UV-B增强对冬小麦和菠菜影响的对比试验

通过大田试验对比研究了紫外辐射UV—B增强对冬小麦和圆叶菠菜株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积量的影响以及叶绿素和类黄酮含量的变化。结果表明：紫外辐射UV—B增强对冬小麦和圆叶菠菜株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积有着明显的抑制作用,同时还使叶绿素含量下降,类黄酮含量增加。对比试验也表明,UV—B辐射对小麦株高、叶面积、干物质积累以及叶绿素和类黄酮含量的影响小于对菠菜的影响。     

紫外UV-B辐射增强对麦田蚜虫的影响

观测分析了大田条件下UV—B辐射增强对麦田中麦蚜的影响，结果表明UV—B辐射增强，蚜虫发生总量、小麦植株发生的百分率显著降低，蚜虫在穗部和植株上部叶片的发生概率下降，但蚜虫在叶片背光面发生数量增多，小麦植株的虫害发生概率降低。     

太阳紫外线辐射及其生物效应

紫外（UV）辐射在太阳幅射光谱中的谱区范围是在100－400nm间，其能量仅占太阳辐射总量的8％，按照不同波长线所起的生物作用，可分为三部分，紫外线A段（UV－A），波长320－400nm，约占太阳辐射总量的6％，这部分生物作用较弱，主要是色素沉着作用，紫外线B段（UV-B），波长290－320nm，约占太阳辐射总量的1．5％，此段对人体影响较大，主要作用是抗佝偻病和红斑作用，是引起民皮肤癌，白内障，免疫系统能力下降的主要原因之一，紫外线C段（UV－C），波长100－290nm，约占太阳辐射总量的0．5％，由于几乎完全被臭氧层吸收而不能达到地面，以人工发生的紫外线灯进行实验，这段紫外线具有最大杀菌力，对机体细胞也有强烈的刺激破坏作用。     

UV-B辐射增加对小麦的影响

通过观测，分析了UV—B辐射增加对小麦生长发育的影响，计算了UV—B增加条件下对作物群体生产力生态特征值发生变化的情况。分析结果表明，UV—B辐射增加影响小麦生长发育表现在：生育期推迟，叶面积、分蘖和开花数减少，植株矮化，绿叶数、单株干物重、叶重、穗重等减小；影响小麦群体生产力表现在：群体生长率、相对生长率、叶面积指数、叶日积、净同化率都在生育期的中后期有很大幅度的减小，从而使小麦每亩株数、每株穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重也明显下降，最终影响到小麦群体生物学产量及经济学产量。     

紫外线辐射增加对大豆的影响及其估算

在田间及盆栽试验中观测到经超量紫外线（UV280～400 nm）辐射处理的大豆作物，其株型、生理活动及产量均受到不同程度的影响，其影响量随UV辐射强度，大豆品种以及环境条件不同而异。文章还给出了计算紫外线辐射对大豆影响程度的公式，该计算方法效果较好。     

长春地区紫外光谱（UV-A，UV-B）辐射观测和初步分析

利用我们研制的太阳—大气紫外光谱辐射计，从1992年5月在长春开始试验了野外观测，监视到达地表的太阳直射和大气散射紫外光谱辐射，主要给出长春地区地面紫外辐射，特别是紫外（UV）B段（280～320 nm）光谱辐射的一些基本特点和初步统计特征。由于地表UV-B辐射对生态系统和人类健康有危害作用，其强度随着臭氧减少而增加。该项观测分析将有助于监测和研究臭氧层变薄的实际效应。     

紫外辐射增加对农业影响问题的综述

紫外辐射(UV)在太阳辐射中所占的比重虽然不大,但由于它具有特殊的生物效应和化学效应,因而受到重视。按其生物效应,UV 可分成三个部分:UV—A 波长约320—400nm,对生物的影响不大;UV—B波长约280—320nm,对生物有特别重要作用;UV—C 波长约200—280nm,是灭生性     

