Magma ascent rate and initial water concentration inferred from diffusive water loss from olivine-hosted melt inclusions

As the water concentration in magma decreases during magma ascent, olivine-hosted melt inclusions will reequilibrate with the host magma through hydrogen diffusion in olivine. Previous models showed that for a single spherical melt inclusion in the center of a spherical olivine, the rate of diffusive reequilibration depends on the partition coefficient and diffusivity of hydrogen in olivine, the radius of the melt inclusion, and the radius of the olivine. This process occurs within a few hours and must be considered when interpreting water concentration in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. A correlation is expected between water concentration and melt inclusion radius, because small melt inclusions are more rapidly reequilibrated than large ones when the other conditions are the same. This study investigates the effect of diffusive water loss in natural samples by exploring such a correlation between water concentration and melt inclusion radius, and shows that the correlation can be used to infer the initial water concentration and magma ascent rate. Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements show that 31 melt inclusions (3.6–63.9 μm in radius) in six olivines from la Sommata, Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, have 0.93–5.28 wt% water, and the host glass has 0.17 wt% water. The water concentration in the melt inclusions shows larger variation than the data in previous studies (1.8–4.52 wt%). It correlates positively with the melt inclusion radius, but does not correlate with the major element concentrations in the melt inclusions, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the water concentration has been affected by diffusive water loss. In a simplified hypothetical scenario of magma ascent, the initial water concentration and magma ascent rate are inferred by numerical modeling of the diffusive water loss process. The melt inclusions in each olivine are assumed to have the same initial water concentration and magma ascent rate. The melt inclusions are assumed to be quenched after eruption (i.e., the diffusive water loss after eruption is not considered). The model results show that the melt inclusions initially had 3.9–5.9 wt% water and ascended at 0.002–0.021 MPa/s before eruption. The overall range of ascent rate is close to the lower limit of previous estimates on the ascent rate of basalts.     

Melt Inclusions in Olivine Phenocrysts: Using Diffusive Re-equilibration to Determine the Cooling History of a Crystal, with Implications for the Origin of Olivine-phyric Volcanic Rocks

A technique is described for determining the cooling historyof olivine phenocrysts. The technique is based on the analysisof the diffusive re-equilibration of melt inclusions trappedby olivine phenocrysts during crystallization. The mechanismof re-equilibration involves diffusion of Fe from and Mg intothe initial volume of the inclusion. The technique applies toa single crystal, and thus the cooling history of differentphenocrysts in a single erupted magma can be established. Weshow that melt inclusions in high-Fo olivine phenocrysts frommantle-derived magmas are typically partially re-equilibratedwith their hosts at temperatures below trapping. Our analysisdemonstrates that at a reasonable combination of factors suchas (1) cooling interval before eruption (<350°C), (2)eruption temperatures (>1000°C), and (3) inclusion size(<70 µm in radius), partial re-equilibration of upto 85% occurs within 3–5 months, corresponding to coolingrates faster than 1–2°/day. Short residence timesof high-Fo phenocrysts suggest that if eruption does not happenwithin a few months after a primitive magma begins cooling andcrystallization, olivines that crystallize from it are unlikelyto be erupted as phenocrysts. This can be explained by efficientseparation of olivine crystals from the melt, and their rapidincorporation into the cumulate layer of the chamber. Theseresults also suggest that in most cases erupted high-Fo olivinephenocrysts retain their original composition, and thus compositionsof melt inclusions in erupted high-Fo olivine phenocrysts donot suffer changes that cannot be reversed. Short residencetimes also imply that large unzoned cores of high-Fo phenocrystscannot reflect diffusive re-equilibration of originally zonedphenocrysts. The unzoned cores are a result of fast efficientaccumulation of olivines from the crystallizing magma, i.e.olivines are separated from the magma faster than melt changesits composition. Thus, the main source of high-Fo crystals inthe erupted magmas is the cumulate layers of the magmatic system.In other words, olivine-phyric rocks represent mixtures of anevolved transporting magma (which forms the groundmass of therock) with crystals that were formed during crystallizationof more primitive melt(s). Unlike high-Fo olivine phenocrysts,the evolved magma may reside in the magmatic system for a longtime. This reconciles long magma residence times estimated fromthe compositions of rocks with short residence times of high-Foolivine phenocrysts. KEY WORDS: melt inclusions; olivine; picrites; residence time; diffusion     

Revisiting the compositions and volatile contents of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Mount Shasta region: implications for the formation of high-Mg andesites

