山东蓝宝石中含有不同类型的包裹体，其中固态包裹体主要有镁铁尖晶石、普通辉石、钾长石、铌铁金红石和磁铁矿等。山东蓝宝石以及大部分固态包裹体中皆含有稀有元素铌或钽。     

红外光谱-显微共焦激光拉曼光谱研究天然红宝石和蓝宝石中含水矿物包裹体特征

天然红宝石和蓝宝石的包裹体中常见典型的含水矿物包裹体,这些含水矿物包裹体容易受外界环境升温而发生改变。微量含水矿物包裹体变化会对红宝石和蓝宝石的物理和化学性质产生明显影响,该性质为宝石热处理的鉴定提供了检测思路。本文采集了天然红宝石和蓝宝石样品,用显微镜放大观察包裹体特征,结合红外光谱与显微共焦激光拉曼光谱测试研究了含水矿物包裹体的特征。结果表明:天然红宝石和蓝宝石样品中含水矿物包裹体的外观轮廓清晰,晶形完整;红外光谱在2000～3700cm~(-1)附近显示出2105～2110cm~(-1)和1977～1985cm~(-1)硬水铝石和3619cm~(-1)和3696cm~(-1)高岭石等水(H_2O或—OH等)的特征吸收峰;拉曼光谱中可见角闪石、云母、磷灰石和长石等结晶度较好的典型含水矿物包裹体的特征拉曼位移。该系列特征揭示了红宝石和蓝宝石样品中含有水的特征,可作为红宝石和蓝宝石天然成因且未经过热处理的鉴定依据。     

新疆某地红宝石和蓝宝石矿物学研究

本文系统地研究了新疆某地红宝石-蓝宝石矿床,基本查明了该矿床中红宝石和蓝宝石矿床的粒度、形态、双晶、裂纹、包裹体形态和成分,以及硬度、密度、多色性、吸收性、Ne和No值;晶胞参数、化学成分等特征,从而为该类矿床的开发利用提供了重要信息。并根据该矿红、蓝宝石的物理性质、光学性质和化学成分上的不同,进一步探讨了呈色机理。     

山东刚玉及蓝宝石中天然包裹体的形态与分布特征研究

山东刚玉及蓝宝石中含有大量晶体包裹体和两相、三相包裹体，并沿特定面网和裂理面分布。单个晶体内的显微包裹体数以亿万计，其中两相和三相包裹体的形态十分复杂。     

我国红宝石、蓝宝石及其包裹体

我国红宝石和蓝宝石矿床有岩浆型、接触变质型、伟晶岩和砂矿等,岩浆型为主要矿床类型。红宝石以玫瑰红为主,血红色少见;粒度一般为5mm±。蓝宝石为靛蓝色,墨水蓝罕见;粒度一般5～50mm。两者莫氏硬度为9±0.1,比重4±0.1。宝石中有晶质包裹体、熔融包裹体、流体包裹体、含子矿物多相包裹体、CH包裹体。岩浆型和接触变质型宝石中包裹体均一温度≥1380℃,压力(1～24)×10~8Pa。根据包裹体信息指出:指纹包裹体及其中CH包裹体是天然宝石的鉴别标志。宝石的颜色与亲铁元素及CH包裹体有关。星光宝石与六面针包裹体有关。     

山东刚玉及蓝宝石天然包裹体的形态与分布特征研究

山东刚玉及蓝宝石中含有大量晶体包裹体的两相，三相包裹体，并沿特定面网和裂理面分布，单个晶体的显微包裹体数以亿万计，其中两相加和三相包裹体的形态十分复杂。     

我国红、蓝宝石矿床的找矿前景

红、蓝宝石的原料是刚玉类矿物的特殊品种,其化学成分是是Al_2O_3,但是颜色和透明度与刚玉相比是很不相同的.名贵红宝石的颜色如鸽血一样鲜红,蓝宝石的颜色除墨蓝色者外,还有其它各种鲜艳的颜色;矿物晶体的透明度都比较好,一般为透明至半透明;有些刚玉晶体中因有特殊的包裹体存在,经琢磨后而有星光效应,也是极为名贵的宝石品种.     