中国地—气系统净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了总云量等因子对地－气系统净辐射的影响，分析了地－气系统净辐射与其各分量及地表净辐射的相关联系。发现行星反射率和地－气短波吸收辐射对气－气净辐射的影响最大，而云和纬度的作用主要通过该两因子变化表现出来，ＯＬＲ的作用则相对较弱。地－气净辐射与地表净辐射的相关性也较明显。文中还就地－气净辐射在全国的地理分布作了分析。各地区地－气净辐射的年变曲线均为简单的夏大冬小型，云等     

中国地－气系统净辐射的气候特征

根据ＥＲＢＥ和ＩＳＣＣＰ资料讨论了总云量等因子对地－气系统净辐射的影响，分析了地－气系统净辐射与其各分量及地表净辐射的相关联系。发现行星反射率和地气短波吸收辐射对地－气净辐射的影响最大，而云和纬度的作用主要通过该两因子变化表现出来，ＯＬＲ的作用则相对较弱。地－气净辐射与地表净辐射的相关性也较明显。文中还就地－气净辐射在全国的地理分布作了分析。各地区地－气净辐射的年变曲线均为简单的夏大冬小型，云等因素的影响主要造成最大值出现月份的推移。     

春小麦抗旱种子包衣剂技术试验研究

1　试验结果与分析1 .1　种子包衣剂对春小麦出苗和苗期生长的影响通过对 1 994～ 1 996年试验地春小麦出苗情况进行对比分析 ,种子包衣剂对春小麦出苗好坏的影响 ,与播种期土壤墒情好坏及播种后 3月下旬～ 4月中旬的降水量多寡有关。播种期 0～ 30ｃｍ土壤相对湿度 <35 %、播种后 3月下旬～ 4月中旬降水量不足 1 5 .0ｍｍ的年份 ,如 1 994年种子包衣剂对春小麦出苗具有抑制作用 ,以至不能出苗 ;播种期0～ 30ｃｍ土壤相对湿度达到 45 %以上 ,3月下旬～ 4月中旬降水量达 2 0ｍｍ以上的年份 ,包衣剂才对春小麦出苗具有促进作用 ,可使春小麦出…     

土壤湿度对小麦出苗及幼苗生长的影响

土壤水分不适能显著影响小麦出苗及幼苗生长，表现为显著降低出苗率，减少单位面积的苗数；同时显著影响幼苗单株生长，表现为干重、叶面积下降。土壤水分不适对小麦群体的影响表现为单位面积的干重和叶面积指数（LAI）下降。采用通径分析衡量了出苗率和单株幼苗生长两因子对群体影响的大小。结果表明：单位面积干重下降主因是单株干重下降，叶面积指数下降主因是出苗率下降。土壤湿度大于17％且小于44％时，对小麦出苗及幼苗生长各项指标的影响幅度一般在20％以内，而低于17％或高于44％的土壤湿度对小麦的影响幅度急剧增加。小麦对土壤水分不适具有一定的适应性反应。     

Establishing a ultraviolet radiation observational network and enhancing the study on ultraviolet radiation

On the basis of analyzing observational data on solar radiation, meteorological parameters, and total ozone amount for the period of January 1990 to December 1991 in the Beijing area, an empirical calculation method for ultraviolet radiation (UV) in clear sky is obtained. The results show that the calculated values agree well with the observed, with maximum relative bias of 6.2% and mean relative bias for 24 months of 1.9%. Good results are also obtained when this method is applied in Guangzhou and Mohe districts. The long-term variation of UV radiation in clear sky over the Beijing area from 1979 to 1998 is calculated, and the UV variation trends and causes are discussed: direct and indirect UV energy absorption by increasing pollutants in the troposphere may have caused the UV decrease in clear sky in the last 20 years. With the enhancement of people‘s quality of life and awareness of health, it will be valuable and practical to provid UV forecasts for typical cities and rural areas. So, we should develop and enhance UV study in systematic monitoring, forecasting, and developing a good and feasible method for UV radiation reporting in China,especially for big cities.     