Primitive chemical characteristics of high-Mg andesites (HMA) suggest equilibration with mantle wedge peridotite, and they may form through either shallow, wet partial melting of the mantle or re-equilibration of slab melts migrating through the wedge. We have re-examined a well-studied example of HMA from near Mt. Shasta, CA, because petrographic evidence for magma mixing has stimulated a recent debate over whether HMA magmas have a mantle origin. We examined naturally quenched, glassy, olivine-hosted (Fo_87–94) melt inclusions from this locality and analyzed the samples by FTIR, LA-ICPMS, and electron probe. Compositions (uncorrected for post-entrapment modification) are highly variable and can be divided into high-CaO (>10 wt%) melts only found in Fo > 91 olivines and low-CaO (<10 wt%) melts in Fo 87–94 olivine hosts. There is evidence for extensive post-entrapment modification in many inclusions. High-CaO inclusions experienced 1.4–3.5 wt% FeO^T loss through diffusive re-equilibration with the host olivine and 13–28 wt% post-entrapment olivine crystallization. Low-CaO inclusions experienced 1–16 wt% olivine crystallization with <2 wt% FeO^T loss experienced by inclusions in Fo > 90 olivines. Restored low-CaO melt inclusions are HMAs (57–61 wt% SiO₂; 4.9–10.9 wt% MgO), whereas high-CaO inclusions are primitive basaltic andesites (PBA) (51–56 wt% SiO₂; 9.8–15.1 wt% MgO). HMA and PBA inclusions have distinct trace element characteristics. Importantly, both types of inclusions are volatile-rich, with maximum values in HMA and PBA melt inclusions of 3.5 and 5.6 wt% H₂O, 830 and 2,900 ppm S, 1,590 and 2,580 ppm Cl, and 500 and 820 ppm CO₂, respectively. PBA melts are comparable to experimental hydrous melts in equilibrium with harzburgite. Two-component mixing between PBA and dacitic magma (59:41) is able to produce a primitive HMA composition, but the predicted mixture shows some small but significant major and trace element discrepancies from published whole-rock analyses from the Shasta locality. An alternative model that involves incorporation of xenocrysts (high-Mg olivine from PBA and pyroxenes from dacite) into a primary (mantle-derived) HMA magma can explain the phenocryst and melt inclusion compositions but is difficult to evaluate quantitatively because of the complex crystal populations. Our results suggest that a spectrum of mantle-derived melts, including both PBA and HMA, may be produced beneath the Shasta region. Compositional similarities between Shasta parental melts and boninites imply similar magma generation processes related to the presence of refractory harzburgite in the shallow mantle.     

Determination of sulfur speciation and oxidation state of olivine hosted melt inclusions

In order to better understand what controls sulfur speciation in melt inclusions, and how that pertains to the original basalt composition, we have conducted a series of heating experiments on naturally quenched and crystalline olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Sulfur speciation was determined from S Kα peak shift measurements by electron microprobe on the experimentally heated inclusions as well as a series of naturally quenched inclusions, and matrix glasses.Naturally quenched olivine-hosted melt inclusions record a similar but more variable sulfur speciation relative to matrix glasses, (up to 45–50% variation in S⁶⁺/S_total). Much of this range can be attributed to the effect of degassing which may either increase or decrease the S⁶⁺/S_total. In addition, olivine melt re equilibration and H diffusion out of the inclusion both potentially result in the oxidation of melt inclusions. Heating of melt inclusions can have different effects on the sulfur speciation under different conditions. A slight decrease in S⁶⁺/S_total and oxygen fugacity (∼0.1 log units) can occur from overheating of inclusions (above the temperature of entrapment), resulting from excess ferrous iron in the melt. An increase in heating times should result in an oxidation of the inclusion generated by increased H diffusion out of the inclusion. However, results of heating experiments on melt inclusions from an Izu backarc basalt for less than 30  min do not show a significant increase in sulfur oxidation. In addition, experiments conducted at both IW and FMQ have measured sulfur speciation consistent with naturally quenched inclusions suggesting that at experimental temperatures near that of olivine crystallization the furnace atmosphere does not exert significant control on the melt fO₂. By taking these parameters into account, sulfur speciation and oxidation state of basaltic melt trapped within inclusions can be accurately determined from both naturally quenched and heated olivine hosted melt inclusions.     

The determination of partial melt compositions of peridotitic systems by melt inclusion synthesis