红宝石和蓝宝石概述

系统地介绍了红宝石、蓝宝石的主要品种与不同矿区的产地特征,同时论述了红、蓝宝石和相似宝石及仿冒品的主要鉴别标志,并对优化、处理技术、宝石质量评价标准等作了扼要的阐述。     

Partition of magnesium and iron between Olivine and spinel,and between pyroxene and spinel

Partition of Fe²⁺ and Mg between coexisting (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ spinel and (Mg, Fe)SiO₃ pyroxene was investigated at pressures 80 and 90 kbar and at temperatures 840 and 1050° C, using tetrahedral-anvil type of high pressure apparatus. Olivine-spinel solid solution equilibria in the system Mg₂SiO₄-Fe₂SiO₄ were discussed in the light of the partition reaction. Partition of Fe²⁺ and Mg in both olivine-spinel and pyroxene-spinel systems can not be regarded as that between ideal solid solutions. By applying the simple solution model for the partition of Fe²⁺ and Mg, sign of the heat of mixing was estimated to be positive for all olivine, spinel and pyroxene. Relative concentration of Fe²⁺ in spinel in the pyroxene-spinel system is likely to cause some change in the chemical composition of modified spinel () or spinel () in the transition zone of the mantle. A considerable change is also expected in the transition pressure of to ( + ) and ( + ) to .Presented at the symposium Recent Advances in the Studies of Rocks and Minerals at High Pressures and Temperatures held in Montreal, 1972. Jointly sponsored by the International Mineralogical Association and the Commission on Experimental Petrology.     

RS和GIS技术集成及其应用

本文简要地介绍了ＲＳ（遥感图像处理系统）和ＧＩＳ（地理信息系统）技术及其集成的基本概念和方法。讨论了ＲＳ和ＧＩＳ技术及其集成的内在涵义、相互关系,认为ＲＳ是ＧＩＳ重要的外部信息源,是其数据更新的重要手段,尤其对于全球性的 地理动力学分析,更必须有ＲＳ所提供的覆盖全球的动态数据与ＧＩＳ的结合。反之,ＧＩＳ则可以提供ＲＳ所需要的一些辅助数据,以提高ＲＳ图像的信息量和分辨率,同时,ＧＩＳ可以将实地调查所     

Tectonics and oil and gas potentials of the Kolyma and Primor'ye lowlands and adjacent shelves

The impact of gigantic meteorites momentarily creates extremely high pressures and temperatures, leading to the formation of distinctive objects — impact breccias and impactites — at the points where they fall. The Zhamanshin crater is one such place. This annular structure has a diameter of about 10 km, contoured by a low rim made up of a body of shattered Paleozoic rocks thrown out from the ring's center, from depths exceeding 100 - 200 m. Among these breccias have been found pieces and lenticular bodies of remelted rocks — impactites, called zhamanshinites. These thermally altered rocks from a series ranging from baked clays to cinder-like, partly recrystallized substances, glass, and black drops and spattered droplets (up to 1 - 5 cm) of isotropic glass that undoubtedly hardened as they fell through the air. The refused neogenic substances formed by selective evaporation are characterized by a considerable deficit of K and Na, excess Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, a lack of H₂O, and a sharp predominance of Fe⁺² over Fe⁺³. Their characteristic shape and distinctive structure and composition suggests that these remelted droplets are tektites, which were called irgizites when first found in the USSR. Their occurrence in the meteorite crater confirms the idea of a genetic unity between tektites and impactites. Selective evaporation of the more volatile elements is characteristic of the surfaces of small planets lacking an atmosphere, but is not characteristic of the earth's surface. The processes and substances occurring at the impact points of gigantic meteorites are therefore unique on the earth, but highly typical of the surfaces of the Moon, Mars, Mercury, and other relatively small celestial bodies.     