Characteristics of UV radiation at Tazhong of the Tarim Basin,west China

Tazhong station, located at the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert in northwest China, experiences frequent dusty weather events during spring and summer seasons (its dusty season) caused by unstable stratified atmosphere, abundant sand source and strong low-level wind. On average, it has 246.2 dusty days each year, of which 16.2 days are classified as sand and dust storm days. To better understand the characteristic of solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and factors influencing its variations under such an extreme environment, UV radiation data were collected continuously from 2007 to 2011 at Tazhong station using UVS-AB-T radiometer by Kipp and Zonen. This study documents observational characteristics of the UV radiation variations observed during the five-year period. Monthly UV radiation in this region varied in the range of 14.1–37.8 MJ m^?2 and the average annual amount was 320.7 MJ m^?2. The highest value of UV radiation occurred in June (62.5 W m^?2) while the lowest one in December (29.3 W m^?2). It showed a notable diurnal cycle, with peak value at 12:00–13:00 LST. Furthermore, its seasonal variation exhibited some unique features, with averaged UV magnitude showing an order of summer > spring > autumn > winter. The seasonal values were 37.0, 29.1, 24.9 and 15.9 MJ m^?2, respectively. In autumn and winter, its daily variations were relatively weak. However, significant daily variations were observed during spring and summer associated with frequent dust weather events occurring in the region. Further analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the UV radiation and solar zenith angle under different weather conditions. Under the same solar zenith angle, UV radiation was higher during clear days while it was lower in sand and dust storm days. Our observations showed that there was a negative correlation between UV radiation and ozone, but such a relationship became absent in dusty days. The UV radiation was reduced by 6 % when cloud amount was 1–4 oktas, by 12 % when the cloud amount was 5–7 oktas, and by 24 % when the cloud amount was greater than 8 oktas. The relative reduction of UV radiation reached 26, 38, and 45 % in dust day, blowing sand day and sand and dust storm day, respectively. The results revealed that decrease in UV radiation can be attributed to cloud coverage and dust aerosols. Moreover, the reduction of UV radiation caused by dust aerosols was about 2–4 times greater than that caused by cloud coverage. These observational results are of value for improving our understanding of processes controlling UV radiation over sand desert and developing methods for its estimation and prediction.     

Investigation of Uncertainties of Establishment Schemes in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models简

In Dynamic Global Vegetation Models （DGVMs）, the establishment of woody vegetation refers to flowering, fertiliza- tion, seed production, germination, and the growth of tree seedlings. It determines not only the population densities but also other important ecosystem structural variables. In current DGVMs, establishments of woody plant functional types （PFTs） are assumed to be either the same in the same grid cell, or largely stochastic. We investigated the uncertainties in the competition of establishment among coexisting woody PFTs from three aspects： the dependence of PFT establishments on vegetation states; background establishment; and relative establishment potentials of different PFTs. Sensitivity experi- ments showed that the dependence of establishment rate on the fractional coverage of a PFT favored the dominant PFT by increasing its share in establishment. While a small background establishment rate had little impact on equilibrium states of the ecosystem, it did change the timescale required for the establishment of alien species in pre-existing forest due to their disadvantage in seed competition during the early stage of invasion. Meanwhile, establishment purely fiom background （the scheme commonly used in current DGVMs） led to inconsistent behavior in response to the change in PFT specification （e.g., number of PFTs and their specification）. Furthermore, the results also indicated that trade-off between irtdividual growth and reproduction/colonization has significant influences on the competition of establishment. Hence, further development of es- tablishment parameterization in DGVMs is essential in reducing the uncertainties in simulations of both ecosystem structures and successions.     

A generalized layered radiative transfer model in the vegetation canopy

In this paper, a generalized layered model for radiation transfer in canopy with high vertical resolution is developed. Differing from the two-stream approximate radiation transfer model commonly used in the land surface models, the generalized model takes into account the effect of complicated canopy morphology and inhomogeneous optical properties of leaves on radiation transfer within the canopy. In the model, the total leaf area index （LAI） of the canopy is divided into many layers. At a given layer, the influences of diffuse radiation angle distributions and leaf angle distributions on radiation transfer within the canopy are considered. The derivation of equations serving the model are described in detail, and these can deal with various diffuse radiation transfers in quite broad categories of canopy with quite inhomogeneons vertical structures and uneven leaves with substantially different optical properties of adaxial and abaxial faces of the leaves. The model is used to simulate the radiation transfer for canopies with horizontal leaves to validate the generalized model. Results from the model are compared with those from the two-stream scheme, and differences between these two models are discussed.     