An experimental method of melt inclusion synthesis within olivine crystals has been developed to determine the composition of the melt present in a partially molten peridotite assemblage. Trace element doped peridotite was equilibrated with 5 wt% of a C-O-H volatile source at 20 kbar/1175 °C in a piston-cylinder apparatus under buffered oxygen and sulphur fugacity conditions [log(f _O2) ∼ IW +1 log unit, log (f _S2) ∼ Fe/FeS > +1 log unit]. A single crystal of olivine, which had been cut to a disc shape, was included in the sample capsule. At run conditions the peridotite charge formed olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, Fe-Ni sulphide and a volatile-bearing melt. The melt phase is preserved as homogeneous glass inclusions up to 50 μm in size, trapped in situ in the olivine disc. The major element composition of the glass inclusions showed them to be of broadly basaltic character, but with a low Mg/(Mg + ΣFe), which is associated with precipitation of olivine from the melt inclusion onto the walls of the olivine disc during quenching. Thus the equilibrium melt composition has been calculated from the glass inclusion composition by addition of olivine component using the Fe/Mg exchange coefficient of Roeder and Emslie (1970); the desired Mg/(Mg + ΣFe) being determined from the composition of olivine formed at run conditions in the peridotite section of the charge. The melt composition obtained is close to the trend for dry melting established by Falloon and Green (1988), and it is evident that although the reduced volatiles in this case have induced a liquidus depression of some 250 °C, there has been only a small shift in melt composition. Trace element, carbon and hydrogen contents of thirteen melt inclusions have been determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The trace element signature is consistent with ∼29% melting in equilibrium with a lherzolitic assemblage. The equilibrium melt has a C/H of 0.48 by weight. Carbon solubility in partial melts is thus significant under reducing conditions in the presence of dissolved “water components” and establishes a major melt fluxing role for carbon in the upper mantle. The ubiquitous presence of carbon and hydrogen in basaltic magmas underscores the importance of determining both the position of vapour-present solidi and the composition of melts generated, when developing petrogenetic models. Received: 1 July 1996 / Accepted: 25 June 1997     

Chemical evolution of basalts from 23°N along the mid-Atlantic ridge: evidence from melt inclusions

The chemical compositions of melt inclusions in a primitive and an evolved basalt recovered from the mid-Atlantic ridge south of the Kane Fracture Zone (23°–24°N) are determined. The melt inclusions are primitive in composition (0.633–0.747 molar Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺), 1.01–0.68 wt% TiO₂) and are comparable to other proposed parental magmas except in having higher Al₂O₃ and lower CaO. The primitive melt inclusion compositions indicate that the most primitive magmas erupted in this region are not near primary magma compositions. Olivine and plagioclase microphenocrysts are close to exchange equilibrium with their respective basalt glasses, whose compositions are displaced toward olivine from 1 atm three phase saturation. The most primitive melt inclusion compositions are close to exchange equilibrium with the anorthitic cores of zoned plagioclases (An_78.3-An_83.1; the hosts for the melt inclusions in plagioclase) and with olivines more forsteritic (Fo₈₉-Fo₉₁) than the olivine microphenocrysts (the hosts for the melt inclusions in olivine). Xenocrystic olivine analyzed is Fo₈₉ but contains no melt inclusions. These observations indicate that olivines have exchanged components with the melt after melt inclusion entrapment, whereas plagioclase compositions have remained the same since melt inclusion entrapment. Common denominator element ratio diagrams and oxide versus oxide variation diagrams show that the melt inclusion compositions, which represent liquids higher along the liquid line of descent, are related to the glass compositions by the fractionation of olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene (absent from the mincral assemblage), probably occurring at elevated pressures. A model is proposed whereby clinopyroxene segregates from the melt at elevated pressures (to account for its absence in the erupted lavas that have the chemical imprint of clinopyroxene fractionation). Zoned plagioclases in the erupted lavas are thought to be survivors of decompressional melting during magma ascent. Since similar primitive melt inclusions occur in olivine microphenocrysts and in the cores of zoned plagioclases, any model must account for all phases present.     

Patterns in the hydrogen and trace element compositions of mantle olivines

 The concentrations of hydrogen and the other trace elements in olivines from mantle xenoliths have been determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for clarifying the incorporation mechanism and the behavior of the hydrogen. The hydrogen contents in olivines from mantle xenoliths range from 10 to 60 ppm wt. H₂O and the concentration range is consistent with the previous infrared (IR) spectroscopic data. IR spectra of the olivine crystals show no effects of the weathering or secondary alteration. The hydrogen is distributed homogeneously among olivine grains in each mantle xenolith. However, the hydrogen contents of the olivine crystals are less than those for the olivine phenocrysts crystallized from the host magma. Olivine inclusions in diamonds also show similar hydrogen contents to the xenolithic olivines. Thus the hydrogen content of xenolithic olivines does not attain equilibrium with water in the host magma during the transportation from the Earth's mantle to the surface, and is taken as a reflection of the hydrogen condition in the mantle. Correlations of hydrogen with trivalent cation contents in garnet peridotitic olivines indicate the incorporation of hydrogen into mantle olivines by a coupled substitution mechanism, with the hydrogen present in the form of hydroxyl in oxygen positions adjacent to the M site vacancies. The hydrogen content of xenolithic olivines increases with pressure but decreases with increasing temperature, suggesting importance of olivine as a water reservoir at low temperature regions such as in subducting slabs. Received August 15, 1995/Revised, accepted November 19, 1996     

