气候变暖背景下我国四季开始时间的变化特征

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的中国599个测站1961～2007年逐日温度资料,分析了我国近47年来四季开始日期的变化趋势。结果表明,四季开始日期在全国范围内主要表现为春季、夏季提早,秋季、冬季推迟的变化趋势,其中以夏季的变化最为明显,且在显著增温的21世纪初最为明显。这种趋势在空间分布上有所差异,北方比南方明显,东部比西部明显。东北最北部、华南最南部以及新疆局部区域春季推迟,青海东部以及内蒙古最北部的小范围地区夏季推迟,华南及西南局部地区冬季提早。此外,全国平均四季开始日期的年代际变化在20世纪并不是很明显,而在21世纪初非常明显。但年代际变化特征存在区域性差异,高原地区20世纪80年代和90年代春季提早,冬季推迟。而在21世纪初春季、冬季均推迟,但冬季的变化比春季明显得多。华南南部地区春季推迟、冬季提早。西南地区在21世纪初春季、夏季明显提早,秋季、冬季推迟,但之前这种趋势并不明显。     

1961—2017年云南季节变化特征分析

参照《中华人民共和国气象行业标准-气候季节划分》（QX/T 152-2012）中关于气候季节的定义标准,利用1961-2017年云南122个气象站的气温资料,分析了云南的气候季节区域的空间分布和季节开始日期及长度的变化趋势。云南共有4种气候季节区域,分别是四季分明区、无夏区、无冬区和常春区。无夏区范围最广,无冬区其次。不同年代四种季节气候区域空间分布范围不尽相同,无夏区和无冬区空间范围变化最显著。2011年以后云南出现四季分明区范围明显增大的现象,这与近年来气候变暖背景下云南气温年较差增大的观测事实相一致。云南四季分明区春季和秋季较长,夏季和冬季较短。无夏区秋季最长、春季次之、冬季最短。无冬区夏季最长、春季和秋季长度接近。不同气候季节区域间春季和夏季开始日期的变化均呈提早趋势,秋季和冬季开始日期有推迟的趋势;在季节长度变化上,夏季增长,冬季变短,但春秋季长度的变化不尽相同。     

近50a山东中部地区四季开始日期及长度变化特征

利用山东中部地区8个气象站1966—2015年逐日气温观测资料,用5日滑动平均气温作为划分依据,结合气候趋势法、Mann-Kendall法和经验正交分解法,对山东中部地区近50 a的四季开始日期及长度时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明:山东中部地区春季和夏季开始日期呈提前趋势,秋季和冬季呈推迟趋势,其中,夏季和冬季开始日期在1993年发生突变,四季开始日期的主要空间变化趋势一致,秋季变化强度中心在中北部平原,其他三季变化强度中心均出现在中部地区,四季开始日期空间变化规律在第二特征向量上呈现区域变化的不一致性。冬季日数最多,其次为夏季,春季日数最少,春季和冬季日数呈减少趋势,冬季减少趋势显著,气候倾向率为-2.98 d/10 a,夏季和秋季日数呈增加趋势,夏季日数增加显著,四季日数主要空间变化规律一致,强度中心在中部地区,四季日数空间变化规律在第二特征向量上存在不一致性,其中,夏季和秋季第二特征向量呈现南部山区与其他地区不同。     

近56 a湖北荆州四季初日与季节长度变化特征

利用1960—2015年湖北省荆州市6个国家地面气象观测站的逐日平均气温资料,采用候气温分析荆州春、夏、秋、冬四季初日与长度变化特征,结果表明:荆州近56 a四季初日表现为春季和夏季提前,秋季和冬季推迟;春、夏和秋季初日随年代变化显著,而冬季初日随年代变化不显著。季节平均长度夏季和冬季为120 d左右,春季和秋季为60 d左右,夏季日数冬季日数春季日数秋季日数。从年际变化来看,夏季变长,冬季缩短,春秋季变化不明显;从年代际变化来看,夏季明显变长,秋季和冬季缩短较明显,而春季变化不明显。     

近44a济南市四季变化气候分析

利用济南市所属6个国家级地面气象观测站的1971—2014年44a的逐日气温资料,从气象角度分析了济南市近44a四季开始时间和持续期的变化特征。结果显示：近44a来,济南春季、夏季和秋季开始时间呈现出提前的趋势,春季开始时间变化在四季中变化最为明显,秋季开始时间变化在四季中变化最为缓慢;冬季开始时间呈现出推迟的趋势。济南春季、夏季和秋季持续时间呈现出增长的趋势,夏季持续时间变化在四季中变化最为缓慢;冬季持续时间呈现出缩短的趋势,冬季持续时间变化在四季中最为明显。     