自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用

为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题，提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平，启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作，通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制，钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证，取得多项创新成果，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系；基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制，实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化，形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术；基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究，形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术；基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制，形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术；研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术，形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。     

自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用

为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题，提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平，启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作，通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制，钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证，取得多项创新成果，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系；基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制，实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化，形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术；基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究，形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术；基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制，形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术；研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术，形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。     

红藻石和蓝藻石概念及分类归属的综述和修订

在分析和总结前人对红藻石和蓝藻石研究成果基础上,结合岩石薄片显微镜下观察实例,发现在以往碳酸盐岩颗粒分类中没有红藻石和蓝藻石的合适位置。鉴于红藻石重要的成因意义和造礁作用,有必要明确红藻石的概念和归属。珊瑚藻本身极易钙化,经生物矿化作用最终保存下来的珊瑚藻屑一直放在生物碎屑中,而红藻石是由非固着的珊瑚藻构成的钙质独立结核,因此也可以被划分到生物碎屑中。蓝藻石作为蓝细菌钙化作用的产物,同时鉴于蓝藻石的广泛存在,把钙化蓝细菌形成的核形石命名为蓝藻石,这一重要概念从提出到现在一直被使用。然而蓝绿藻概念已变更为蓝细菌,蓝藻石的形成与藻类无关,显然将其称作蓝菌石更加确切。因此,应将红藻石和蓝藻石分别归为生物碎屑和核形石当中,并用新的术语蓝菌石替代蓝藻石。其意义在于使红藻石和蓝藻石的概念及归属更为规范,并为碳酸盐岩颗粒的深入研究提供有益线索。     

Nano-Geology and Unconventional Oil and Gas

<正>Numerous Striking achievements have been made in micro and macro geology after the development for hundreds of years.Two trends branches of geology are divided into microcosmic nano-geology and macroeconomic astrono-geology with the enormous technology progress.The unique characteristics related to the nano-particles and nano-pores may be significant for     

Resource-based industrialization and country size: Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago

There are scale advantages in resource-based industrialization (RBI). Trinidad and Tobago's small size meant that its RBI projects resulted in: relatively low revenue retention, heavy dependence on export markets, skilled personnel shortages and severe ‘Dutch disease’ effects. However Venezuela squandered its size advantage because its RBI strategy was over-ambitious. Instead of taking advantage of its ample scope for risk-reducing diversification, Venezuela concentrated largely on metals processing in a single location. Although it captured more backward linkage than Trinidad and Tobago it did so at high cost as a result of inefficient project execution. Worse, Venezuela's metals projects greatly exceeded its sizeable domestic demand, overtaxed its human resources and exacerbated existing distortions in the economy. Since poorly implemented RBI projects can overwhelm even a large developing economy, RBI is risky and should therefore only be pursued as part of a flexible, broadly-based diversification drive.     

矿物——成矿与找矿

单颗粒矿物微量元素激光原位定量分析测试数据的大量积累和研究,使矿物成为矿床地球化学研究和矿床勘查的重要示踪剂。本文重点选择磁铁矿、磷灰石、石榴子石、榍石、锆石、绿泥石和绿帘石等的原位分析研究所获得的认识,介绍单颗粒矿物成分组合及变化在矿床类型划分、成矿年龄测定、氧逸度、成矿过程与物质来源、找矿与勘探等方面的应用。不同矿床类型中普遍存在的矿物,如磁铁矿、磷灰石等的微量元素含量及组合差异,提供了矿床类型识别的标志。单颗粒矿物,特别是矿石矿物和密切共生矿物如锡石、铌钽铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴子石、方解石等的原位定年,使成矿年龄的直接准确测定成为现实。矿物中变价元素,如Fe、V、Mn、Ce、Eu含量和/或比值的变化,指示了成矿过程氧逸度及其变化特点。从矿物核部向震荡环带与边部的微量元素含量或同位素组成的变化,示踪了成矿过程中流体来源或性质的变化。斑岩和矽卡岩矿床中与成矿作用关系密切的蚀变矿物,如绿泥石、绿帘石的形成温度、特征微量元素比值,如Ti/Sr、Ti/Co、V/Ni、Mg/Sr等,与距矿床中心距离呈线性函数关系,可定量预测距矿床中心的距离,使以绿泥石、绿帘石为代表的找矿指示矿物研究迅速发展。