The fidelity of melt inclusions as records of melt composition

A series of experiments created melt inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene crystals grown from a basaltic melt at 1,150°C, 1.0 GPa to investigate diffusive fractionation during melt inclusion formation; additionally, P diffusion in a basaltic melt was measured at 1.0 GPa. Melt inclusions and melts within a few 100 microns of plagioclase–melt interfaces were analyzed for comparison with melt compositions far from the crystals. Melt inclusions and melt compositions in the boundary layer close to the crystal–melt interface were similar, but both differ significantly in incompatible element concentrations from melt found greater than approximately 200 microns away from the crystals. The compositional profiles of S, Cl, P, Fe, and Al in the boundary layers were successfully reproduced by a two-step model of rapid crystal growth followed by diffusive relaxation toward equilibrium after termination of crystal growth. Applying this model to investigate possible incompatible element enrichment in natural melt inclusions demonstrated that at growth rates high enough to create the conditions for melt inclusion formation, ∼10⁻⁹–10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹, the concentration of water in the boundary layer near the crystal was similar to that of the bulk melt because of its high diffusion coefficient, but sulfur, with a diffusivity similar to major elements and CO₂, was somewhat enriched in the boundary layer melt, and phosphorus, with its low diffusion coefficient similar to other high-field strength elements and rare earth elements, was significantly enriched. Thus, the concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus in melt inclusions may over-estimate their values in the bulk melt, and other elements with similar diffusion coefficients may also be enriched in melt inclusions relative to the bulk melt. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Chemical zonation in olivine-hosted melt inclusions

Significant zonation in major, minor, trace, and volatile elements has been documented in naturally glassy olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Siqueiros Fracture Zone and the Galapagos Islands. Components with a higher concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (e.g., MgO, FeO, Cr₂O₃, and MnO) are depleted at the edges of the zoned melt inclusions relative to their centers, whereas except for CaO, H₂O, and F, components with a lower concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (e.g., Al₂O₃, SiO₂, Na₂O, K₂O, TiO₂, S, and Cl) are enriched near the melt inclusion edges. This zonation is due to formation of an olivine-depleted boundary layer in the adjacent melt in response to cooling and crystallization of olivine on the walls of the melt inclusions, concurrent with diffusive propagation of the boundary layer toward the inclusion center. Concentration profiles of some components in the melt inclusions exhibit multicomponent diffusion effects such as uphill diffusion (CaO, FeO) or slowing of the diffusion of typically rapidly diffusing components (Na₂O, K₂O) by coupling to slow diffusing components such as SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. Concentrations of H₂O and F decrease toward the edges of some of the Siqueiros melt inclusions, suggesting either that these components have been lost from the inclusions into the host olivine late in their cooling histories and/or that these components are exhibiting multicomponent diffusion effects. A model has been developed of the time-dependent evolution of MgO concentration profiles in melt inclusions due to simultaneous depletion of MgO at the inclusion walls due to olivine growth and diffusion of MgO in the melt inclusions in response to this depletion. Observed concentration profiles were fit to this model to constrain their thermal histories. Cooling rates determined by a single-stage linear cooling model are 150–13,000 °C h^?1 from the liquidus down to ~1,000 °C, consistent with previously determined cooling rates for basaltic glasses; compositional trends with melt inclusion size observed in the Siqueiros melt inclusions are described well by this simple single-stage linear cooling model. Despite the overall success of the modeling of MgO concentration profiles using a single-stage cooling history, MgO concentration profiles in some melt inclusions are better fit by a two-stage cooling history with a slower-cooling first stage followed by a faster-cooling second stage; the inferred total duration of cooling from the liquidus down to ~1,000 °C ranges from 40 s to just over 1 h. Based on our observations and models, compositions of zoned melt inclusions (even if measured at the centers of the inclusions) will typically have been diffusively fractionated relative to the initially trapped melt; for such inclusions, the initial composition cannot be simply reconstructed based on olivine-addition calculations, so caution should be exercised in application of such reconstructions to correct for post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on inclusion walls. Off-center analyses of a melt inclusion can also give results significantly fractionated relative to simple olivine crystallization. All melt inclusions from the Siqueiros and Galapagos sample suites exhibit zoning profiles, and this feature may be nearly universal in glassy, olivine-hosted inclusions. If so, zoning profiles in melt inclusions could be widely useful to constrain late-stage syneruptive processes and as natural diffusion experiments.     