阿克达拉大气本底站紫外辐射特征及影响因素分析

利用阿克达拉大气本底站基准辐射观测站紫外辐射UV-A和UV-B数据,分析阿克达拉大气本底站紫外辐射和UV-B在不同时间尺度、云量和降水过程的变化特征。结果表明：阿克达拉大气本底站全年紫外辐射年总量达到321.1 MJ/m2,年均日曝辐量为0.88 MJ/m2,UV-B年曝辐量为5.3 MJ/m2,紫外辐射年平均值占总辐射年平均值的比例为5.6%。紫外UV和紫外UV-B的辐射强度的季节变化表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。夏季紫外辐射曝辐量是冬季的2.79倍;UV-B夏季平均日曝辐量是冬季的8.10倍。积雪导致紫外辐射及占总辐射比值增大,积雪期与非积雪期紫外辐射占总辐射比值均值分别为6.53%和5.83%,积雪使地面紫外辐射增加25.89%。在多云与阴雨时可能由于水汽作用大量吸收波长较大的红外辐射致使紫外辐射与总辐射的比值较大。     

雷电电磁辐射脉冲的GPS多站同步系统

利用全球卫星定位导航系统GPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)的秒脉冲信号PPS(PulsePerSec ond)与高精度时钟电路同步,实现了雷电电磁辐射脉冲测量时的多站同步,解决了因晶体振荡频率漂移造成高精度时钟计数误差的难点,同步精度达到±50ns。文中介绍了该系统的组成及原理,野外的初步观测得到了多站雷电观测的同步资料,证实了该同步系统的可靠性。     

Successional development from stands ofMiscanthus sinensis to stands ofPinus densiflora and elements of microclimates: The seed germination and seedling establishment conditions ofP. densiflora

Summary The succession mechanism from stands ofMiscanthus sinensis to stands ofPinus densiflora was studied in relation to elements of microclimates within those plant communities. Laboratory experiments indicated that the seed germination ofP. densiflora occurred at cumulative soil temperature between 75 °C day and 200 °C day. It is assumed from field research that establishment ofP. densiflora seedlings is impossible if the effective cumulative air temperature at a height of 6 cm is less than 2,000 °C day, and the cumulative solar radiation figure totals less than 633 MJ/m². The seedlings thrived in aM. sinensis stand growing on gently convex topography, which fulfills the requisites mentioned above. The seedlings in aM. sinensis stand growing on gently concave topography and in aP. densiflora stand died completely by October.With 4 Figures     

Model Computations on the Effects of Elevating Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 on the Regeneration of Scots Pine at the Timber Line in Finland

Based on model computations, the regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was studied at the northern timber line in Finland (70°N) in relation to elevating temperature and atmospheric CO₂. If a transient increase of 4°C was assumed during the next 100 years, the length of growing season increased from the current 110–120 days to 150–160 days. This was associated with ca. 5°C increase in the soil temperature over June–August with larger variability in temperature and deeper freezing of the soil due to the reduced depth and duration of the snow cover. At the same time, the moisture content of the surface soil decreased ca. 10% and was more variable, due to less infiltration of water into the soil as a consequence of the enhanced evapotranspiration and deeper freezing of the soil. The temperature elevation alone, or combined with elevating CO₂, increased flowering and the subsequent seed crop of Scots pine with a decrease in the frequency of zero crops. In both cases, temperature elevation substantially increased the success of regeneration in terms of the number of seedlings produced after each seed crop. The increasing number of mature seeds was mainly responsible for the enhanced regeneration, but increasing soil temperature also increased the success of regeneration. The soil moisture was seldom limited for seed germination. In terms of the density of seedling stands, and the height and diameter growth of the seedlings, the establishment of a seedling stand was substantially improved under the combined elevation of temperature and CO₂ in such a way that the temperature increased the number of mature seeds and enhanced germination of seeds and CO₂ increased seedling growth. Even under the changing climatic conditions, however, the growth of the seedling stands was slow, which indicated that the northward advance of the timber line would probably be very slow, even though regeneration was no longer a limiting factor.