青藏高原四季开始日期随海拔高度和纬度变化

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的青藏高原60个测站1961~2007年逐日气温资料, 分析了青藏高原近47年来四季开始日期随海拔高度和纬度的变化趋势。结果表明, 春季和夏季开始日期是整体提前, 而秋季和冬季开始日期是整体延迟的, 春季和冬季开始日期的变化相对夏季和秋季更为明显;四季开始日期随海拔高度变化分布明显不同, 海拔越高, 春夏季开始日期来临越晚, 秋冬季开始日期来临越早, 海拔越低, 春夏季开始日期来临越早, 秋冬季开始日期来临越晚;海拔越高, 春夏开始日期提前的天数越多, 秋冬开始日期推迟天数越多, 反之低海拔地区相对更小, 由此得知高海拔地区的季节开始日期对当地气温的增温更为敏感;春季开始日期在36°N以南基本随纬度递增而开始日期推后, 36°N以北地区春季相对偏早, 夏季、秋季、冬季开始日期随纬度的变化和春季变化基本相似;四季开始日期来临的早晚受到多种因素包括气温、海拔和纬度共同影响, 季节延迟率也受到气温和海拔的影响, 但是纬度对季节延迟率影响不大;四季开始日期的提前和延迟变化和当地气温的变化几乎一致, 秋冬季节的开始日期对气温变化更为敏感, 高海拔地区的季节开始日期对气温变化更为敏感。     

贵州玉屏四季气候季节的划分及特征分析

利用玉屏国家地面气象观测站1961—2016年逐日平均气温资料,采用《气候季节划分》(QX/T15—2012)方法,对玉屏县四季起始日期及长度进行分析。结果表明:(1)玉屏县常年四季起始日期:入春3月5日,入夏5月23日,入秋9月22日,入冬11月28日;四季长度:春季79 d,夏季122 d,秋季67 d,冬季97 d。(2)56 a来玉屏县春季起始日期呈提前趋势,长度呈增加趋势,两者均在20世纪90年代前后出现了转折,但未发生气候突变;夏季起始日期及长度趋势变化不明显;秋季起始日期呈推后趋势,长度变化不明显;冬季起始日期变化不明显,长度呈减少趋势;春季长度增加、冬季长度减少主要为春季起始日期提前所致。(3)玉屏县四季起始日期的年际变幅大,起始日期比常年偏早(晚)连续2候以上的异常年份,春季为23%,夏季为27%,秋季为32%,冬季为25%。(4)玉屏县春季开始后出现低于季节指标≥1候的概率达41%,表明玉屏县春季出现倒春寒天气的概率很大。(5)比较气象行标法与稳定通过法的四季起始日期及长度,气象行标法对玉屏县的四季划分更能满足于农业生产的需要。     

三套再分析降水资料在华南地区的适用性评估

利用1980-2017年观测站降水数据(OBS)为参照标准,对目前广泛应用的三套再分析资料,即ERAI资料、JRA-55资料和CFSR资料在华南地区降水空间分布和年际变化的再现能力进行分析与评估。结果表明,不同资料对不同季节降水的再现能力存在显著差异,三者对降水年际变化的刻画都较为优秀,但对降水空间分布描述偏差较大,且在夏季最为明显;三者之间对比,ERAI对春季和冬季降水时空变化表现能力较为优秀,但在秋季表现一般;CFSR降水与实测时空相关性较好,但都存在降水系统性高估,在夏季最为严重,偏差达到5 mm·d~(-1);JRA-55对夏季和秋季降水刻画相对最佳,但对冬季降水存在高估。     

近54年柳州干旱的时空特征分析

基于1961-2014年逐日降水资料,用降水量距平百分率作为划分干旱的指标,对柳州各季节干旱的时空特征进行了分析,结果为:(1)春季柳州干旱频数的空间分布特征是北部和东部多、其他地区少,夏季西多东少,秋季东北部最多、其他地区接近,冬季西南部多、东北部少、其他地区居中。柳州北部的干旱事件以轻旱、中旱为主,重旱、特旱事件主要发生在在中部和南部地区。(2)从春季到冬季,柳州的干旱发生严重程度有随时间递增的趋势,全市性的中旱、重旱、特旱事件主要发生在秋季和冬季,春季、夏季干旱事件全部为轻旱。(3)近54年柳州全市性干旱总频数的年代际变化呈单峰型,1980年代为波峰,1960年代和2010年代波谷。各季节干旱频数的年代际变化趋势是:春季和秋季1980年代以前干旱发生较多,1990年代以后干旱发生较少,夏季和冬季1980年代以前干旱发生较少,1990年代以后干旱发生较多。     

郑州市近37年季节长短及极端气温变化分析

利用郑州1971-2007年气象资料,分析了四季的长短及极端气温的变化情况,结果表明:春、夏季开始日期明显提前,尤其在20世纪90年代之后提前更多,秋季的开始日期明显推迟,冬季变化趋势不显著;夏季持续时间增长,冬季缩短,春秋季节持续时间变化不大;极端最低气温的增温幅度远远高于极端最高气温的增温幅度,"霜日"明显减少,"夏天日数"变化趋势不明显.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.