Synthetic fluid inclusions. XV. TEM investigation of plastic flow associated with reequilibration of fluid inclusions in natural quartz

The nature and abundance of dislocations in quartz surrounding fluid inclusions were studied to obtain a better understanding of processes associated with fluid inclusion reequilibration. Synthetic fluid inclusions containing 10 wt% NaCl aqueous solution were formed in three samples at 700 °C and 5 kbar. One of the samples was quenched along an isochore to serve as a reference sample. The other two samples were quenched along a P-T path that generated internal pressures in excess of the confining pressure. The two samples were held at the final reequilibration P-T conditions of 625 °C and 2 kbar for 30 and 180 days, respectively. Following the experiments, microstructures associated with fluid inclusions were examined with the TEM. Quartz in healed fractures in the reference sample that was quenched isochorically shows a moderate dislocation activity. Quartz adjacent to reequilibrated fluid inclusions in the other two samples, however, showed a marked increase in dislocation activity compared to the un-reequilibrated sample. Deformation of the inclusion walls occurred anisotropically by expansion of mobile dislocations in their slip systems. Dislocation expansion was controlled by glide in the rhombohedral planes {1 0 1 1} that was restricted to narrow zones (≤3 μm) in the immediate vicinity of the fluid inclusion walls outside of the healed fracture plane. These plastic zones were observed after both short term (30 days) and long term (180 days) experiments and are attributed to hydrolytic weakening of quartz around fluid inclusions owing to diffusion of water into the quartz matrix during the experiment. The close spatial association of submicroscopic water bubbles with dislocations, and the rarity of water bubbles in the reference sample, show clearly that in both the 30 and 180 day experiments reequilibration involves water loss from the fluid inclusions. Our results indicate that synthetic fluid inclusions in this study recover (chemically and volumetrically), even at relatively fast experimental loading rates, such that internal stresses never reach the point of brittle failure. The driving force for fluid inclusion deformation involves two related mechanisms: plastic deformation of hydrolytically weakened wet quartz in the healed fracture, and water leakage associated with preexisting and strain-induced dislocations. Received: 5 May 1998 / Accepted: 10 February 2000     

济南辉长岩岩浆演化过程:来自熔体包裹体的证据

本研究首次报道了早白垩世济南辉长岩中橄榄石斑晶捕获的熔体包裹体的研究结果。济南辉长岩中橄榄石的Fo(60.3~74.6),Mn(2500~3500μg/g),Ni(70~1349μg/g),Fe/Mn比值(61.2~83.5),与源区母岩为纯的橄榄岩形成的熔体结晶出的橄榄石性质不同,可能与源区存在辉石岩的贡献有关。橄榄石中熔体包裹体主量元素具有较大的变化范围。熔体包裹体成分的标准矿物计算(CIPW)表明,MgO10%的熔体包裹体为含有霞石和橄榄石标准矿物分子的硅不饱和熔体,Mg O10%时为含石英标准矿物分子的硅饱和熔体。橄榄石中包裹有辉石和斜长石,说明岩浆演化过程应该处于开放环境。熔体包裹体的(~208Pb/~206Pb)i和(~207Pb/~206Pb)i与MgO具有良好的负相关关系,与SiO_2具有良好的正相关关系,以及熔体包裹体具有较高的SiO_2特征表明岩浆演化过程中可能有下地壳长英质组分的加入。熔体包裹体的Pb同位素落在EMI附近并向EMII延伸,其源区可能有EMI和EMII的贡献,熔体包裹体的主量元素成分说明其源区母岩可能有橄榄岩和辉石岩的贡献。     

The origin of hydrous,high-δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O voluminous volcanism: diverse oxygen isotope values and high magmatic water contents within the volcanic record of Klyuchevskoy volcano,Kamchatka, Russia

Klyuchevskoy volcano, in Kamchatka’s subduction zone, is one of the most active arc volcanoes in the world and contains some of the highest δ¹⁸O values for olivines and basalts. We present an oxygen isotope and melt inclusion study of olivine phenocrysts in conjunction with major and trace element analyses of ¹⁴C- and tephrochronologically-dated tephra layers and lavas spanning the eruptive history of Klyuchevskoy. Whole-rock and groundmass analyses of tephra layers and lava samples demonstrate that both high-Mg (7–12.5 wt% MgO) and high-Al (17–19 wt% Al₂O₃, 3–6.5 wt% MgO) basalt and basaltic andesite erupted coevally from the central vent and flank cones. Individual and bulk olivine δ¹⁸O range from normal MORB values of 5.1‰ to values as high as 7.6‰. Likewise, tephra and lava matrix glass have high-δ¹⁸O values of 5.8–8.1‰. High-Al basalts dominate volumetrically in Klyuchevskoy’s volcanic record and are mostly high in δ¹⁸O. High-δ¹⁸O olivines and more normal-δ¹⁸O olivines occur in both high-Mg and high-Al samples. Most olivines in either high-Al or high-Mg basalts are not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with their host glasses, and Δ¹⁸O_{olivine–glass} values are out of equilibrium by up to 1.5‰. Olivines are also out of Fe–Mg equilibrium with the host glasses, but to a lesser extent. Water concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from five tephra samples range from 0.4 to 7.1 wt%. Melt inclusion CO₂ concentrations vary from below detection (<50 ppm) to 1,900 ppm. These values indicate depths of crystallization up to ~17 km (5 kbar). The variable H₂O and CO₂ concentrations likely reflect crystallization of olivine and entrapment of inclusions in ascending and degassing magma. Oxygen isotope and Fe–Mg disequilibria together with melt inclusion data indicate that olivine was mixed and recycled between high-Al and high-Mg basaltic melts and cumulates, and Fe–Mg and δ¹⁸O re-equilibration processes were incomplete. Major and trace elements in the variably high-δ¹⁸O olivines suggest a peridotite source for the parental magmas. Voluminous, highest in the world with respect to δ¹⁸O, and hydrous basic volcanism in Klyuchevskoy and other Central Kamchatka depression volcanoes is explained by a model in which the ascending primitive melts that resulted from the hydrous melt fluxing of mantle wedge peridotite, interacted with the shallow high-δ¹⁸O lithospheric mantle that had been extensively hydrated during earlier times when it was part of the Kamchatka forearc. Following accretion of the Eastern Peninsula terrains several million years ago, a trench jump eastward caused the old forearc mantle to be beneath the presently active arc. Variable interaction of ascending flux-melting-derived melts with this older, high-δ¹⁸O lithospheric mantle has produced mafic parental magmas with a spectrum of δ¹⁸O values. Differentiation of the higher δ¹⁸O parental magmas has created the volumetrically dominant high-Al basalt series. Both basalt types incessantly rise and mix between themselves and with variable in δ¹⁸O cumulates within dynamic Klyuchevskoy magma plumbing system, causing biannual eruptions and heterogeneous magma products. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Variations in Melt Productivity and Melting Conditions along SWIR (70{degrees}E-49{degrees}E): Evidence from Olivine-hosted and Plagioclase-hosted Melt Inclusions

Melt inclusion and host glass compositions from the easternend of the Southwest Indian Ridge show a progressive depletionin light rare earth elements (LREE), Na₈ and (La/Sm)_n, but anincrease in Fe₈, from the NE (64°E) towards the SW (49°E).These changes indicate an increase in the degree of mantle meltingtowards the SW and correlate with a shallowing of the ridgeaxial depth and increase in crustal thickness. In addition,LREE enrichment in both melt inclusions and host glasses fromthe NE end of the ridge are compatible with re-fertilizationof a depleted mantle source. The large compositional variations(e.g. P₂O₅ and K₂O) of the melt inclusions from the NE end ofthe ridge (64°E), coupled with low Fe₈ values, suggest thatmelts from the NE correspond to a variety of different batchesof melts generated at shallow levels in the mantle melting column.In contrast, the progressively more depleted compositions andhigher Fe₈ values of the olivine- and plagioclase-hosted meltinclusions at the SW end of the studied region (49°E), suggestthat these melt inclusions represent batches of melt generatedby higher degrees of melting at greater mean depths in the mantlemelting column. Systematic differences in Fe₈ values betweenthe plagioclase- and the olivine-hosted melt inclusions in theSW end (49°E) of the studied ridge area, suggest that theplagioclase-hosted melt inclusions represent final batches ofmelt generated at the top of the mantle melting column, whereasthe olivine-hosted melt inclusions correspond to melts generatedfrom less depleted, more fertile mantle at greater depths. KEY WORDS: basalt; melt inclusions; olivine; plagioclase; Southwest Indian Ridge     

The Olivinite of the Krestovskaya Intrusion—the Product of Larnite-Normative Alkali Ultramafic Magma: Melt Inclusion Data

Olivinites of the Krestovskaya Intrusion consist of predominant amount of olivine, and minor Ti-magnetite, perovskite, and clinopyroxene (from single grain to a few vol %). Primary crystallized melt inclusions were found and studied in olivine, perovskite, and diopside of the olivinites. Daughter phases in olivine-hosted melt inclusions are monticellite, perovskite, kalsilite, phlogopite, magnetite, apatite, and garnet andradite. Perovskite-hosted melt inclusions contain such daughter phases as kalsilite, pectolite, clinopyroxene, biotite, magnetite, and apatite, while daughter phases in clinopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions are represented by kalsilite, phlogopite, magnetite, and apatite. According to melt inclusion heating experiments, olivine crystallized from above 1230°C to 1180°C. It was followed by perovskite crystallizing at ≥1200°C and clinopyroxene, at 1170°C. According to analysis of quenched glass of the melt inclusions, the chemical composition of melts hosted in the minerals corresponds to the larnite-normative alkali ultramafic (kamafugite) magma significantly enriched in incompatible elements. The high incompatible element concentrations, its distribution, and geochemical indicator ratios evidenced that the magma was derived by the partial melting of garnet-bearing undepleted mantle.     

Re-equilibration of melt inclusions trapped by magnesian olivine phenocrysts from subduction-related magmas: petrological implications

We describe and model a potential re-equilibration process that can affect compositions of melt inclusions in magnesian olivine phenocrysts. This process, referred to as “Fe-loss”, can operate during natural pre-eruptive cooling of host magma and results in lower FeO^t and higher MgO contents within the initially trapped volume of inclusion. The extent of Fe-loss is enhanced by large temperature intervals of magma cooling before eruption. The compositions of homogenised melt inclusions in olivine phenocrysts from several subduction-related suites demonstrate that (1) Fe-loss is a common process, (2) the maximum observed degree of re-equilibration varies between suites, and (3) within a single sample, variable degrees of re-equilibration can be recorded by melt inclusions trapped in olivine phenocrysts of identical composition. Our modelling also demonstrates that the re-equilibration process is fast going to completion, in the largest inclusions in the most magnesian phenocrysts it is completed within 2 years. The results we obtained indicate that the possibility of Fe-loss must be considered when estimating compositions of parental subduction-related magmas from naturally quenched glassy melt inclusions in magnesian olivine phenocrysts. Compositions calculated from glassy inclusions affected by Fe-loss will inherit not only erroneously low FeO^t contents, but also low MgO due to the inherited higher Mg##of the residual melt in re-equilibrated inclusions. We also demonstrate that due to the higher MgO contents of homogenised melt inclusions affected by Fe-loss, homogenisation temperatures achieved in heating experiments will be higher than original trapping temperatures. The extent of overheating will increase depending on the degree of re-equilibration, and can reach up to 50 °C in cases where complete re-equilibration occurs over a cooling interval of 200 °C. Received: 2 November 1998 / Accepted: 27 September 1999     

Reequilibration of chromite within Kilauea Iki lava lake,Hawaii

Chromite mainly occurs as tiny inclusions within or at the edges of olivine phenocrysts in the 1959 Kilauea Iki lava lake. Liquilus chromite compositions are only preserved in scoria that was rapidly quenched from eruption temperatures. Analyses of drill core taken from the lava lake in 1960, 1961, 1975, 1979, and 1981 show that chromite becomes richer in Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Ti and poorer in Mg, Al, Cr than the liquidus chromite. The amount of compositional change depends on the time elapsed since eruption, the cooling history of the sample, the extent of differentiation of the interstitial melt, and the position of the chromite inclusion within the olivine phenocryst. Compositional changes of the chromite inclusions are thought to be a result of reequilibration with the residual melt by cationic diffusion (Mg, Al, Cr outwards and Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Ti inwards) through olivine. The changing chemical potential gradients produced as the residual melt cools, crystallizes and differentiates drives the reequilibration process. Major and minor element zoning profiles in olivine phenocrysts suggest that volume diffusion through olivine may have been the major mechanism of cationic transport through olivine. The dramatic compositional changes observed in chromite over the 22 years between eruption and 1981 has major implications for othe molten bodies.     

Experimental insights into the formation of high-Mg basaltic andesites in the trans-Mexican volcanic belt

High-Mg basaltic andesites and andesites occur in the central trans-Mexican volcanic belt, and their primitive geochemical characteristics suggest equilibration with mantle peridotite. These lavas may represent slab melts that reequilibrated with overlying peridotite or hydrous partial melts of a peridotite source. Here, we experimentally map the liquidus mineralogy for a high-Mg basaltic andesite (9.6 wt% MgO, 54.4 wt% SiO₂, Mg# = 75.3) as a function of temperature and H₂O content over a range of mantle wedge pressures. Our results permit equilibration of this composition with a harzburgite residue at relatively high water contents (>7 wt%) and low temperatures (1,080–1,150°C) at 11–14 kbar. However, in contrast to the high Ni contents characteristic of olivine phenocrysts in many such samples from central Mexico, those of olivine phenocrysts in our sample are more typical of mantle melts that have fractionated a small amount of olivine. To account for this and the possibility that the refractory mantle source may have had olivine more Fo-rich than Fo₉₀, we numerically evaluated alternative equilibration conditions, using our starting bulk composition adjusted to be in equilibrium with Fo₉₂ olivine. This shifts equilibration conditions to higher temperatures (1,180–1,250°C) at mantle wedge pressures (11–15 kbar) for H₂O contents (>3 wt%) comparable to those analyzed in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from this region. Comparison with geodynamic models shows that final equilibration occurred shallower than the peak temperature of the mantle wedge, suggesting that basaltic melts from the hottest part of the wedge reequilibrated with shallower mantle as they approached the Moho.     

Insights into the origin of primitive silica-undersaturated arc magmas of Aoba volcano (Vanuatu arc)

Aoba picrites in Vanuatu arc (Southwestern Pacific) offer the opportunity to address the question of the origin of Si-undersaturated arc magmas, through the geochemical study of their olivine-hosted melt inclusions. These latter delineate a differentiation trend of calc-alkaline silica-undersaturated basalts, with typical trace-element patterns of arc magmas. The most primitive melt inclusions, preserved in olivines with Fo ≥ 89, have normative nepheline compositions with CaO/Al₂O₃ > 0.8, but belong to three distinct populations differing in their enrichment or depletion in LILE, Cl, and alkalis (Rb, K). The dominant population is characterized by medium-LILE concentrations (La/Yb ~ 7–8) and represents the parental magma of the Aoba lavas. The two others (La/Yb ~ 20 and 2) are either significantly enriched or extremely depleted in LILE, Cl, and alkalis. This compositional variability of primitive magma batches requires the multi-stage mixing between melts generated by partial melting of both peridotite and clinopyroxene-rich lithologies. Medium-LILE magma derives from the mixing between peridotite- and clinopyroxenite-derived melts, whereas the high- and low-LILE melts involve amphibole-bearing and amphibole-free clinopyroxenite sources, respectively.     

Compositional and thermal evolution of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in small-volume basaltic eruptions: a “simple” example from Dotsero Volcano,NW Colorado

Olivine-hosted melt inclusions have been analyzed from the young (4,150 ± 300 ybp) Dotsero basaltic (48.2 wt% SiO₂) lava flow in Northwest Colorado, USA. Silicate melt-inclusion compositions have a bimodal distribution (41–46 wt% SiO₂ and 47–50 wt% SiO₂). Low-Si melt inclusions record high pre-eruptive sulfur concentrations (>1,000 ppm S) and variations in their major- and trace-element compositions appears to be related to shallow assimilation of local basement sandstone. Whole-rock compositions are modeled as a contamination of low-Si inclusion compositions with ~10 wt% sandstone. Host olivine crystallization may have accompanied magma injection into a shallow storage chamber. In contrast to the low-Si melt inclusions, the high-Si population is relatively degassed and records late-stage rapid crystallization either during or post-eruption. Hopper or skeletal olivine grains in conjunction with the bimodal inclusion compositions suggest relatively rapid cooling rates at the time of eruption and inclusion entrapment. Inclusion compositions, in conjunction with mineral textures, therefore provide a more complete picture of shallow magma processes, coupling the relative timing of undercooling and crystallization, assimilation and melt compositional evolution. Most of the inclusion and host textural and compositional data indicates late and very shallow petrogenetic processes and does not appear to record deeper (mid-, lower-crustal) processes.     

Melt Inclusions in Primitive Olivine Phenocrysts: the Role of Localized Reaction Processes in the Origin of Anomalous Compositions

Melt inclusions are small portions of liquid trapped by growingcrystals during magma evolution. Recent studies of melt inclusionshave revealed a large range of unusual major and trace elementcompositions in phenocrysts from primitive mantle-derived magmaticrocks [e.g. in high-Fo olivine (Fo > 85 mol %), spinel, high-Anplagioclase]. Inclusions in phenocrysts crystallized from moreevolved magmas (e.g. olivine Fo < 85 mol %), are usuallycompositionally similar to the host lavas. This paper reviewsthe chemistry of melt inclusions in high-Fo olivine phenocrystsfocusing on those with anomalous major and trace element contentsfrom mid-ocean ridge and subduction-related basalts. We suggestthat a significant portion of the anomalous inclusion compositionsreflects localized, grain-scale dissolution–reaction–mixing(DRM) processes within the magmatic plumbing system. The DRMprocesses occur at the margins of primitive magma bodies, wheremagma is in contact with cooler wall rocks and/or pre-existingsemi-solidified crystal mush zones (depending on the specificenvironment). Injection of hotter, more primitive magma causespartial dissolution (incongruent melting) of the mush-zone phases,which are not in equilibrium with the primitive melt, and mixingof the reaction products with the primitive magma. Localizedrapid crystallization of high-Fo olivines from the primitivemagma may lead to entrapment of numerous large melt inclusions,which record the DRM processes in progress. In some magmaticsuites melt inclusions in primitive phenocrysts may be naturallybiased towards the anomalous compositions. The occurrence ofmelt inclusions with unusual compositions does not necessarilyimply the existence of new geologically significant magma typesand/or melt-generation processes, and caution should be exercisedin their interpretation. KEY WORDS: melt inclusions; olivine; geochemistry; mush zones; MORB; subduction-related magmas